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ChapterTwoCultureandInterculturalCommunicationHumanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.ConfuciusChapterTwoCultureandIntercu1Warm-upCaseFishIsFishWarm-upCaseFishIsFish2LearningObjectivesDefinethetermofcultureDescribethecharacteristicsofcultureUnderstandthenatureofcultureBeawareofculturaldifferencesLearningObjectivesDefinethe3CultureSomepeopleinmanypartsoftheworldputdogsintheirovens,butpeopleintheUnitedStatesputthemontheircouchesandbeds.Why?SomepeopleinIranprayfivetimeseachdaywhilesittingonthefloor,butsomepeopleinLasVegassitupallnightinfrontofvideopokermachines.Why?Somepeoplepaintanddecoratetheirentirebodies,butothersspendhundredsofdollarspaintinganddecoratingonlytheirfaces.Why?SomepeopletalktoGod,butothershaveGodtalktothem,andstillotherssaythereisnoGod.Why?Somepeopleshakehandswhenintroducedtoastranger,butotherpeoplebowatsuchanencounter.Why?CultureSomepeopleinmanypar4CultureDefinitionsofculturearenumerous.Wedefinecultureasthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meanings,socialhierarchies,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelationships,conceptsoftheuniverse,andmaterialobjectsandpossessionsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.CultureDefinitionsofculture5TheBasicFunctionofCultureAtthecoreofcultureistheideathatitisintendedtomakelifeeasierforpeopleby“teaching”themhowtoadapttotheirsurroundings.AstheEnglishwriterThomasFullerwrote200yearsago,"Culturemakesallthingseasy."TheBasicFunctionofCultureA6ElementsofCultureHistoryReligionValuesSocialorganizationsLanguageElementsofCultureHistory7CharacteristicsofCultureCultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.CharacteristicsofCultureCult8CultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.Cultureislearnedinavarietyofwaysandfromahostofdifferentsources.Informallearning,whichisoftenverysubtle,normallytakesplacethroughinteraction,observationandimitation.Theformalteachingofacultureisfarmorestructuredandisoftenlefttothevariousinstitutionsoftheculture,suchasschoolsandchurches.CultureIsNotInnate;ItIsL9跨文化交際文化與跨文化交際課件10LearningCulturethroughProverbs"Onedoesnotmakethewindblowbutisblownbyit."

"Orderishalfoflife."

"Themouthmaintainssilenceinordertohearthehearttalk."

"Hewhospeakshasnoknowledgeandhewhohasknowledgedoesnotspeak."

"Howblessedisamanwhofindswisdom."

"Azebradoesnotdespiseitsstripes."

LearningCulturethroughProve11LearningCulturethroughProverbs"Loudthunderbringslittlerain."

"Aman'stongueishissword.""Asinglearrowiseasilybroken,butnotinabunch.""Hewhostirsanother'sporridgeoftenburnshisown."

"Theduckthatquacksisthefirsttogetshot.”

LearningCulturethroughProve12LearningCulturethroughProverbs.StrikewhiletheironishotandHewhohesitatesislost.ActionsspeaklouderthanwordsandNothingventured,nothinggained.MandoesnotlivebybreadaloneandMakehaywhilethesunshines.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves,Pullyourselfupbyyourbootstraps,andNopain,nogain.Aman’shomeishiscastle.Thesqueakywheelgetsthegrease.Varietyisthespiceoflife,Lightningneverstrikestwiceinthesameplace,andThereismorethanonewaytoskinacat.LearningCulturethroughProve13HowwouldsomeonefromacultureotherthantheUnitedStatesinterpretthefollowingsentences?Thereisjusttoomuchredtapeinvolvedinapplyingforafellowship.Passingthehistoryexaminationwasapieceofcake.Trynottodealwithhim;he’sacutthroat.Thedeadlinehaspassed;IthinkIhavemissedtheboat.Theonlywayshecoulddoitwastogocoldturkey.Howwouldsomeonefromacultu14LearningCulturethroughFolktales,Legends,andMythsAmericansreverethetough,independent,fast-shootingcowboyoftheOldWest.TheEnglishadmiregoodmanners,courtlybehavior,anddignity,asisreflectedinthe“CanterburyTales”.TheJapaneselearnabouttheimportanceofduty,obligation,andloyaltyfrom“TheTaleoftheForty-SevenRonin”.TheChineseteachthefollyofimpatiencebytellingthetaleofafarmerwhodidnotliketheslowgrowthofhisplantssohetuggedonthemanincheachdayuntilhemanagedtouprootthem.LearningCulturethroughFolkt15LearningCulturethroughArtInAsiancultures,mostartdepictsobjects,animals,andlandscapesratherthanfocusingonpeople.AmericanandEuropeanart,however,oftenemphasizespeople.Whetherinportraitsofasinglepersonorpicturesofanentirefamily,peoplearethefocus.LearningCulturethroughArtIn16LearningCulturethroughMassMediaIntheUnitedStates,films,videogames,andtelevisionglorifyviolence.Thelanguageweuseinsportsmirrorsandsanctionsviolence.Watchingasportingeventontelevision,you’llhearstatementslike“hehasthatkillerinstinct,”“heisaheadhunter,”“it’swaronthatcourt,”“theyareoutforblood,”and“theyareplayingsmash-mouthdefense.”LearningCulturethroughMass17CharacteristicsofCultureCultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.CharacteristicsofCultureCult18CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGenerationIfacultureistoendure,itmustmakecertainthatitscrucialmessagesandelementsarenotonlyshared,butarepassedontofuturegenerations.Inthisway,thepastbecomesthepresentandhelpsprepareforthefuture.CultureIsTransmittedfromGe19CharacteristicsofCultureCultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.CharacteristicsofCultureCult20CultureIsBasedonSymbolsThemind,books,pictures,films,religiouswritings,videos,computeraccessories,andthelikeenableaculturetopreservewhatitdeemstobeimportantandworthyoftransmission.Themostimportantsymbolicaspectofcultureislanguage.CultureIsBasedonSymbolsThe21CharacteristicsofCultureCultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.CharacteristicsofCultureCult22CultureIsSubjecttoChangeCulturesarehighlyadaptive.Althoughmanyaspectsofculturearesubjecttochange,thedeepstructureofacultureresistsmajoralterations.CultureIsSubjecttoChangeCu23CharacteristicsofCultureCultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.CharacteristicsofCultureCult24CultureIsanIntegratedSystemThecivilrightsmovementintheUnitedStates,whichbeganinthe1960shasbroughtaboutchangesinhousingpatterns,discriminationpractices,educationalopportunities,thelegalsystem,careeropportunities,andevencommunication.ThisoneaspectofculturehasalteredAmericanattitudes,values,andbehaviors.CultureIsanIntegratedSyste25CharacteristicsofCultureCultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.CharacteristicsofCultureCult26CultureIsEthnocentricSumnerdefinedethnocentrismas"thetechnicalnamefortheviewofthingsinwhichone'sowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit”.CultureIsEthnocentricSumner27NatureofCultureCultureislikeaniceberg.NatureofCultureCultureisli28InterculturalCommunicationSamovaretal.definesitas“communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent”.InterculturalCommunicationSam29CommunicationbetweenaChineseandanAmerican,aCanadianandaSouthAfrican,amaleandafemale,afatherandason,apersonfromBeijingandonefromTibet,aChineseofHannationalityandaChineseMongolian,afirst-generationChineseAmericanandathird-generationone,astudentfromHongKongandateacherfromXi’an,asoftwaretechnicianandafarmer,etc.CommunicationbetweenaChinese30ChapterTwoCultureandInterculturalCommunicationHumanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.ConfuciusChapterTwoCultureandIntercu31Warm-upCaseFishIsFishWarm-upCaseFishIsFish32LearningObjectivesDefinethetermofcultureDescribethecharacteristicsofcultureUnderstandthenatureofcultureBeawareofculturaldifferencesLearningObjectivesDefinethe33CultureSomepeopleinmanypartsoftheworldputdogsintheirovens,butpeopleintheUnitedStatesputthemontheircouchesandbeds.Why?SomepeopleinIranprayfivetimeseachdaywhilesittingonthefloor,butsomepeopleinLasVegassitupallnightinfrontofvideopokermachines.Why?Somepeoplepaintanddecoratetheirentirebodies,butothersspendhundredsofdollarspaintinganddecoratingonlytheirfaces.Why?SomepeopletalktoGod,butothershaveGodtalktothem,andstillotherssaythereisnoGod.Why?Somepeopleshakehandswhenintroducedtoastranger,butotherpeoplebowatsuchanencounter.Why?CultureSomepeopleinmanypar34CultureDefinitionsofculturearenumerous.Wedefinecultureasthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meanings,socialhierarchies,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelationships,conceptsoftheuniverse,andmaterialobjectsandpossessionsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.CultureDefinitionsofculture35TheBasicFunctionofCultureAtthecoreofcultureistheideathatitisintendedtomakelifeeasierforpeopleby“teaching”themhowtoadapttotheirsurroundings.AstheEnglishwriterThomasFullerwrote200yearsago,"Culturemakesallthingseasy."TheBasicFunctionofCultureA36ElementsofCultureHistoryReligionValuesSocialorganizationsLanguageElementsofCultureHistory37CharacteristicsofCultureCultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.CharacteristicsofCultureCult38CultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.Cultureislearnedinavarietyofwaysandfromahostofdifferentsources.Informallearning,whichisoftenverysubtle,normallytakesplacethroughinteraction,observationandimitation.Theformalteachingofacultureisfarmorestructuredandisoftenlefttothevariousinstitutionsoftheculture,suchasschoolsandchurches.CultureIsNotInnate;ItIsL39跨文化交際文化與跨文化交際課件40LearningCulturethroughProverbs"Onedoesnotmakethewindblowbutisblownbyit."

"Orderishalfoflife."

"Themouthmaintainssilenceinordertohearthehearttalk."

"Hewhospeakshasnoknowledgeandhewhohasknowledgedoesnotspeak."

"Howblessedisamanwhofindswisdom."

"Azebradoesnotdespiseitsstripes."

LearningCulturethroughProve41LearningCulturethroughProverbs"Loudthunderbringslittlerain."

"Aman'stongueishissword.""Asinglearrowiseasilybroken,butnotinabunch.""Hewhostirsanother'sporridgeoftenburnshisown."

"Theduckthatquacksisthefirsttogetshot.”

LearningCulturethroughProve42LearningCulturethroughProverbs.StrikewhiletheironishotandHewhohesitatesislost.ActionsspeaklouderthanwordsandNothingventured,nothinggained.MandoesnotlivebybreadaloneandMakehaywhilethesunshines.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves,Pullyourselfupbyyourbootstraps,andNopain,nogain.Aman’shomeishiscastle.Thesqueakywheelgetsthegrease.Varietyisthespiceoflife,Lightningneverstrikestwiceinthesameplace,andThereismorethanonewaytoskinacat.LearningCulturethroughProve43HowwouldsomeonefromacultureotherthantheUnitedStatesinterpretthefollowingsentences?Thereisjusttoomuchredtapeinvolvedinapplyingforafellowship.Passingthehistoryexaminationwasapieceofcake.Trynottodealwithhim;he’sacutthroat.Thedeadlinehaspassed;IthinkIhavemissedtheboat.Theonlywayshecoulddoitwastogocoldturkey.Howwouldsomeonefromacultu44LearningCulturethroughFolktales,Legends,andMythsAmericansreverethetough,independent,fast-shootingcowboyoftheOldWest.TheEnglishadmiregoodmanners,courtlybehavior,anddignity,asisreflectedinthe“CanterburyTales”.TheJapaneselearnabouttheimportanceofduty,obligation,andloyaltyfrom“TheTaleoftheForty-SevenRonin”.TheChineseteachthefollyofimpatiencebytellingthetaleofafarmerwhodidnotliketheslowgrowthofhisplantssohetuggedonthemanincheachdayuntilhemanagedtouprootthem.LearningCulturethroughFolkt45LearningCulturethroughArtInAsiancultures,mostartdepictsobjects,animals,andlandscapesratherthanfocusingonpeople.AmericanandEuropeanart,however,oftenemphasizespeople.Whetherinportraitsofasinglepersonorpicturesofanentirefamily,peoplearethefocus.LearningCulturethroughArtIn46LearningCulturethroughMassMediaIntheUnitedStates,films,videogames,andtelevisionglorifyviolence.Thelanguageweuseinsportsmirrorsandsanctionsviolence.Watchingasportingeventontelevision,you’llhearstatementslike“hehasthatkillerinstinct,”“heisaheadhunter,”“it’swaronthatcourt,”“theyareoutforblood,”and“theyareplayingsmash-mouthdefense.”LearningCulturethroughMass47CharacteristicsofCultureCultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.CharacteristicsofCultureCult48CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGenerationIfacultureistoendure,itmustmakecertainthatitscrucialmessagesandelementsarenotonlyshared,butarepassedontofuturegenerations.Inthisway,thepastbecomesthepresentandhelpsprepareforthefuture.CultureIsTransmittedfromGe49CharacteristicsofCultureCultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.CharacteristicsofCultureCult50CultureIsBasedonSymbolsThemind,books,pictures,films,religiouswritings,videos,computeraccessories,andthelikeenableaculturetopreservewhatitdeemstobeimportantandworthyoftransmission.Themostimportantsymbolicaspectofcultureislanguage.CultureIsBasedonSymbolsThe51CharacteristicsofCultureCultureIsNotInnate;ItIsLearned.CultureIsTransmittedfromGenerationtoGeneration.CultureIsBasedonSymbols.CultureIsSubjecttoChange.CultureIsanIntegratedSystem.CultureIsEthnocentric.CharacteristicsofCultureCult52CultureIsSubjecttoChangeCulturesarehighlyadaptive.Althoughmanyaspectsofculturearesubjecttochange,thedeepstructureofacultureresistsmajoralterations.CultureIsSubjecttoChangeCu53CharacteristicsofCultureCultureIsNot

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