不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法

不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法 不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法【Abstract】ThispaperdiscussestheproblemofuntranslatabilitybetweenChineseandEnglish,includinglinguisticandculturaluntranslatability.EnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,andChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily.Thephonemicsystem,characterstructureandfigureofspeechareallpletelydifferent,andmostoftheseinonelanguagedonothaveequivalentintheotherlanguage.Thiscauseslinguisticuntranslatability.Differentcountryandregionhavedifferentculturalbackground,suchashistory,religionandsociety,andsoon,thesearenotexistinothercountryandregion.Soitisdifficulttotranslate.Butuntranslatabilityisnotabsolutely,weshouldunderstandtheco-existenceoftranslatabilityanduntranslatability.Baseontheunderstanding,wecanusesomemethodtopensateinordertolessthebarrierintranslationandpromoteslanguageandculturemunication.【Keywords】untranslatability;linguisticuntranslatability;culturaluntranslatability;methodofpensation【摘要】本文討論漢英翻譯中的不可譯性問(wèn)題,包括語(yǔ)言不可譯性和文化不可譯性。英語(yǔ)屬于印歐語(yǔ)系,而漢語(yǔ)屬于漢藏語(yǔ)系,其語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng),文字構(gòu)造和修辭方法都完全不同,這些絕大多數(shù)都無(wú)法在另一語(yǔ)言中找到對(duì)等語(yǔ),這便造成了語(yǔ)言的不可譯性。不同的國(guó)家和地區(qū)有著不同的歷史、宗教、社會(huì)等文化背景,這些在別的國(guó)家和地區(qū)都是不存在的,所以給翻譯造成了困難。但不可乙性并非絕對(duì)的,我們必須在理解可譯性與不可譯性是共同存在的,在此理解的根底上,我們可以采用補(bǔ)償方法,目的在于對(duì)不可譯性進(jìn)展一定程度的補(bǔ)償,盡量減少翻譯障礙,促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言與文化交流。【關(guān)鍵詞】不可譯性;語(yǔ)言不可譯性;文化不可譯性;補(bǔ)償方法1.IntroductionUntranslatabilityisapropertyofatext,orofanyutteranceinonelanguage,forwhichnoequivalenttextorutterancecanbefoundinanotherlanguage.“J.C.Catford,acelebratedtranslationscholaroflinguisticsschool,raisedtheissueofuntranslatabilityin1965.Hearguesthatthelinguisticuntranslatabilityisduetothedifferencesinthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage,whereascultureuntranslatabilityisduetotheabsenceinthetargetlanguageofrelevantsituationalfeatures.〞[1]“Nidapresentsarichsourceofinformationabouttheproblemofloseintranslation,inparticularaboutthedifficultiesencounteredbythetranslatorwhenfacingwithtermsorconceptsinthesourcelanguagethatdonotexitinthetargetlanguage.〞[2]“PeterNewmarkhasoncebrieflytalkedaboutthedeviationintranslation.〞[3]InChinatoday,manytranslationexpertsandscholarshavealsodiscussedtheproblemtosomeextentintheirpapers.Theproblemofuntranslatabilityisalwaysadisputedissue.Nowadays,itiswellacceptedthattranslationisapossibleandfeasibletask.However,therearestillsomelanguagepointsthataredifficulttotranslate,whichiscalledthephenomenonofuntranslatability.Linguisticandculturaldifferences,thetwocategoriesofuntranslatabilityphenomenonarecausedbydifferentfactors.Theseresultingfromthelinguisticdifferenceswillhardlychangewhilethoseresultingfromculturaldifferencesmaybeetranslatableinthefuturebyusingthemethodsofpensationandtheskilloftranslators.2.LinguisticuntranslatabilityProfessorLiuMiqingwroteinhisModernTranslationTheoriesthat“Thestructureoflanguagemonlyshowsthecharacteristicsofthelanguage,thesecharacteristicsonlycanbefoundinrelativelanguage,thesimilartransferisdifficulttofindinnon-relativelanguage,foritneedtochangethecodepletely.〞[4]P107Viewfromtheetymology,EnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanlanguage,butChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguage,sothereexitthelinguisticuntranslatability,whichincludesthefollowingaspects:phonology,character,figureofspeech,andsoon.2.1.UntranslatabilityinphonologyAnylanguagehasitsownspecialphonemicsystem,whichcannotbereplacedbyotherlanguage.TherearelargedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,andmostofthepronunciationsinonelanguagedonothaveequivalentintheotherlanguage.Therefore,theycannotbetranslatedintothetargetlanguage.Forexample:(1)“石詩(shī)士施氏,嗜獅,誓食十獅……〞Theauthorwrotethewholepassageinhomophonewords.Thisisatypicalexampleofuntranslatabilitycausedbyphonemicsystem.Seeanotherexample:(2)“Cat,cat,cat,catchthefatratfast.〞Iftranslateitinto:“貓,貓,貓,快抓住那只肥老鼠〞thatwilllosethephonemiceffect,anditonlytranslatesthemeaning.2.2.UntranslatabilityincharacterstructureChinesewordsconsistofcharactersthathavetheirmeaning,butE不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法 不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法nglishwordsconsistofalphabetsthataremeaningless.Theyarepletelydifferentinwriting.Chinesehasawritingskillofdescribingcharacters,forexample:(3)“人曾為僧,人弗可以成佛,女卑為婢,女又何妨成奴〞,“鴻是江邊鳥(niǎo),蠶是天下蟲(chóng)〞,“琴瑟琵琶八大王,王王在上,魑魅魍魎四小鬼,鬼鬼靠邊〞。TheyareallusingthespecialfeatureofChinesecharacters,todescribethecharacterstructureinpoetry,alsohavingtheirmeaning.ButEnglishhasnosuchstructuresinalphabeticalsystem,sotheyareabsolutelyuntranslatable.SomeriddlesthatarerelativetothestructureofcharactersorEnglishwordsarealsountranslatable,forexample:(4)“田頭長(zhǎng)草〞(苗),“Whatmakesaroadbroad?〞(TheletterB).Ifthelatterriddleistranslatedinto:“什么使道路變寬?〞(字母B)Everybodywillfellridiculous,andnoonecanunderstandthat.2.3.UntranslatabilityinfigureofspeechMostofthelanguageshavetheirownfiguresofspeech.Justbecauseoftheexistenceoffigureofspeech,thelanguagesbeevividandinteresting.Intranslationpractice,ifthetargetlanguagecannotshowthefigureofspeechinsourcelanguagecorrectly,itisnotfaithfultothecontent,thoughtandstyleofthesourcelanguage.Althoughthemeaningsaresimilar,itwilllessthelanguageinfluenceofthesourcetext.ThepeoplewhospeakChineseandthepeoplewhospeakEnglishhavelargedifferencesinthewayofthinkingandaesthetic,sowhentheyexpressthesameconcept,theyoftenusedifferentfigureofspeech.ThesecausedtheuntranslatabilityinChinese-Englishtranslation.Ithasthefollowingmainaspects:2.3.1.PunsPunmeanshumoroususeofawordthathastwomeaningsorofdifferentwordsthatsoundthesame.Punspackseveralmeaningsintooneword,anditisextremelyunlikelythatanyotherlanguagewillpackintothesamesetofmeanings,soitisdifficulttotranslateintothetargetlanguage.Exampleone:(5)“楊柳青青江程度,聞郎江上唱歌聲,東邊日出西邊雨,道是無(wú)晴卻有晴〞Here“晴〞isapun,anditalsomeans“情〞,ZhangQichuntranslateitinto“Thewillowsaregreen,green,theriverisserene.Thenceishissongraftedtome.Intheeastthesunisrising,inthewesttherainisfalling.Canyouseeifit’sfairorfoul?〞Inthistranslation,thetranslatordidverywell,especiallyin“green,serene,fairorfoul〞,buthecannottranslatethepunpletely.Exampletwo:(6)“Sheistoolowforahighpraise,toobrowntoafairpraise,andtoolittleforagreatpraise.〞The“l(fā)ow〞and“fair〞areallpunsinthissentence.“Low〞meansshortinheightandlowsocialstatus.“Fair〞meanspaleskin,lightincolorandjustice.ThereisnowordorphraseinChinesehavingthetwomeaningstogether,sothetranslatorcannottranslatethetwomeaningsintoChinese,onlyadaptedonemeaning,andwilllosetheothermeaning.2.3.2.Palindrome“Thefigureofspeechofpalindromemeansaword,verseorsentencethatreadthesamewhenthecharactersorlettersposingitaretakenthereverseorder.〞[5]P174TherearemanypalindromewordsinEnglish,suchas“Anna,dad,bob.〞Englishpalindromeisbasedonletters,thelettershavenomeaning,anditreadsthesamewhentheorderisreversed.Forexample:(7)“WasitacatIsaw?〞(8)“AblewasIereIsawElba!〞(9)“Madam,I’mAdam〞Iftheyaretranslatedinto“我看到的是貓嗎?〞,“在我看到俄爾巴島之前還沒(méi)有倒!〞,“夫人,我是亞當(dāng)。〞,theeffectarealllostwithoutanypalindrome,soitisalmostuntranslatable.ThepalindromeinChineseisuntranslatableaswell,forexample:(10)“客上天然居,居然天上客。〞(11)“霧鎖江心江鎖霧,天連海角海連天。〞2.3.3.AlliterationAlliterationisusingthesameletterorsoundatthebeginningofthetwoormorewordsinsuccession.ItisamonfigureofspeechinEnglish,especiallyinproverb,advertisement,novelandsoon.,andmostofthealliterationareuntranslatable.[6]P33Forexample:(12)Tomanyparents,thethreeGs,gays,guys,andgangshavereplacedthethreeRsasbenchmarkofschoollife.對(duì)于許多父母來(lái)說(shuō),同性戀,槍支,幫派這三個(gè)詞已經(jīng)代替了讀,寫,算作為學(xué)校的根本尺度。Inthistranslation,thethreeGs,gays,guys,gangsarealliteration,whichemphasizetheseriousproblemsofthegays,guysandgangs,butaftertranslatingthemintoChinese,wecannotseethiseffect.2.3.4.Malapropism“MalapropismesfromRichardSheridam’sedyTheRivals,ahonoredladynameMalaprop,whooftenspeakswrongwordsorpronunciation.Malapropismisafigureofspeechusingwrongwordswithsimilarpronunciationt不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法 不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法ensionorintensiontoreachthehumorseffect.〞[7]P75Malapropismbringsdifficultiesintranslation.Forexample:(13)“我推開(kāi)澳門,看到地上鋪的是巴基斯坦,桌上擺的是剛果……〞Thisisasentencefromcrosstalk,Chinesepeopleknowthehumorsnaturally,butifitistranslateditinto:“Pushingopenthe‘Macau’,Isaw‘Pakistan’pavedonthefloorand‘Congo’onthetable.Englishreaderscannotacceptthat,for‘Macau’isnotadoor,‘Pakistan’isnotablanket,and‘Congo’isnotfruiteither.MostoftheyoungergenerationinChinahaveheardthishumoroussentence:“我手持鄭伊健,腳踏溫兆輪,翻過(guò)趙本山,穿過(guò)關(guān)芝林,跨過(guò)潘長(zhǎng)江,來(lái)到周星池……〞Itisuntranslatabletoo.3.Culturaluntranslatability“AccordingtoJ.C.Catford,instanceofuntranslatabilitycanarisefromtwosources:oneislinguistic,andtheotherisculture.〞[8]P25Nidaalsomentionsthatwordshavemeaningonlyintermsofthetotalculturalsetting.Andwhatisculture,EdwardTylorgavethedefinitiontheearliestinhisthePrimitiveCulture:“Cultureorcivilizationtakeninitswideanthro-graphicsenseisthatpletewholewhichincludeknowledge,beliefs,art,morals,law,customandothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbyamenasamemberofsociety.〞[9]P478PeterNewmarkwroteinhisATextbookofTranslation:“Idefinethecultureasthewayoflifeandhismanifestationthatarepeculiartoamunitythatusesapeculiarlanguageasitsmeansofexpression.〞[10]P94Translationisaveryimportantmediumforculturalexchangebetweenpeopleusingdifferentlanguages.Itisoneofthemostimportanttasksfromtranslatorsandtranslationresearchersviewingproblemsoftranslationfromtheangleofculturalexchangeinordertoincreasethedegreeofculturalexchangeachievedbytranslationasmuchaspossible.Itisknowntoallthatlanguageisanimportantaspectofculture.Cultureincludesandaffectslanguage,itisthegroundfromwhichlanguagegrowsanddevelops.Alllanguagesareproductsofthecultureofthecountryandthenation.Theyallhavelonghistoricalbackgroundandvariousculturalconnotations.Thehistory,socialsystem,naturalenvironment,religionandcustomsareallshownvividlyintheirculturally-loadedwords,proverbs,idioms,andsoon.Intraditionalpractice,thereareoftennosuchwordsintargetlanguage,andthetranslatorshavetofindthesimilarcodesormakesomenewcodestoreplace,sowhentheseculturallyloadedwordsaretranslatedintoanotherlanguage,theculturalconnotationsarelost.Nidaoncepointedoutthat:“Forthesuccesstranslation,beingfamiliarwithtwoculturesisevenmoreimportantthanmasteringtwolanguages,becausethelanguagehasitsmeaningonlyintheculturalbackground.〞[11]P92Chineseculturebelongstoeasternculture,andEnglishcultureisEuropeanandAmericanculture,whichbelongstothewesternculture.Thereareessentialdifferencebetweeneasterncultureandwesternculture,sotheuntranslatabilityisunderstandable.3.1.Untranslatabilityresultedfromculturegap3.1.1.MaterialcultureDifferentnationsliveindifferentplaces,andwillhavedifferentimagesforthesamething.WeoftenhearsomeChinesesay:“走,喝酒去!〞Theword“酒〞isdifficulttotranslate.Itincludesliquor,spirit,alcohol,drink,beer,wine,andsoon.Thesewordsareall“酒〞,buttheliquorandspiritmeanslowquality,andthedrinksincludeharddrinksandsoftdrinks,whilethewineisoftenreferredtothegrapeorfruitwine.InEnglish,thedaffodilisthesymbolofspringandhappiness,butinChinese,itisonlyakindofflowercalled“黃水仙〞。InChinesepeople’smind,theplum,orchid,chrysanthemumandbambooareallthesymbolofhighspirit.ButEnglishpeopledonotthinkso.Peoplelivetogetherinonecountryorregion,andwillformtheirowntraditions,thesetraditionswillpassfromgenerationtogeneration.Andothercountriesorregionspeoplemaynothavethesetraditions,eventheyhave,butindifferentmeaning,thusmakingthesetraditionsuntranslatable.Forexample:(14)AccordingtoEnglishtradition,thefamilywillthrowoldshoestotheunmarriedcoupleswhentheygooutofthehouse,whichmeanswishthemluck,butifthistraditionistranslatedinto“扔舊鞋〞,theChinesepeoplewillmisunderstandit.ForinChina,throwingoldshoestoawomanistoabuseher.Forthetraditionreason,alotofappellationsareuntranslatable.ThemeaningofEnglishuncleincludesuchChinesewordsas叔父(father’syoungerbrother),伯父(father’selderbrother),舅舅(mother’不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法 不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法sbrother),姑父(father’ssister’shusband),姨父(mother’ssister’shusband),叔叔(father’syoungerbrotherorafriendoracquaintanceaboutthesameageasayoungperson’sparent).ItwouldbeconsideredaterriblemistakeinChineseculturetorefertothefather’sbrotheras舅舅,soiftherelationisnotclearinEnglish,itcannotbetranslatedintoChinese.3.1.3ReligiousCultureInreligion,translationbeesthemission.Chinesehavetranslatedinthisfieldforalongtime,butChinesepeopledonothaveChristianitybackground.ThusmanyoftheculturewillmakeChinesepeoplemisunderstand.Forexample:(15)“Endoftheworld〞willmakeChinesepeoplethinkoftheingofgreatdisaster,inwhichallthehumanbeingwilldie,andtheywillfeelfear.ButtotheEnglishpeople,ithasnothingtodowithdisaster.Itistheingofthejusticemoment.3.1.4.HistoricalcultureThehistoryofanationistherecordofthesocialdevelopment.Idiomsandlegendsprovidereadysupportinthisrespect.“Themainproblemsthatidiomsandfixedexpressionposeintranslationrelatetothetwomainareas:theabilitytorecognizeandinterpretanidiomcorrectly;andthedifficultiesinvolvedinrenderingthevariousaspectsofmeaningthatanidiomorafixedexpressionconveysintothetargetlanguage.〞[12]P65Anidiomorfixedexpressionmayhavenoequivalentinthetargetlanguage.Onelanguagemayexpressagivenmeaningbyasingleword,anothermayexpressitbyafixedexpression,andathirdmayexpressitbyanidiom,andsoon.Soitisunrealistictoexpecttofindequivalentidiomsandexpressioninthetargetlanguageinallcases.Theidiomsandexpressionsmaybeculture-specificwhichmakesitdifficulttotranslateorisuntranslatable.TheexpressionsuchasKangarooCourt,relatedtospecificculturalbackgroundprovidesagoodexample.Andthehistoricalstoriesorlegendsalsohavetheircultureelement,forexample:(16)“八仙過(guò)海,各顯神通〞,“三個(gè)臭皮匠,頂個(gè)諸葛亮〞,“情人眼里出西施〞。3.2.UntranslatabilityresultedfromcultureconflictIntranslation,somewordsinonelanguagearetraditionallyconsideredequivalenttootherwordsinanotherlanguage,buttheirconnotationsandeventheirreferentsareineffectquitedifferent,theyareso-calledfalsefriends.Forexample:(17)TheChinese“龍〞andEnglish“dragon〞.Chinesepeopleview“龍〞asasymbolofpowerorgoodfortune.Suchas“望子成龍〞,buttheEnglishpeopleseethedragonasfierceandassociateitwithevil,crueltyandviolence.If“望子成龍〞istranslatedinto“toexpectone’ssontobeadragon〞,Englishpeoplecannotacceptthat.Sincetheformsoftherelateditemsarethesame,theyareoftenmisleading.Forexample,(18)thebrandnameofawell-knownChinesebattery“白象〞isliterallytranslatedinto“WhiteElephant〞.“白象〞meansfortuneandgoodluckinChinese.However,thetranslationelicitunfavorablereactionfromEnglishconsumers,whousewhiteelephantasanidiomtomeansomethingcostlybutuseless.Somewordsofcolorhaveconflictmeaningaswell.Takeredforexample,(19)ithasthemeaningofhappyandfestivalas“紅〞inChinese,suchas“red-letterdays〞.ButtheChinese“紅茶〞is“blacktea〞inEnglish,andtheChinese“紅糖〞is“brownsugar〞inEnglish.TheEnglish“inthered〞is“虧損赤字〞.Cultureisoneofthegreatobstaclesintheprocessoftranslation,alongwiththelinguisticbarrierthatisresponsibleforuntranslatabilityintranslation.4.Themethodofpensationpensationisaspecialmethodthatisusedtoreachtheequivalencewhenthereisnoequivalentconceptandsuitableexpressioninthetargetlanguage.Itiswidelyacceptedthatthelanguagephenomenonofuntranslatabilityisnotabsolutelyuntranslatable,especiallyintheculturalaspect.Intranslationpractice,whendealingwiththiskindofphenomenon,thetranslatoralwaysmakesgreateffecttogetrelativelysatisfactoryversion,followingarethemethodsoftenusedbytranslatorstopensate.4.1.AdaptationAn“adaptation〞,alsoknownas“freetranslation〞,isatranslationprocedurewherebythetranslatorreplacesasocial,orculturalrealityinthesourcelanguagewithacorrespondingrealityinthetargetlanguage,thisnewrealitywouldbemoreusualtotheaudienceinthetargetlanguage.Thismethodaimsatmaintainingtheeleganceandintelligibilityinthetargetlanguageatthesacrificeoftheformofthesourcelanguage,butwithoutchangingthemainculturalmessageo不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法 不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償方法ftheoriginal.Forexample:(20)“很好,不用瞎擔(dān)憂了,我還有委員的福分呢!〞“么事的桂圓?〞“是委員!從前行的是大人老爺,如今行委員!你還不明白?〞“Hegivemeverygoodnews,weneednotlookfortrouble.Ihavethepossibilityofbeingamemberofmittee!〞“What’samontea?〞Askedthewifewhovaguelycaughtthesound.“Amittee!Lordsandesquiresareoutofdate,andtheprevailingnominationistoamittee.Don’tyoustillunderstand?〞Here,theChineseword“委員〞(memberofamittee)soundsquitelike“桂圓〞(longan,akindoftropicalfruit).Intheconversation,thewifedoesnotquitecatchthewordandmistakethe“桂圓〞for“委員〞.Ifthetwowordsaretranslatedliterally,thereaderwillfindthewife’smistakeinprehensiblesincethereisnophonologicalsimilarityinEnglishbetweenthetwoitems.Thetranslatorusethemethodofadaptation,turninglogon(桂圓)intomontea.Nowtheformischange,butthefunctionoreffectispreserved.monteaisphonologicallyrelatedtomittee.Byusingadaptation,thishomophoneuntranslatabilityisturnedintotranslatability.4.2.BorrowingBorrowingisatranslationprocedurethatthetranslatorusesawordorexpressionfromthesourcelanguageinthetargetlanguageholus-bolus.Differencesbetweenculturesmaymeanthatonelanguagehasexpressionandconceptsthatmaynotexitinanother.Forexample,wehavenoready-madeequivalentfortheEnglish“model〞,“Coca-cola〞,“coffee〞,“l(fā)ogic〞,“sofa〞,“motor〞,“Brandy〞,“chocolate〞,“Benz〞,andsoon.Facewithsuchwordsandexpressions,thetranslatorsarehard-pressedtoconveytheoriginalmeaningandareoftenleftwithnochoicebuttoborrowtheoriginallexicalitems.SothesewordseintoChinese:“模特兒〞,“可口可樂(lè)〞,“咖啡〞,“邏輯〞,“沙發(fā)〞,“摩托〞,“白蘭地〞,“巧克力〞,“奔馳〞,andsoon.Andlikewise,therearenoEnglishequivalentforsomeChinesewords,suchaskang(heatedbrickbed),GuandiMiao(templeenshriningGuanYu,awellworshippedancientChinesehero),Zongzi(apyramid-shapedumplingmadeofglutinousricewrappedinreedleavesthatiseatenduringtheDragonBoatfestival),Qigong(asystemofdeepbreathingexercisepopularinChina),TaijiQuan(akindoftraditionalChineseboxing),andsoon.SomeofthesehadbeenacceptedbyEnglishpeople,andsomewillbeaccepted,andthesewordswilletoEnglish.4.3.Translator’snoteForexample:(20)道可道,非常道——?道德經(jīng)?LaoziTheTao①thatcanbeexpressedinwordsisnottheconstantTao.Note:①TheTaoisaabsolute,whichallotherthingsarerelative,itisalmightyandomnipresent.Itsvastnessorminutenesscannotbeparedwiththingsofourunderstanding.Theuniverseisembracingit.“HeretheChinesecharacter“道〞isawordwithveryprofoundmeaning,whichfindsitselfnoequivalentintheEnglishlanguage.Itisalmostuntranslatable.Throughthefootnote,someoftheculturemessageshavebeentransferredintothetargetlanguagetext.〞[14]P694.4.CalqueCalqueisatranslationprocedurethatatranslatortranslatesanexpression(oroccasionallyaword)literallyintothetargetlanguage,translatingtheelementoftheexpressionwordforword.PeterNewmarkrefersittoassemantictranslation.Itisamethodoftranslationthataimsatpreservingthemostculturalmessageofthesourcetextatthesacrificeoftheformalelementofthetargetlanguage,andsometimeseventheintelligibilityofthetargettext.Suchastranslate“armedtoteeth〞into“武裝到牙齒〞,translate“knowledgeisstrengths〞into“知識(shí)就是力量〞,translate“hotdog〞into“熱狗〞,andtranslate“紙老虎〞into“papertiger〞.Maybetheyseemridiculeratthebeginning,buttheywillbeacceptedbythetargetlanguagespeakingpeopleand