資源配置的區(qū)域差異

精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上專(zhuān)心---專(zhuān)注---專(zhuān)業(yè)專(zhuān)心---專(zhuān)注---專(zhuān)業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上專(zhuān)心---專(zhuān)注---專(zhuān)業(yè)4.2.2配置的區(qū)域差異4.2.2.1科技資源及科技資源配置概念科技資源的優(yōu)化配置是各國(guó)科技管理和科技政策優(yōu)先關(guān)注的核心問(wèn)題之一?？萍假Y源是人類(lèi)從事科技活動(dòng)所利用的各種物質(zhì)與精神財(cái)富的總稱(chēng)，是能直接或間接推動(dòng)科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步從而促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一切資源，包括一般意義的勞動(dòng)力、專(zhuān)門(mén)從事科學(xué)研究人員、資金、科學(xué)技術(shù)存量、信息、環(huán)境等。科學(xué)資源狹義上包括科技資金、科技人才、知識(shí)、專(zhuān)利等，廣義上還包括科學(xué)研究實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備、大型科研設(shè)施如圖書(shū)館、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)等。本文主要是對(duì)狹義的科技資源進(jìn)行了研究?？萍假Y源配置即是指各類(lèi)科技資源在不同科技活動(dòng)主體、領(lǐng)域、過(guò)程、空間、時(shí)間上的分配和使用?？萍假Y源配置可以從人力資源配置、財(cái)力資源配置、配置強(qiáng)度和配置效果4個(gè)方面來(lái)進(jìn)行衡量和評(píng)價(jià)。4.2.2.2科技資源配置水平評(píng)價(jià)(1)指標(biāo)體系的建立科技資源配置的評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)是以它的基本內(nèi)涵來(lái)確定的，因此可以把指標(biāo)體系分為3個(gè)層次，第一層次即是所要達(dá)到的總目標(biāo)，是對(duì)各指標(biāo)的高度概括、綜合化的指標(biāo)；第二層次有四個(gè)一般化指標(biāo)，人力資源、財(cái)力資源、配置效果和配置強(qiáng)度，是通過(guò)應(yīng)用主成分分析法，對(duì)第三層次指標(biāo)構(gòu)筑相關(guān)矩陣得到主成分貢獻(xiàn)率和主成分載荷，根據(jù)主成分貢獻(xiàn)率和主成分載荷大小得到的；第三層次是指標(biāo)體系的最小組成單位，通過(guò)2012年《中國(guó)科技統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》，根據(jù)科技資源配置的概念內(nèi)涵，在經(jīng)過(guò)了認(rèn)真的篩選后，本文共選取了23個(gè)基礎(chǔ)指標(biāo)。如圖4.2.2-1圖4.2.2-1科技資源指標(biāo)體系層次結(jié)構(gòu)(2)評(píng)價(jià)方法主成分分析是數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)中多元分析中的一個(gè)常用方法，它是把多個(gè)指標(biāo)化為少數(shù)幾個(gè)綜合指標(biāo)并基本保留所含信息，進(jìn)而通過(guò)對(duì)新指標(biāo)的比較達(dá)到分析目的的一種統(tǒng)計(jì)方法。下面對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)方法作簡(jiǎn)單介紹：首先，對(duì)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理以消除量綱的影響，公式如下：Pij=eq\f(Xij-`xj,Qj)其中,`xj為第j個(gè)指標(biāo)的算術(shù)平均值，Qj為樣本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差，Pij為第i省第j個(gè)指標(biāo)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值。對(duì)科技資源指標(biāo)體系的23個(gè)基礎(chǔ)指標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理后的數(shù)據(jù)如表4.2.2-14.2.2-123個(gè)指標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后的數(shù)據(jù)省份ZV1ZV2ZV3ZV4ZV5ZV6ZV7ZV8北京1.296814.86248-0.144263.104554.454091.24326-0.071774.13273天津-0.13955-0.22069-0.12159-0.13833-0.32773-0.187150.057340.29763河北-0.13784-0.27365-0.07989-0.12252-0.19996-0.19984-0.156-0.53081山西-0.47895-0.29986-0.40008-0.46602-0.206-0.45669-0.42398-0.58342內(nèi)蒙古-0.72339-0.45291-0.6006-0.93115-0.51832-0.65431-0.51256-0.72029遼寧0.000290.11866-0.058030.66981-0.04642-0.120280.306490.32752吉林-0.45627-0.18934-0.56250.81213-0.34098-0.4821-0.59234-0.23395黑龍江-0.32803-0.24455-0.323730.18413-0.26914-0.26414-0.43520.16917上海0.535080.945440.177651.19360.675830.555330.635641.19534江蘇2.521990.565872.74491.593730.749532.499062.873621.52231浙江1.50796-0.332361.625390.82411-0.09971.607781.173650.69703安徽-0.05392-0.231290.00940.06021-0.16109-0.11918-0.10766-0.1556福建-0.00763-0.482940.12521-0.50029-0.583620.03888-0.00073-0.54893江西-0.56307-0.37218-0.47252-0.7324-0.34869-0.55512-0.46629-0.54234山東1.531260.000871.663220.616730.005631.356852.26750.06285河南0.292740.018510.41487-0.222620.098320.250560.0694-0.44077湖北0.284770.168160.153050.618960.252760.209330.046940.56126湖南-0.01507-0.25596-0.039250.57779-0.24383-0.07219-0.065670.00626廣東2.990780.012923.268981.115090.018233.179842.914720.60718廣西-0.53002-0.42439-0.547060.10458-0.43719-0.52892-0.5537-0.60149海南-0.93941-0.60619-0.7825-1.26503-0.6202-0.8765-0.77114-0.8064重慶-0.49824-0.42917-0.40795-0.32558-0.36804-0.52329-0.40207-0.41482四川0.035060.73955-0.218210.61681.67422-0.10519-0.366850.8419貴州-0.81132-0.53209-0.68388-0.86427-0.61693-0.77155-0.68557-0.69665云南-0.66636-0.2854-0.6263-0.66706-0.43492-0.67944-0.67091-0.64333西藏-0.98966-0.64768-0.80337-1.34284-0.76527-0.91968-0.79606-0.82638陜西-0.224780.89491-0.39974-0.00821.21377-0.19508-0.395080.27757甘肅-0.75752-0.31433-0.66897-0.96563-0.43345-0.71706-0.67808-0.58284青海-0.94581-0.62463-0.77903-1.33302-0.77632-0.88041-0.75601-0.81151寧夏-0.91102-0.64803-0.74536-1.24253-0.78264-0.85688-0.74794-0.79908新疆-0.81887-0.45971-0.71787-0.96472-0.56193-0.7759-0.6897-0.76014省份ZV9ZV10ZV11ZV12ZV13ZV14ZV15ZV16北京4.877122.10446-0.116843.991684.83480.412584.127920.23673天津-0.206340.056210.071470.37693-0.20195-0.12564-0.08609-0.57868河北-0.24435-0.25291-0.14241-0.5439-0.2424-0.41059-0.308650.87378山西-0.36267-0.53486-0.42546-0.59382-0.36845-0.4764-0.6365-0.09453內(nèi)蒙古-0.43256-0.62535-0.50511-0.75457-0.44173-0.59816-0.77767-0.78253遼寧0.041520.268050.33360.409690.04426-0.144560.407870.87378吉林-0.27227-0.61264-0.59242-0.21949-0.27061-0.53877-0.16538-0.52772黑龍江-0.37123-0.48554-0.449180.19-0.37544-0.330980.142460.0074上海1.060631.017860.616771.286911.127240.44341.55939-0.29838江蘇0.387212.517612.897161.535790.422974.100531.48991.86756浙江-0.286761.019041.175020.73358-0.296881.764210.486180.61896安徽-0.24652-0.21026-0.12514-0.13773-0.243570.01165-0.216970.95022福建-0.42729-0.188230.00431-0.57907-0.43563-0.2097-0.420420.18577江西-0.40315-0.58821-0.47715-0.5615-0.41799-0.51862-0.565560.21125山東-0.131041.808622.254330.06288-0.124640.844130.325581.5363河南-0.17856-0.050440.08355-0.43478-0.19251-0.18583-0.261361.00118湖北0.034590.137170.071380.609430.05392-0.070810.595281.12859湖南-0.31-0.15071-0.04745-0.00075-0.3141-0.248010.104151.07763廣東-0.144682.453412.89530.66246-0.139862.026140.361.43437廣西-0.38846-0.63865-0.55221-0.61131-0.39712-0.53999-0.68736-0.19646海南-0.46946-0.86515-0.76913-0.8389-0.47962-0.63023-0.81193-1.54699重慶-0.32514-0.48689-0.40574-0.41853-0.32952-0.2136-0.3302-0.47675四川1.000260.04448-0.364460.889751.059930.027710.192840.38962貴州-0.4733-0.78199-0.67996-0.72281-0.48418-0.53665-0.77224-0.75705云南-0.33334-0.71861-0.6701-0.66523-0.33594-0.55303-0.62468-0.34935西藏-0.50158-0.8947-0.79214-0.86311-0.51369-0.64695-0.83631-1.82728陜西0.88375-0.09897-0.39640.271510.87848-0.211040.616580.31318甘肅-0.34744-0.74283-0.68706-0.60627-0.35279-0.57844-0.49056-0.90994青海-0.49036-0.85808-0.75921-0.84515-0.50179-0.64056-0.82497-1.75084寧夏-0.50022-0.84929-0.74407-0.83094-0.51243-0.63582-0.8244-1.57247新疆-0.43837-0.79259-0.70123-0.79275-0.44876-0.58595-0.7669-1.03735省份ZV17ZV18ZV19ZV20ZV21ZV22ZV23北京3.60043.942574.228132.20751.930022.64271-0.04715天津-0.865811.755271.615081.373490.536810.206760.50736河北-0.62246-0.50409-0.43827-0.117410.50537-0.28195-0.75415山西0.73744-0.38855-0.39813-0.3369-0.72395-0.71303-0.54545內(nèi)蒙古-0.33617-0.53263-0.368610.82824-0.94179-1.03518-1.09944遼寧0.68018-0.026780.152291.610870.66280.907520.11236吉林-0.09282-0.15716-0.38893-1.04546-0.277760.88215-1.03293黑龍江0.86627-0.25701-0.37642-0.67572-1.04181.30309-0.00644上海0.222111.832231.988161.958051.912581.50740.90311江蘇0.422520.920180.707340.811030.79314-0.187483.33576浙江-0.293220.978670.43544-0.042190.45563-0.439111.86036安徽-0.16439-0.33162-0.35099-0.20430.19636-0.201420.85036福建-0.307540.14194-0.09872-0.25218-0.57207-0.64447-0.12215江西-0.03556-0.59731-0.50514-0.29083-0.91175-0.27145-0.66957山東1.553380.121140.201571.221860.05073-0.567940.43997河南0.03602-0.42346-0.43435-0.49651-0.32577-0.59567-0.44335湖北0.47978-0.04985-0.135570.124740.440270.66535-0.09389湖南0.16485-0.37198-0.35747-0.0724-0.3360.36366-0.25744廣東0.952160.6320.328950.27225-0.08404-0.86820.74752廣西0.07896-0.58073-0.54915-0.9363-0.31326-0.83805-0.92153海南-1.25231-0.70449-0.60928-1.075020.09178-0.70258-0.61192重慶-1.26663-0.27028-0.265330.166570.90870.458691.4881四川0.75176-0.46291-0.344910.556122.359430.438170.6814貴州-0.65109-0.78337-0.62377-0.70353-1.38809-0.799860.44543云南-0.19302-0.7077-0.6062-1.00082-0.4461-0.24655-0.70926西藏-1.4384-0.819-0.69508-2.14366-1.45997-1.34913-0.85901陜西-0.06419-0.118-0.022991.048091.542422.089960.34236甘肅-0.13576-0.60651-0.5333-0.59114-0.460231.22068-0.69503青海-1.3382-0.5789-0.49897-0.33625-0.89204-1.04532-1.15746寧夏-1.38114-0.39153-0.47948-1.01931-1.19524-1.17931-1.20813新疆-0.10713-0.66014-0.5759-0.83889-1.01618-0.71944-0.4798其次，對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后的數(shù)據(jù)利用SPSS軟件進(jìn)行主成分計(jì)算。計(jì)算各指標(biāo)的相關(guān)系數(shù)矩陣，特征值和特征向量。計(jì)算貢獻(xiàn)率和累計(jì)貢獻(xiàn)率，根據(jù)累計(jì)貢獻(xiàn)率一般超過(guò)85%的原則來(lái)提取主成分，本文為了最大程度地體現(xiàn)信息量，累計(jì)貢獻(xiàn)率取95%，按特征值和累計(jì)方差貢獻(xiàn)率選出n個(gè)主成分，并得出因子回歸系數(shù)Wj。可根據(jù)Wj計(jì)算出各省的因子得分Zik：Zik=其中：Zik表示第i省第k個(gè)主成分的因子得分；Wj表示第j個(gè)指標(biāo)的因子回歸系數(shù)。最后，由于各主成分包含的信息量不一致，因此用所選主成分的方差貢獻(xiàn)率為權(quán)數(shù)，將各因子得分進(jìn)行綜合，得出各省綜合因子得分Si，綜合得分的高低即反映了科技資源配置水平的高低，Vk為選用主成分的方差貢獻(xiàn)率。即：Si=利用主成分計(jì)算表4.5-1中的數(shù)據(jù)得出人力資源、財(cái)力資源、配置效果和配置強(qiáng)度4個(gè)要素的得分如表4.2.2-2,4.2.2-3,4.2.2-4,4.2.2-5。表4.2.2-2人力資源得分情況省份

權(quán)重主成分1主成分2得分

省份

權(quán)重主成分1主成分2得分0.72490.27510.72490.2751北京5.79064.80425.5193湖北0.70890.10990.5441天津-0.4507-0.1583-0.3703湖南0.0285-0.1217-0.0128河北-0.4052-0.1349-0.3308廣東4.5319-3.18712.4081山西-0.96190.1189-0.6645廣西-0.94330.1364-0.6462內(nèi)蒙古-1.61230.0207-1.1630海南-2.11920.0445-1.5239遼寧0.25020.21820.2414重慶-1.04390.0179-0.7518吉林-0.45960.4065-0.2213四川1.02461.50351.1564黑龍江-0.48910.0890-0.3301貴州-1.76940.0387-1.2720上海1.66950.66141.3922云南-1.40020.2036-0.9590江蘇4.4876-1.83462.7482西藏-2.2709-0.0293-1.6542浙江2.2384-1.79221.1294陜西0.40561.43040.6876安徽-0.1862-0.1522-0.1768甘肅-1.61840.1957-1.1193福建-0.5426-0.7202-0.5915青海-2.2158-0.0569-1.6218江西-1.26810.0489-0.9058寧夏-2.1465-0.0908-1.5809山東2.2115-1.54251.1787新疆-1.78780.1094-1.2658河南0.3438-0.33710.1565表4.2.2-3財(cái)力資源得分情況省份

權(quán)重主成分1主成分2得分

省份

權(quán)重主成分1主成分2得分0.70570.29430.70570.2943北京7.8943-4.59974.2175湖北0.6272-0.12020.4072天津0.20000.13610.1812湖南-0.32380.1403-0.1872河北-0.83400.1327-0.5495廣東3.16063.67463.3119山西-1.2466-0.1266-0.9170廣西-1.4003-0.2646-1.0661內(nèi)蒙古-1.5143-0.1379-1.1092海南-1.8677-0.4255-1.4433遼寧0.64730.26370.5344重慶-1.0385-0.1759-0.7846吉林-0.9965-0.5150-0.8548四川1.3094-1.45520.4958黑龍江-0.5817-0.3707-0.5196貴州-1.6881-0.3424-1.2921上海2.6638-0.30071.7913云南-1.5005-0.4418-1.1890江蘇4.34922.95833.9399西藏-1.9375-0.4264-1.4928浙江1.50991.52921.5156陜西0.6141-1.22240.0736安徽-0.46230.0560-0.3097甘肅-1.4776-0.4684-1.1806福建-0.88050.4659-0.4842青海-1.8782-0.3917-1.4408江西-1.2979-0.1681-0.9654寧夏-1.8640-0.3731-1.4252山東2.03502.98262.3139新疆-1.7312-0.3650-1.3292河南-0.48940.3518-0.24194.2.2-4配置效果得分情況省份

權(quán)重主成分1主成分2主成分3得分

省份

權(quán)重主成分1主成分2主成分3得分0.68860.19780.11640.68860.19780.1164北京4.2909-3.20541.08652.4472湖北1.0860-0.1088-0.64110.6516天津-0.83350.19300.5157-0.4757湖南0.56300.1217-0.84720.3131河北-0.22990.5226-0.7817-0.1460廣東2.32201.1931-0.05731.8283山西-0.2213-0.4771-0.6664-0.3243廣西-0.6638-0.1872-0.4815-0.5502內(nèi)蒙古-1.2423-0.1909-0.0469-0.8987海南-2.1243-0.00270.6790-1.3843遼寧0.9294-0.2841-0.64610.5086重慶-1.15430.48550.3904-0.6534吉林-0.6450-0.43000.0396-0.5246四川0.6912-0.3098-0.35430.3735黑龍江0.3673-0.7251-0.32410.0718貴州-1.35900.02280.0504-0.9254上海0.9789-0.57111.11090.6905云南-0.8523-0.1345-0.2831-0.6465江蘇3.81032.51411.34463.2776西藏-2.3797-0.01150.8981-1.5364浙江1.22431.32520.75321.1929陜西0.3474-0.2287-0.00370.1936安徽0.28380.5425-0.70180.2210甘肅-1.0454-0.44780.1352-0.7927福建-0.37900.2675-0.3509-0.2489青海-2.2815-0.03600.8286-1.4818江西-0.4452-0.0066-0.6600-0.3847寧夏-2.21180.05730.7211-1.4278山東2.11800.1705-0.87871.3899新疆-1.2416-0.40570.0780-0.9262河南0.29760.3470-0.90670.16804.2.2-5配置強(qiáng)度的分情況省份

權(quán)重主成分1主成分2主成分3得分

省份

權(quán)重主成分1主成分2主成分3得分0.72590.15410.12000.72590.15410.1200北京6.4229-2.4066-1.13444.1551湖北0.3753-0.19750.69670.3256天津2.5701-0.2415-1.17601.6872湖南-0.4413-0.25170.4198-0.3088河北-0.5865-0.26000.5046-0.4052廣東0.41250.7500-1.05920.2879山西-1.2283-0.1721-0.3873-0.9646廣西-1.6293-0.3249-0.1068-1.2455內(nèi)蒙古-1.1385-0.5164-0.6147-0.9798海南-1.4631-0.00470.2261-1.0356遼寧1.4120-0.10390.79031.1038重慶0.81521.39170.85120.9084吉林-0.7956-1.15510.7329-0.6676四川1.23191.01901.63701.2477黑龍江-0.5396-0.52790.6485-0.3952貴州-1.69250.7171-0.4997-1.1780上海4.2036-0.22880.03033.0196云南-1.5159-0.34210.2811-1.1193江蘇2.32042.7459-0.67362.0267西藏-2.9860-0.2374-0.7511-2.2942浙江1.18621.5448-0.81161.0017陜西1.9181-0.13712.03291.6151安徽-0.14250.98200.22230.0746甘肅-0.7162-0.88531.1162-0.5224福建-0.60570.0223-0.6743-0.5171青海-1.7301-0.5469-0.5082-1.4011江西-1.3016-0.4030-0.0429-1.0121寧夏-2.1292-0.6531-0.8129-1.7437山東0.62160.5539-0.51130.4752新疆-1.7575-0.0830-0.3158-1.3264河南-1.0903-0.0480-0.1100-0.8120(3)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果利用各省4個(gè)要素綜合因子得到構(gòu)成原始數(shù)據(jù)，再次進(jìn)行主成分分析，得到科技資源配置水平的綜合得分。如表4.2.2-6.表4.2.2-62011年中國(guó)科技資源配置綜合得分省份人力財(cái)力效果強(qiáng)度綜合得分北京5.4.2.4.5.天津-0.0.-0.1.0.河北-0.-0.-0.-0.-0.山西-0.-0.-0.-0.-0.內(nèi)蒙古-1.-1.-0.-0.-1.遼寧0.0.0.1.0.吉林-0.-0.-0.-0.-0.黑龍江-0.-0.0.-0.-0.上海1.1.0.3.2.江蘇2.3.3.2.3.浙江1.1.1.1.1.安徽-0.-0.0.0.-0.福建-0.-0.-0.-0.-0.江西-0.-0.-0.-1.-1.山東1.2.1.0.1.河南0.-0.0.-0.-0.湖北0.0.0.0.0.湖南-0.-0.0.-0.-0.廣東2.3.1.0.2.廣西-0.-1.-0.-1.-1.海南-1.-1.-1.-1.-1.重慶-0.-0.-0.0.-0.四川1.0.0.1.1.貴州-1.-1.-0.-1.-1.云南-0.-1.-0.-1.-1.西藏-1.-1.-1.-2.-2.陜西0.0.0.1.0.甘肅-1.-1.-0.-0.-1.青海-1.-1.-1.-1.-1.寧夏-1.-1.-1.-1.-2.新疆-1.-1.-0.-1.-1.4.2.2.3科技資源配置的區(qū)域差異為了使評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果更科學(xué)，對(duì)要素得分進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換，使最高分為100，最低分為60，公式如下：Fi=eq\f(Si-Smin,Smax-Smin).40+60式中：Fi為第i省轉(zhuǎn)換后的綜合得分，Si為第i省的因子得分，Smin為因子得分的最小值，Smax為因子得分的最大值。計(jì)算得出4個(gè)要素轉(zhuǎn)換后的得分，見(jiàn)表4.2.2-7。4.2.2-7各要素轉(zhuǎn)換后的得分省份人力財(cái)力效果強(qiáng)度綜合北京100.00100.0093.10100.00100.00天津67.1671.7368.8184.6974.00河北67.3866.6171.5571.7269.81山西65.5264.0370.0768.2567.34內(nèi)蒙古62.7462.6965.3068.1565.06遼寧70.5774.2076.9981.0776.44吉林67.9964.4768.4170.0968.29黑龍江67.3866.8273.3671.7870.31上海76.9983.0178.5092.9684.05江蘇84.5598.06100.0086.8092.88浙江75.5281.0782.6880.4480.55安徽68.2468.2974.6074.6972.04福建65.9367.0670.7071.0269.08江西64.1763.6969.5767.9566.67山東75.8086.6784.3177.1881.26河南70.1068.7674.1669.1