2015考研英語（一）閱讀強(qiáng)化班講義

2015考研英語(一)閱讀

強(qiáng)化講義

(PartA/B)陳正康博士編講院正康老聊的鼠功美語蓍言WhetheryouareIionorgazeIIeyoumustsprintforsurvival!

Whetheryouarepoororwealthyyoumuststriveforsuccess!IcanmakeitYesIcan第一部分PartA1.1評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)考生應(yīng)能讀懂不同題材和體裁的文字材料。題材包括經(jīng)濟(jì)、管理、社會(huì)、文化、科普等,體裁包括說明文、議論文和記敘文等。對(duì)所讀材料,考生應(yīng)能:1）理解主旨要義;2）理解文中的具體信息;3）理解文中的概念性含義4）理解語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)和上下文的邏輯關(guān)系;5）根據(jù)上下文推斷重要生詞或詞組的含義;6）進(jìn)行一定的判斷和推理和引申;7）理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度；8）區(qū)分論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)1.2命題思路透析與技巧點(diǎn)撥【細(xì)節(jié)題】典型例題1例!.OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofus,the“cashlesssociety"isnotonthehorizon—it'salreadyhere.Accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto,withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishesobtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopledoenjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeepercashmoneywhereverhewishestoFromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat?inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcardscreditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatetodaynowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayincashitisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanbefore貞酮題2YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels一!TVandChannel4-wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment'sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels——fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers*subscriptions一whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm.TheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan.theemergenceofcommercialTVchannelstheenforcementofBroadcastingActbythegovernmenttheurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandjobsthechallengeofnewsatellitechannels實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練例!.WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica-breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthingstechnological..Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto.elementaryschoolsenthusiasticworkerstheattractivepremiumsystemaspecialwayofthinking例2.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,cooperativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodtardily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices"thanmales..Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyaremoreinclinedtoweighwhattheygetattentivetoresearchers,instructionsniceinbothappearanceandtemperamentmoregenerousthantheirmalecompanions例3.Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon'trealizethatfomiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase"substanceabuse"isoftenusedinsteadof"drugabuse"tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.“Substanceabuse^(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto"drugabuse"inthat.substancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegallyused"drugabuse"isonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugtakersalcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasheroinandcocainemanysubstancesotherthanheroinorcocainecanalsobepoisonous例4.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe-evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight-itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature...TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis.basedonreasonableprinciplesnewandacceptabletoordinarypeopleindicativeofabasicchangeinhumannaturemoreofatransientphenomenonthanliterature例5.1fthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B'sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.Theselectionofmedicalprofessionalsarecurrentlybasedon.[A]candidates9sensitivity[B]academicachievements[C]competitivespirit [D]surervalues例6.Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression."Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores-personality,ability,courageorhumanity—arecompletelyignored/saysToshikiKaifu,chairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty'seducationcommittee."Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild."LastyearJapanexperienced2,125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe"Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents.0Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.例?.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.47.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis?[A]cruelbutnatural [B]inhumanandunacceptable[C]inevitablebutvicious [D]pointlessandwasteful例8.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Washington'sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis[A]moralconsiderations. [B]militaryexperience.[C]financialconditions. [D]politicalstand.例9.Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemorydependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.例lO.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expertperformers-whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogramming-arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethattalentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance.theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.例11.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.例12.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That'saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.IntheviewofNetpurists,.thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculturemoneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWebtheWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionsetthereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests例!3.Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike‘progressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorcountries[A]issubjectgroundlessdoubts [B]hasfallenvictimofbias[C]isconventionaldowngraded [D]hasbeenoverestimated例14.Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition一wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny-mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalfItisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif.itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrificesitisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpoweritsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterialitissharedbytherichandthefamous例15.WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe"greatgame”ofespionage-spyingasa"profession."ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madepastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan'svocationaswell.TheemergenceoftheNethas?receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan.remoldedtheintelligenceservices.restoredmanycommonpastimes.revivedspyingasaprofession.【推斷題】實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練例1.Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind'slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.Thethirdsentenceofparagraph1impliesthat.peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestorealitytheblindcouldbehappierthanthesightedover-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthingsfascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesight例2.Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat.wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreamsvisualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontroldreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression[D]dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious傷リ3.1fambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition——wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny——mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalfIfthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponhavegiveuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition一ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped一withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis?customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwordstoolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletoutdishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoalimpracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambition例4.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor'scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis.dependentuponthestartingageofcandidatesworthtryinginvarioussocialsectionsoflittlepracticalvalueattractivetoeverykindofprofessional例5.Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheUS,whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup.Themergersoftelecomcompanies,suchasWorldCom,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing——witnessDaimlerandChrysler,RenaultandNissan——butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt..Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat.theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumersWorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcoststhecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormoustheStandardOiltrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition特殊情況Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses1convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalinefbrlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.nWhoisthat?nthenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.nOh,thafsGod,ncamethereply,"butsometimeshethinkshe*sadoctor."Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandifllbeappropriatefbryoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff^the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote"Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,giveup"oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare?impolitetonewarrivalsveryconsciousoftheirgodlikeroleentitledtosomeprivilegesverybusyevenduringlunchhoursItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices?havebenefitedmanypeoplearethefocusofpublicattentionareaninappropriatesubjectforhumorhaveoftenbeenthelaughingstock【猜詞題】典型例題令Hehasbeengettingbetter,butduringthenighthisconditiondeteriorated.令Oneoftheobstaclestofalsereadingisvocalizing一sayingthewordstothemselvesinalowvoice.令TheHChunneln,atunnel（隧坦）connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowcomplete令Mr.Smithalwaysarriveshomepunctually,neitherearlynorlate.ThenthereistheostrichapproachJsomemenarescaredofwhatmightbethereandwouldrathernotknow,“saysDr.RossCartmill.6O.whatdoesDr.RossCartmillmeanby"theostrichapproach"acasualattitudetowardsone'shealthconditionsanewtherapyforcertainpsychologicalproblemsrefusaltogetmedicaltreatmentforfearofthepaininvolvedunwillingnesstofindoutaboutone'sdiseasebecauseoffear2010年6月四級(jí)真題The$11billionself-helpindustryisbuiltontheideathatyoushouldturnnegativethoughtslike"Ineverdoanythingright”intopositiveoneslikenIcansucceed.nButwaspositivethinkingadvocateNormanVincentPealeright?Istherepowerinpositivethinking?ResearchersinCanadajustpublishedastudyinthejournalPsychologicalSciencethatsaystryingtogetpeopletothinkmorepositivelycanactuallyhavetheoppositeeffect:itcansimplyhighlighthowunhappytheyare.Thestudy'sauthors,JoanneWoodandJohnLeeoftheUniversityofWaterlooandElainePerunovicoftheUniversityofNewBrunswick,beginbycitingolderresearchshowingthatwhenpeoplegetfeedbackwhichtheybelieveisoverlypositive,theyactuallyfeelworse,notbetter.IfyoutellyourdimfriendthathehasthepotentialofanEinstein,you'rejustunderlininghisfaults.Inone1990sexperiment,ateamincludingpsychologistJoelCooperofPrincetonaskedparticipantstowriteessaysopposingfundingforthedisabled.Whentheessayistswerelaterpraisedfortheirsympathy,theyfeltevenworseaboutwhattheyhadwritten.Inthisexperiment,Wood,LeeandPerunovicmeasured68students*self-esteem.Theparticipantswerethenaskedtowritedowntheirthoughtsandfeelingsforfourminutes.Every15seconds,onegroupofstudentsheardabell.Whenitrang,theyweresupposedtotellthemselves,nIamlovable.”Thosewithlowself-esteemdidn'tfeelbetteraftertheforcedself-affirmation.Infact,theirmoodsturnedsignificantlydarkerthanthoseofmembersofthecontrolgroup,whoweren'turgedtothinkpositivethoughts.Thepaperprovidessupportfornewerformsofpsychotherapy(心、理治療)thaturgepeopletoaccepttheirnegativethoughtsandfeelingsratherthanfightthem.Inthefighting,wenotonlyoftenfoilbutcanmakethingsworse.Meditation(靜思)techniques,incontrast,canteachpeopletoputtheirshortcomingsintoalarger,morerealisticperspective.Callitthepowerofnegativethinking.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraphabouttheself-helpindustry?Itisahighlyprofitableindustry.Itisbasedontheconceptofpositivethinking.ItwasestablishedbyNormanVincentPeale.Ithasyieldedpositiveresults.WhatisthefindingoftheCanadianresearchers?Encouragingpositivethinkingmaydomoreharmthangood.Therecanbenosimpletherapyforpsychologicalproblems.Unhappypeoplecannotthinkpositively.Thepowerofpositivethinkingislimited.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"...you'rejustunderlininghisfaults**(Line4,Para.3)?Youarenottakinghismistakesseriouslyenough.Youarepointingouttheerrorshehascommitted.Youareemphasizingthefoctthatheisnotintelligent.Youaretryingtomakehimfeelbetterabouthisfaults.WhatdowelearnfromtheexperimentofWood,LeeandPerunovic?Itisimportantforpeopletocontinuallyboosttheirself-esteem.Self-affirmationcanbringapositivechangetoone'smood.Forcingapersontothinkpositivethoughtsmaylowertheirself-esteem.Peoplewithlowself-esteemseldomwritedowntheirtruefeelings.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?Theeffectsofpositivethinkingvaryfrompersontoperson.Meditationmayprovetobeagoodformofpsychotherapy.Differentpeopletendtohavedifferentwaysofthinking.Peoplecanavoidmakingmistakesthroughmeditation.實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練例!.Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winterbornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.22.Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.[A]fun.[B]craze. [C]hysteria.[D]excitement.例2.Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby^untaughtminds“tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemoldonapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby"untaughtmind"inthefirstparagraph?Apersonignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinexperimentation.Acitizenofasocietythatrestrictspersonalcreativity.Apersonwhohashadnoeducation.Anindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewidealsbyaccident.例3.1tisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmericasinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfellto2.6%inAugust,andisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.Thisisnoflashinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.Thesentence"Thisisnoflashinthepan"(line5,paragraph3)meansthat?thelowinflationratewilllastforsometimetheinflationratewillsoonrisetheinflationwilldisappearquicklythereisnoinflationatpresent份(14.Meanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruct