CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology市公開課一等獎省賽課獲獎?wù)n件

JlliangZhang(Ph.D)PROTISTACollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology

CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第1頁CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第2頁Ifyoulookatadropofpondwaterunderamicroscope,allthe"littlecreatures"youseeswimmingaroundare

protists.CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第3頁Allprotistshaveanucleusandaretherefore

eukaryotic.Protistsareeitherplant-like,animal-likeorfungus-like.

CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第4頁P(yáng)ROTISTSVerydiversegroup>60,000knownspeciesMostareunicellularSomearecolonialSomearemulticellularNot“simple”atthecellularlevelRemember,aunicellularorganismmustcarryoutallbasicfunctionsoflifewithinasinglecellCellswithinamulticellularorganismcanbecomespecialized,andneednotcarryoutallsuchfunctionsCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第5頁KingdomProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimaliaProtistaMonera(原核生物)prokaryoticeukaryoticCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第6頁P(yáng)rincipalcharacterCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第7頁UnicellularMicroscopicNogermlayersAlltypesofsymmetry團(tuán)藻空球藻實球藻CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第8頁Structure&OrganellesShells&Skeletons:nakedsecretedshellcomposedoforganicorinorganicmaterials(i.e.CaCO3,SiO2)shellcomposedofsmallparticlescementedtogetherCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第9頁Structure&OrganellesCellmembrane=Plasmamembrane=PlasmalemmaCytoplasm(protoplasm):ectoplasm=outersemi-solidregionendoplasm=innerfluidregion(granular)Nucleus/nuclei:*Macronucleus=largenucleusinvolvedincontrollingmetabolicactivities*Micronucleus=smallnucleusinvolvedinreproductiveactivities*NotallprotistshavebothtypesofnucleusCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第10頁Alltypesofnutrition/feeding1.Autotrophic:capableofmakingtheirownfoodhavechloroplastsforphotosynthesis2.Heterotrophic:incapableofmakingtheirownfoodandmustingestpre-formedorganicmaterialsCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第11頁Alltypesofnutrition/feedingFeeding:Phagocytosis（吞噬作用）

Foodvacuole-intracellulardigestivecavityCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第12頁Alltypesofnutrition/feedingFeeding:intakefoodthroughacytostome(cellular“mouth”)eliminatewastethroughacytoproct(cellular“anus”)Cytoproct（胞肛）Cytostome（胞口）CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第13頁Osmoregulation&ExcretionContractilevacuoles（伸縮泡）:involvedinwaterregulationpumpsexcesswateroutofthecytoplasmExcretionisviadiffusionCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第14頁LocomotionPseudopodia“false”“foot”FlagellaCiliacytoplasmicstreamingCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第15頁AsexualReproduction“fission”:whenanindividualsplitsinto2identicalindividuals,itiscalled“binaryfission”(二分裂)if>2progeny,itiscalled“multiplefission”(多分裂)whenasmallerindividualbudsoffofthelargerparent,itiscalled“budding”(出芽生殖)CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第16頁P(yáng)lasmotomy（質(zhì)裂）Thedivisionofamultinucleateprotozanintomultinucleateduaghterindividualsbycytoplasmicdivisionbutwithoutnucleardivisionaliscalled-Plasmotomyeg:Opalina（蛙片蟲）CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第17頁SexualReproductionconjugation=when2individualsexchangemicronucleiresultsingeneticmixingand“new”genotypes4daughters(geneticallydifferentfromparents)exchangeofmicronuclei-fusionofthe“exchanged”micronuclei-degenerationofoldmicronucleiCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第18頁P(yáng)arameciumreproduction1.Individualsfuse2.Micronucleusproduces4haploidnucleiCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第19頁P(yáng)arameciumreproduction4.Matesswapmicronuclei3.Onedividesbymitosis,3disintegrateCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第20頁P(yáng)arameciumreproduction5.Syngamyoccurs,micronucleifuse6.Micronucleiundergomitosisandform8micronucleiCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第21頁P(yáng)arameciumreproduction7.Originalmacronucleusdisintegrates;4micronucleidevintonewmacronuclei8.After2celldivisionsw/outnucleardivision,thenewmacroandmicronucleiareparceledoutinto4newindividualsCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第22頁Gamogenesis（配子生殖）：

CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第23頁P(yáng)hylumSarcomastigophora（肉鞭亞門）SubphylumSarcodina(肉足綱)SubphylumMastigophora（鞭毛綱）PhylumCiliophora（纖毛亞門）PhylumSporozoa(Apicomplexa)（頂復(fù)亞門）**NotethatyourtextbookhasdifferenttaxonomicgroupingsbutwewillfollowthelabKingdomProtista已命名原生動物超出64000種，其中半數(shù)以上為化石種類CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第24頁（Ⅰ）、Mastigophora（鞭毛蟲綱）1、Symbolanimal—Euglena(眼蟲)CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第25頁Lightdetector:swellingnearthebaseofthelongflagellum;detectslightthatisnotblockedbytheeyespot;asaresult,Euglenamovestowardlightofappropriateintensity,animportantadaptationthatenhancesphotosynthesisLongflagellumShortflagellumNucleusPlasmamembraneParamylongranuleChloroplastContractilevacuoleEyespot:pigmentedorganellethatfunctionsasalightshield,allowinglightfromonlyacertaindirectiontostrikethelightdetector

Pellicle:proteinbandsbeneaththeplasmamembranethatprovidestrengthandflexibility(Euglenalacksacellwall)Euglena(LM)5μmCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第26頁CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第27頁binaryfissionCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第28頁Encystation（包囊形成）CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第29頁2.characteristicspresentinclassmastigophora(鞭毛綱)Oneormorewhiplikeflagellapresentforlocomotionandfoodcapture.Nutritionautotrophicbyphototrophy,orheterotrophicbyosmotrophy,ormixtotrophic.Reproductiontypicallyasexuallybysymmetrogeniclongitudinalbinaryfission;sexualreproductionoccursinsomecases.CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第30頁

Thereareaboutspeciesandseveralorders,whicharegroupedintotwosubclasses:I.ClassPhytomastigophora（植鞭亞綱）II.ClassZoomastigophora（動鞭亞綱）3、ClassificationofmastigophoraCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第31頁A、Phytomastigophora：Membersofthethisclasshavebothchloroplastsandflagella。常見有綠眼蟲、團(tuán)藻蟲、盤藻蟲、鐘罩蟲、夜光蟲等。盤藻Goniumformosum團(tuán)藻Volvoxcarteri幾個鞭毛蟲裸甲腰鞭蟲夜光蟲溝腰鞭蟲角鞭蟲鐘罩蟲合尾滴蟲尾窩蟲CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第32頁RedTidesEnvironmentalconditionscancausedinoflagellate（腰鞭毛蟲）populationstoexploderesultinginredtidescancausefishkillsinvolvedinparalyticshellfishpoisoningCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第33頁B、ZoomastigophoraItsorganismsareheterotrophicandhaveone-to-manyflagella.代表性種類有利什曼原蟲、錐蟲、原海綿蟲等。CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第34頁1）Leishmania（利什曼原蟲）Sandfly

CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第35頁CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第36頁CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第37頁CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第38頁2）Trypansoma（錐蟲）TsetseflyTrypansomaCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第39頁sleepingsicknessCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第40頁3）Cryptobia（鰓隱鞭蟲）寄生于魚鰓CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第41頁陰道毛滴蟲Trichomonasvaginalis披發(fā)蟲TrichonymphaCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第42頁領(lǐng)鞭毛蟲和變形鞭毛蟲變形鞭毛蟲雙領(lǐng)蟲原綿蟲自由生活種類CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第43頁（Ⅱ）Sarcodina1、Symbolanimal—AmoebaproteusCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第44頁P(yáng)seudopodiaassistphagocytosisandmotionintheorganisms.Thepellicle(orenvelope)isusuallythinandflexible.Theircytoplasmconsistsofclear,outerectoplasmandgranular,innerendoplasm.Asexualreproductionoccursbyfissionofthecell.2、CharacteristicspresentinSarcodinaCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第45頁3、ClassificationofSarcodina

1）Rhizopoda偽足為葉狀、指狀、絲狀或根狀特征：代表：大變形蟲、痢疾內(nèi)變形蟲、表殼蟲、有孔蟲CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第46頁Symbolanimal：entamoebahistolyticaMajorpathogenworld-widedistribution(10%)5%insomedevelopedcountries100deathsinChicago1930Trophozoite（滋養(yǎng)體）&Cyst（包囊）oral-faecaltransmissionCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第47頁CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第48頁CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第49頁表殼蟲Arcella

sp砂殼蟲Difflugiasp有孔蟲ForaminiferCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第50頁2）Actinopoda特征：具軸偽足，多營漂浮生活代表：太陽蟲、放射蟲太陽蟲Actinophrys放射蟲RadiolarianCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第51頁(Ⅲ)Sporovoa

(孢子綱)1、Symbolanimal—Plasmodiumvivax(間日瘧原蟲)Mosquito&“victim”Africa=kills1millionchildrenperyearThousandsofsporozoitesinjectedAnophelesMosquitoPlasmodiumsporozoitegameteocyteCollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第52頁卵囊裂殖子CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第53頁

寄生在人體紅細(xì)胞內(nèi)瘧原蟲：1-環(huán)狀體；2-滋養(yǎng)體3-裂殖體；4-雄配子；5-雌配子；6-中性粒細(xì)胞；7-淋巴細(xì)胞CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第54頁2、CharacteristicspresentinSporovoa1）Exclusivelyparasites2）Adultsporozoanshavenostructuresformovement3）Heterotrophic4）Complexlifecycle；Reproductivepatternincludinggamogenesis,merozoitereproduction(裂殖子生殖)andsporogony（孢子生殖）.CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology第55頁3、ThecommonkindofSporovoa巴貝斯焦蟲Babesia艾美球蟲Eimeria碘泡蟲MyxobolusC