考研考博-英語(yǔ)-天津中德應(yīng)用技術(shù)大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-天津中德應(yīng)用技術(shù)大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Withhisface（）byamask,thefiremandashedintothehouseonfire.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.hidden

B.concealed

C.screened

D.buried

【答案】C

【解析】四個(gè)詞都有“掩飾,掩藏”之意,但側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。hide—般用于hidesb/sthinaplace；conceal隱瞞,一般表示“掩飾,不讓別人發(fā)現(xiàn)”；screen表示“遮蔽以起到保護(hù)的效果”；bury表示“埋葬”。根據(jù)句意可知,所以C符合語(yǔ)境。

2.單選題

Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatimportance.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions,nomatterhowaberrant.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.

Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristineeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobinghecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidintheseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindividualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueoveragainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenlipintothelanguageofhisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiesaxialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopindependently,thatbecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanadjustmenttothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichlieisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhiscultureandbythetimeheisgrownanabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.

1.Theauthorthinksthereasonwhycustomhasbeenignoredintheacademicworldisthat（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoJohnDewey?

3.Theworld“custom”inthispassagemostprobablymeans（）.

4.Accordingtothepassageaperson’slife,fromhisbirthtohisdeath（）.

5.Theauthor’spurposetowritingthispassageis（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.customrevealsonlythesuperficialnatureofhumanbehavior

B.thestudyofsocialorderscanreplacethestudyofcustom

C.peoplearestillnotawareoftheimportantrolethatcustomplaysinformingourworldoutlook

D.customhaslittletodowithourwaysofthinking

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Anindividualcanexerciseverylittleinfluenceontheculturaltraditionintowhichheisborn.

B.Customisthedirectresultofthephilosophicalprobingofagroupofpeople.

C.Anindividualisstronglyinfluencedbytheculturaltraditionevenbeforeheisborn.

D.Customrepresentsthecollectivewisdomwhichbenefitstheindividual.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theconceptofthetrueandthefalseofasociety

B.theindependentlydevelopedsocialorders

C.theadjustmentoftheindividualtothenewsocialenvironment

D.thepatternsandstandardsofbehaviorofacommunity

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.isconstantlyshapingtheculturaltraditionsofhispeople

B.ispredominatedbytraditionalcustom

C.iscontinuallyinfluencedbythehabitsofothercommunities

D.ischieflyinfluencedbythepeoplearoundhim

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.tourgeindividualstofollowtraditionalcustoms

B.tostressthestronginfluenceofcustomsonanindividual

C.toexaminetheinteractionofmanandsocialcustoms

D.toshowman’sadjustmenttotraditionalcustoms

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatimportance…Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.”，可知風(fēng)俗還沒(méi)有被普遍認(rèn)為是一件很重要的事情，但是風(fēng)俗的重點(diǎn)在于它在經(jīng)驗(yàn)和信仰中所起的主導(dǎo)作用，以及它所表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的形式上的多樣性。第一段對(duì)文章的話題和中心思想做了總體闡述，可判斷出作者認(rèn)為，傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗在學(xué)術(shù)界被忽視的原因在于人們還沒(méi)有意識(shí)到風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣對(duì)于我們而言所起的重要作用。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“thepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindividualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueoveragainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenlipintothelanguageofhisfamily.”，可知風(fēng)俗在形成個(gè)人行為方面所起的作用與個(gè)人對(duì)傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗的影響相反，就好像他的母語(yǔ)詞匯量占他自己嬰兒時(shí)期被家長(zhǎng)所接受的語(yǔ)言詞匯量之比?？膳袛喑鲆粋€(gè)人對(duì)他所出生的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗幾乎沒(méi)有什么影響，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。根據(jù)文章第二段，“Eveninhisphilosophicalprobinghecannotgobehindthesestereotypes”，可知即使在他的哲學(xué)探索中，他也無(wú)法超越這些刻板印象?？膳袛喑鲲L(fēng)俗習(xí)慣不是對(duì)一群人進(jìn)行哲學(xué)探索的直接結(jié)果。選項(xiàng)B可排除。根據(jù)文章第二段，“Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichlieisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.”，可知從他出生的那一刻起，風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣就塑造了他的經(jīng)歷和行為。可判斷不是在出生前就產(chǎn)生影響的，選項(xiàng)C可排除。文章沒(méi)有提到風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣對(duì)于個(gè)人和集體的影響和利弊，選項(xiàng)D可排除。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.詞義理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanadjustmenttothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.”，可知個(gè)人的生活史首先是對(duì)其社會(huì)中傳統(tǒng)的模式和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的調(diào)整。可判斷出文中的custom是指人類行為的模式和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichlieisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhiscultureandbythetimeheisgrownanabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.”，可知從他出生的那一刻起，風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣就塑造了他的經(jīng)歷和行為。到他會(huì)說(shuō)話的時(shí)候，他已經(jīng)慢慢開(kāi)始熟悉文化了；到他長(zhǎng)大的時(shí)候，能夠參加文化活動(dòng)，文化帶來(lái)的習(xí)慣的信仰就是他的習(xí)慣和信仰?？膳袛喑鰪囊粋€(gè)人的出生到死亡，都受到了文化和傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗的支配的影響。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

5.作者意圖題?？v觀全文，文章開(kāi)篇就提到了人們還沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗對(duì)我們的行為和價(jià)值觀產(chǎn)生的影響，進(jìn)而忽視了它的重要性。下文用大量的篇幅闡釋了傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗對(duì)我們的影響，乃至于一個(gè)人從出生到死亡都會(huì)受到文化的影響和支配。可判斷出作者寫(xiě)文章的意圖在于強(qiáng)調(diào)風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣對(duì)個(gè)人的巨大影響，以引起人們對(duì)風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的重視。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.單選題

Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7to8hours’sleepalternationwithsome16to17hour’swakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthiscyclecanbemodified.

Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Thecase,forexample,withwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines.Itnormally,takesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunately,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek;apersonmayworkfrom12midnightto8a.m.oneweek,8a.m.to4p.m.thenext,and4p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhehastochangetoanother,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingveryefficiently.

Theonlyrealsolutionappearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoanumberofpermanentnightworkers.Aninterestingstudyofthedomesticlifeandhealthofnight-shiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin1957.Shefoundahighincidenceofdisturbedsleepandotherdisordersamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,butnoabnormaloccurrenceofthesephenomenaamongthoseonpermanentnightwork.

Thislattersystemthenappearstobethebestlong-termpolicy,butmeanwhilesomethingmaybedonetorelievethestrainsofalternatedayandnightworkbyselectingthosepeoplewhocanadaptmostquicklytothechangesofroutine.Onewayofknowingwhenapersonhasadaptedisbymeasuringhisbodytemperature.Peopleengagedinnormaldaytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulnessandalowoneatnight;whentheychangetonightworkthepatternwillonlygraduallygobacktomatchthenewroutineandthespeedwithwhichitdoessoparallels,broadlyspeaking,theadaptationofthebodyasawhole,particularlyintermsofperformance.Therefore,bytakingbodytemperatureatintervalsoftwohoursthroughouttheperiodofwakefulnessitcanbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversedroutine,andthiscouldbeusedasabasisforselection.Sofar,however,suchaformofselectiondoesnotseemtohavebeenappliedinpractice.

1.Whyisthequestionof“howeasilypeoplecangetusedtoworkingatnight”notamereacademicquestion?

2.Themainproblemoftheround-the-clockworkingsystemliesin（

）.

3.Thebestsolutionforimplementingthe24-liourworkingsystemseemstobe

（

）.

4.Itispossibletofindoutifapersonhasadaptedtothechangesofroutinebymeasuringhisbodytemperaturebecause

（

）.

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Becausefewpeopleliketoreversethecycleofsleepandwakefulness.

B.Becausesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.

C.Becausepeoplearerequiredtoworkatnightinsomefieldsofindustry.

D.Becauseshiftworkinindustryrequirespeopletochangetheirsleeping.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theinconveniencesbroughtabouttotheworkersbytheintroductionofautomation

B.thedisturbanceofthedailylifecycleofworkerswhohavetochangeshiftstoofrequent

C.thefactthatpeopleworkingatnightareoftenlesseffective

D.thefactthatitisdifficulttofindanumberofgoodnightworkers

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.tochangeshiftsatlongerintervals

B.tohavelongershift

C.toarrangeforsomepeopletoworkonnightshiftsonly

D.tocreatebetterlivingconditionsfornightworkers

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.bodytemperaturechangeswhenthecycleofsleepandwakefulnessalternates

B.bodytemperaturechangeswhenhechangestonightshiftorback

C.thetemperaturereverseswhentheroutineischanged

D.peoplehavehighertemperatureswhentheyareworkingefficiently

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Bodytemperaturemayserveasanindicationofaworker'sperformance.

B.Theselectionofanumberofpermanentnightshiftworkersprovedtobethebestsolutiontoproblemsoftheround-the-clockworkingsystem.

C.Takingbodytemperatureatregularintervalscanshowhowapersonadaptstothechangesofroutine.

D.Disturbedsleepoccurslessfrequentlyamongthoseonpermanentnightordayshifts.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第二段指出:Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Thecase,forexample,withwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines(這已經(jīng)不是一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)的問(wèn)題。例如，在需要機(jī)器24小時(shí)連續(xù)工作的自動(dòng)化操作的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，需要人們從白天工作變?yōu)橥砩瞎ぷ鞯膯?wèn)題變得越來(lái)越重要了)。故選C“因?yàn)橐恍┕I(yè)領(lǐng)域要求上夜班”。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第二段指出:Itnormally,takesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight(通常一個(gè)人需要五天至一周的時(shí)間來(lái)適應(yīng)與常規(guī)生活顛倒的睡眠吋間和猜醒時(shí)間，即白天睡覺(jué)，晚上工作)以及Unfortunately,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek(不幸的是，在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，工作班次每星期都變換的事經(jīng)常發(fā)生)。故選B“頻繁更換工作吋間的工人的日常生活周期被打亂”。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段第一句指出:Theonlyrealsolutionappearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoanumberofpermanentnightworkers(看來(lái)，唯一真正可以解決問(wèn)題的方法就是將晚班交給一些長(zhǎng)期上夜班的工人)。故選C“安排一些人只上夜班”。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第四段指出:Peopleengagedinnormaldaytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulnessandalowoneatnight(白天正常工作的人，在其清醒的時(shí)間內(nèi)，體溫通常都比較高，但是在夜晚則比較低)。因此選D“人在工作效率高吋，休溫都比較高”。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第四段...itcanbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversedroutine,andthiscouldbeusedasabasisforselection(可以了解到個(gè)人是如何快速適應(yīng)正常時(shí)間的顛倒，同時(shí)也可成為篩選的基礎(chǔ))以及Sofar,however,suchaformofselectiondoesnotseemtohavebeenappliedinpractice(然而，到目前為止，這種形式的篩選似乎并沒(méi)有在實(shí)踐中得到應(yīng)用)可知選擇永久的夜間值班者僅僅是一種基礎(chǔ)的方法，但不是最佳的方法，故選項(xiàng)B錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)最后一段Onewayofknowingwhenapersonhasadaptedisbymeasuringhisbodytemperature.Peopleengagedinnormaldaytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulnessandalowoneatnight(了解一個(gè)人何時(shí)適應(yīng)的一種方法是測(cè)量他的體溫。白天正常工作的人在清醒的時(shí)候會(huì)有高溫，晚上會(huì)有低溫)可知選項(xiàng)A“體溫可以作為衡量工人工作的一個(gè)指標(biāo)”正確。根據(jù)最后一段Therefore,bytakingbodytemperatureatintervalsoftwohoursthroughouttheperiodofwakefulnessitcanbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversedroutine(因此，在清醒期間每隔兩小時(shí)測(cè)量一次體溫，可以看出一個(gè)人能多快地適應(yīng)一個(gè)顛倒的習(xí)慣)可知選項(xiàng)C“每隔一段吋間測(cè)量體溫，可以顯示個(gè)人是如何適應(yīng)常規(guī)變化”正確。根據(jù)第三段Shefoundahighincidenceofdisturbedsleepandotherdisordersamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,butnoabnormaloccurrenceofthesephenomenaamongthoseonpermanentnightwork(她發(fā)現(xiàn)在日班和夜班交替的人中，睡眠障礙和其他障礙的發(fā)生率很高，但在長(zhǎng)期夜班的人中，這些現(xiàn)象沒(méi)有異常發(fā)生)可知選項(xiàng)D“長(zhǎng)期上夜班的或上長(zhǎng)白班的人很少出現(xiàn)睡眠被打亂的現(xiàn)象”正確。

4.單選題

WhentheopposingplayerfouledJohn,Johnlethisanger（

）hisgoodsenseandhittheboyback.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.gotthefeelof

B.gotthehangof

C.gotthebetterof

D.gottheworstof

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。getthefeelof“開(kāi)始熟諳；習(xí)慣于”；getthehangof“得知……的竅門(mén)”；getthebetterof“打??；戰(zhàn)勝”；gettheworstof“失利；遭到失敗”。句意：當(dāng)對(duì)方球員對(duì)約翰犯規(guī)時(shí)，約翰讓自己的憤怒戰(zhàn)勝了自己的理智，他回?fù)袅四莻€(gè)男孩。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.單選題

Thesesmallcompaniesnowhavetheirown（）identity.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.discreet

B.discrete

C.separated

D.isolated

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。discreet“謹(jǐn)慎的,小心的”;discrete“離散的;獨(dú)立的”;separated“分開(kāi)的;

分居的”;isolated“孤立的;單獨(dú)的”。句意:這些小公司現(xiàn)在都有了它們自己獨(dú)立的身份。選項(xiàng)B更符合句意。

6.單選題

ThemoistairofthePacificOceanbringsa（）climatetothewestcoastoftheUnitedStates.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.chilly

B.temperate

C.modest

D.compromising

【答案】B

【解析】句意：太平洋潮濕的空氣給美國(guó)西海岸帶來(lái)了溫和的氣候。氣候溫和用temperateclimate,所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

7.單選題

WhenonelooksbackuponthefifteenhundredyearsthatarethelifespanoftheEnglishlanguage,heshouldbeabletonoticeanumberofsignificanttruths.Thehistoryofourlanguagehasalwaysbeenahistoryofconstantchange—attimesaslow,almostimperceptiblechange,atothertimesaviolentcollisionbetweentwolanguages.Ourlanguagehasalwaysbeenalivinggrowingorganism,ithasneverbeenstatic.Anothersignificanttruththatemergesfromsuchastudyisthatlanguageatalltimeshasbeenthepossessionnotofoneclassorgroupbutofmany.Atoneextremeithasbeenthepropertyofthecommon,ignorantfolk,whohaveuseditinthedailybusinessoftheirliving,muchastheyhaveusedtheiranimalsorthekitchenpotsandpans.Attheotherextremeithasbeenthetreasureofthosewhohaverespecteditasaninstrumentandasignofcivilization,andwhohavestruggledbywritingitdowntogiveitsomepermanence,order,dignity,andifpossible,alittlebeauty.

Asweconsiderourchanginglanguage,weshouldnoteheretwodevelopmentsthatareofspecialandimmediateimportancetous.OneisthatsincethetimeoftheAnglo-Saxonstherehasbeenanalmostcompletereversalofthedifferentdevicesforshowingtherelationshipofwordsinasentence.Anglo-Saxon(oldEnglish)wasalanguageofmanyinflections.ModernEnglishhasfewinfections.Wemustnowdependlargelyonwordorderandfunctionwordstoconveythemeaningsthattheolderlanguagedidbymeansofchangesintheformsofwords.Functionwords,youshouldunderstand,arewordssuchasprepositions,conjunctions,andafewothersthatareusedprimarilytoshowrelationshipsamongotherwords,afewinflections,however,havesurvived.Andwhensomewordinflectionscomeintoconflictwithwordorder,theremaybetroublefortheusersofthelanguage,asweshallseelaterwhenweturnourattentiontosuchmattersasWHoorWHOmandMeorI.Thesecondfactwemustconsideristhataslanguageitselfchanges,ourattitudestowardlanguageformschangealso.Theeighteenthcentury,forexample,producedfromvarioussourcesatendencytofixthelanguageintopatternsnotalwayssetinandgrew,untilatthepresenttimethereisastrongtendencytorestudyandre-evaluatelanguagepracticesintermsofthewaysinwhichpeoplespeakandwrite.

1.Incontrasttotheearlierlinguists,modernlinguiststendto_____.

2.Choosetheappropriatemeaningfortheword“inflection”usedinparagraph2.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?

4.Theauthoroftheseparagraphsisprobablya(an)_____.

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbebestusedasthetitleofthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.attempttocontinuethestandardizationofthelanguage

B.evaluatelanguagepracticesintermsofcurrentspeechratherthanstandardsorproperpatterns

C.bemoreconcernedabouttheimprovementofthelanguagethanitsanalysisorhistory

D.bemoreawareoftherulesofthelanguageusage

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.changesintheformsofwords.

B.changesinsentencestructures.

C.changesinspellingrules.

D.wordsthathavesimilarmeanings.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itisgenerallybelievedthattheyear1500canbesetasthebeginningofthemodernEnglishlanguage.

B.SomeotherlanguageshadgreatinfluenceontheEnglishlanguageatsomestagesofitsdevelopment.

C.TheEnglishlanguagehasbeenandstillinastateofrelativelyconstantchange.

D.ManyclassesorgroupshavecontributedtothedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.historian

B.philosopher

C.anthropologist

D.linguist

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage.

B.OurchangingattitudetowardstheEnglishlanguage.

C.Ourchanginglanguage.

D.SomecharacteristicsofmodernEnglish.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.根據(jù)第二段的最后一句“...,untilatthepresenttimethereisastrongtendencytorestudyandre-evaluatelanguagepracticesintermsofthewaysinwhichpeoplespeakandwrite.”直到現(xiàn)在，人們才有一種強(qiáng)烈的趨勢(shì)，那就是重新研究和評(píng)價(jià)語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐中人們說(shuō)話和寫(xiě)作的方式。由此可知，現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)家根據(jù)人們說(shuō)話和寫(xiě)作的方式而不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或者模式來(lái)評(píng)估語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

2.根據(jù)第二段的倒數(shù)第三句“Andwhensomewordinflections...suchmattersasWHoorWHOmandMeorI.”可知“inflection”其意為“單詞變形”，選項(xiàng)A正確。

3.根據(jù)第一段的一二三四句“Wroupbutofmany.”可知選項(xiàng)A，C，D正確。選項(xiàng)B其他語(yǔ)言對(duì)英語(yǔ)的重大影響在本文中并未提及。

4.本文主要是講英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的變化與發(fā)展,由此推斷作者應(yīng)該為語(yǔ)言學(xué)家。

5.本文主要是講英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的變化與發(fā)展,并不是講述英語(yǔ)歷史，所以A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；選項(xiàng)B和D只是文章的片段，不夠全面，所以本題選項(xiàng)C正確。

8.單選題

Inanycommercialtransactionaconsumermusthaveconfidencethatthebusinesswhoseproducttheyareabouttopurchaseisreliableandthattheproductbeingofferedisworththepricethatispaid.Theimportanceingainingandmaintainingisespeciallytruewhentheconsumerandbusinessdonotsharecommonalitiesofgeography,cultureand/orlegalframework.Thebestcompaniesalwaysunderstandthisexpectationandcontinuallystrivetoexceedit.Othercompanies-includingmanyneweronlinemerchantsmayhavegoodintentions,butlacktheskillsorexperiencetoturntheconsumer’sexpectationintoareality.Afewcompanieswillintentionallyseektoexploitthisconsumer'sexpectation.

Howtoseparatethesecompaniesinavirtualworldisnotalwayseasy,andhasbeenthesubjectofintensivediscussionbyconsumergroups,businessesandgovernments.Moreover,policingthecompaniesinthevirtualmarketplaceisperceivedtoadauntingchallenge.Thesediscussionshavegenerallyfocusedonthreekeyideas.

CodesofConductforOn-lineBusiness:Individualcorporations,businessassociationsand/orgovernmentsaroundtheworldhaveworkedtodevelopCodesofConduct,Guidelines.Principles,orBestPractice,etc.foron-linebusinesses.TheydescribetheactionsthataCompanyshouldtaketoprotectaconsumer’srights.Theymaybeincludedonthecompany’swebsiteandaconsumercanreviewthembeforemakingapurchase.

Trademark:Toincreaseconsumer'sconfidencethatacompanywillactinaccordancewithacodeofconductorbestpractices,athirdparty"Tmstmark"isoftenused.Theconceptisthatbydisplaying"Trustmark'.Thecompanyrepresentsthatitissubjecttoexternaloversight.Thecompanywouldnotbeallowedtodisplaythethirdpartymarkifthecompany’sactionwereinconsistentwithwhatiscontainedinthe"CodeofConduct"orsimilardocument.Trustmark’saremostusefulwhentheyhavestrongbrandrecognitionandcredibilityamongcustomers.

DisputeResolution:Consumer'sconfidencereliesonthebeliefthatanydisputewillbesettledquicklyandfairlyeitherbythecompanydirectlyorthroughsomeothermeans.Inthebricksandmortarworldaconsumerusuallyhastheabilitytoinspectproductbeforepurchasingitandifitisdefective-returnitforarefund,repairorreplacement.Mostofcompaniesseethisformofdisputeresolutionastheirownbestinterestandanextensionoftheircustomerrelationprograms.Whilethesameholdstrueintheworldofon-linetransactions,thecriticaldifferenceisthataconsumercan'tinspecttheproductbeforepurchasing,andinsteadhastorelyonthemerchant'sphotosordescriptionsoftheproduct.Inboththetraditionalandon-lineworld,whendisputecannotberesolveddirectlybetweentheconsumerandthecompany,themerchantandtheconsumermustresorttoothermeans.Theseoftenincludeappealstoconsumerprotectionagencies,recoursetothecourts,oruseofalternativedisputeresolutionsystems.

1.Thetopicofthearticleis（

）.

2.Whenthereexistdifferencesinculture,legalframeworkandgeographybetweenconsumersandbusinesses,whatappear(s)moreimportant?

3.Whatarethethreefocusesdiscussedandconsideredimportantinmarketplace?

4.InwhichcaseisTrustmarkmostinfluential?

5.Whatareotherwaystoresolvedisputesbesidesrefund,repairandreplacement?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.meetingconsumer'sexpectationinthemarketplace

B.resolvingdispute

C.displayingTrustmark’s

D.settingcodesofconduct

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thebusiness'sreliability.

B.Thecompanies'understandingofconsumer'sexpectation.

C.Theproductsbeingworththepricebeingpaid

D.Gainingandmaintainingthatconfidence.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Confidence,goodintentionsandbestpractices.

B.Trustmark,rightusageandnewconcepts.

C.Codesofconduct,Trustmarkanddisputeresolution.

D.Cooperation,goodintensionsanddisputeresolution.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Whencompaniesarewellrecognizedandwellbelievedin.

B.Whencompanieshaveapowerfultrademark.

C.Whenacompany'sactionsareinconsistentwithitsCodesofConduct.

D.Whenmutualcredibilityexists.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Toresolvethedisputesbetweentheconsumerandthecompany.

B.Appealingtoconsumerprotectionagencies;resourcingtothecourts;orusingofalternativedisputeresolutionsystems.

C.Toresorttoothermeans.

D.Togotothemarketplace.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一段中提出了consumer'sexpectation（消費(fèi)者的需求），B、C、D選項(xiàng)是圍繞如何滿足市場(chǎng)消費(fèi)者的需求展開(kāi)論述的點(diǎn)，因此選A。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的Theimportanceingainingandmaintainingisespeciallytruewhentheconsumerandbusinessdonotsharecommonalitiesofgeography,cultureand/orlegalframework.（當(dāng)消費(fèi)者和企業(yè)不共享地理、文化和/或法律框架的共同點(diǎn)時(shí)，獲得和維持信心的重要性尤其正確）可知選D。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干信息“thethreefocuses”可定位至文章第二段中的最后一句話Thesediscussionshavegenerallyfocusedonthreekeyideas（這些討論一般集中在三個(gè)關(guān)鍵的想法上），由之后每一段的句首CodesofConductforOn-lineBusiness（網(wǎng)上業(yè)務(wù)行為守則）；Trademark（商標(biāo)）；DisputeResolution（糾紛解決）可知選C。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段中的Trustmark’saremostusefulwhentheyhavestrongbrandrecognitionandcredibilityamongcustomers.（當(dāng)Trustmark在客戶中具有很強(qiáng)的品牌知名度和可信度時(shí)，它是最有用的）可知A選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)公司得到廣泛的認(rèn)可和信任的時(shí)候”符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章最后一段中的Theseoftenincludeappealstoconsumerprotectionagencies,recoursetothecourts,oruseofalternativedisputeresolutionsystems.（這些措施通常包括向消費(fèi)者保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)提出上訴、訴諸法院或使用其他爭(zhēng)端解決系統(tǒng)）可知選B。

9.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

ConcernfortheenvironmentintheUSextendsbackintothenineteenthcentury,whennatureloversandsportsenthusiastsfirstsoughtprotectionforareasofnaturalbeautyorsignificance.Butitwasnotuntilthelate1960sthatenvironmentalconcernsenteredthemainstreamofAmericanpoliticaldebate.BythenmanyAmericanshadcometotheconclusionthatmoredevelopmentwasnotnecessarilydesirable,especiallyifitmeantmorepollutedair,dyinglakesandrivers,andalandscapestrewnwithunsightlywaste,andcrowdedwithsprawlingconstructionprojects.InMayof1970,severalenvironmentalgroupsstagedthefirstEarthDaycelebration,designedtoheightenpublicawarenessofenvironmentalproblems.Thesuccessofthatinitialeffortledtoit