英語學術(shù)論文的寫法課件

AcademicWritingandCommunication

Lecture6AbstractContentsDefinitionoftheabstractTypesoftheabstractStructureoftheabstract1.DefinitionoftheAbstract(1)AnAbstractshouldbeviewedasaminiversionofthepaper.Theabstractshouldprovideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper:Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,ResultsandDiscussion.Generallyspeaking,theabstractshouldnotexceed250words(100-200words)andshouldbedesignedtodefineclearlywhatisdealtwithinthepaper.1.DefinitionoftheAbstract(3)MostoralloftheAbstractshouldbewritteninthepasttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.ReferencestotheliteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract.2.TypesofAbstracts(1)Informativeabstract(moredetailed,andmayincludequantitativedetails)

信息性/報道性/資料性摘要Indicative/descriptiveabstract(briefandqualitative,indicatingwhatkindofresearchhasbeendone) 指示性/說明性/描述性摘要Informative-indicativeabstract報道-指示性摘要2.TypesofAbstracts(2)AneffectivediscussionofthevarioususesandtypesofabstractswasprovidedbyMcGirr(1973),whoseconclusionsarewellworthrepeating:“Whenwritingtheabstract,rememberthatitwillbepublishedbyitself,andshouldbeself-contained.Thatis,itshouldcontainnobibliographic,figure,ortablereferences.

2.TypesofAbstracts(3)Thelanguageshouldbefamiliartothepotentialreader.Omitobscureabbreviationsandacronyms.Writethepaperbeforeyouwritetheabstract,ifatallpossible.UnlessalongtermisusedseveraltimeswithinanAbstract,donotabbreviatetheterm.Waitandintroducetheappropriateabbreviationatfirstuseinthetext(probablyintheIntroduction).2.2Indicativeabstract(1)

指示性/說明性/描述性摘要Anothercommontypeofabstractistheindicativeabstract(sometimescalledadescriptiveabstract).Thistypeofabstractisdesignedtoindicatethesubjectsdealtwithinapaper,makingiteasyforpotentialreaderstodecidewhethertoreadthepaper.However,becauseofitsdescriptiveratherthansubstantivenature,itcanseldomserveasasubstituteforthefullpaper.

2.3Informative-indicativeabstract報道-指示性摘要

Aninformative-indicativeabstractisacombinedformthatbearsaspecificinformationabouttheprincipalfindingsandresultsandgeneralinformationabouttherestofthedocument.Thistypeofabstractoffersfewerdetails,instead,givingemphasistotheauthor’schiefcontribution.Abstractanalysis:Task(I)

Read

the

sample

abstract

carefully,

and

try

to

work

out

the

componentsofit

and

the

arrangements

of

them.Model

Study

of

Anchored

pavement錨固路面的模型研究1)Roadwaysconstructedofconventionalpavementaresubjecttodeformationsafterprolongeduse.

2)

Alaboratorymodelstudyofananchoredpavementwascarriedout.

3)Theobjectiveofthestudywastoinvestigateconstructionproblemsandtodevelopspecificationsforafull-scaletest(為足尺試驗制定具體參數(shù)).

4)Thestudycompared1/20-scaleanchoredpavementandconventionalslabs(平板路面)ofsimilardimensions.

5)Themodeltestresultswerecomparedwithresultsfromfinite-element(有限元)analysis.6)Thedeformationswerelowerfortheanchoredpavementcomparedwiththosefortheconventionalslab,andstressesinthesoil(土壤應力)werereducedanddistributedmorewidelybyrigidanchors(剛性錨定).7)Thesefindingsindicatethatananchoredslaboffersdistinctadvantagesoveraconventionalslab.8)TheANSYScomputerprogramcouldbeusedtoanalyzesuchasoil-structuresystem,incorporatingtheenvironmentalandmechanicaleffects(結(jié)合環(huán)境和機械效應).SuggestedAnswer1)–2)Background3)Purpose4)—5)Methodology6)Results7)—8)ConclusionandrecommendationAbstractanalysis:Task(II)Readtheabstractsinyourjournalpapers,andworkoutwhatcomponentsareincludedandhowtheyarearranged.

Compareyourfindingswiththoseofyourpartnertoseewhethertheyareanydifferencesinthesetwoaspects.Abstractanalysis:Task(III)

Gothroughtheabstractsinyourjournalpapers,andexaminewhattensesareusedineachcomponentofanabstract.

TenseintheabstractBackgroundPurposeMethodsResultsConclusion

or

recommendationPresentPast/

present

perfectPastPastPresent/情態(tài)動詞2）Thisstudyinvestigates/discusses/examines/reviews/outlines/presents/reports/surveys/measuresthefittingofaclassofgeneralizedproportionalhazardsmodels,termedlineartransformationmodels,tointerval-censoreddata.本研究調(diào)查（探討、審查、復查、簡述、呈現(xiàn)、報道、觀察、測量）了一種廣義比例風險模型，線性變換模型和區(qū)間截斷數(shù)據(jù)的關(guān)系。3）Inthispaperwefocusontheclassificationofcolourtextureimages.本文中我們著眼于彩色紋理圖像的分類。4）Thispaperdealswiththehistoryoftheuseofhydrogenasacombustibleorshieldinggasinwelding.本文研究焊接中使用的氫氣作為易燃保護氣體的歷史。7）Thispaperintroducesathree-dimensionalmodel，forfluidflowandheattransferintheinterfacialregionbetweentheTIGarcplasmaandweldpool.本文介紹了一種研究TIG電子弧離子區(qū)和熔池的界面區(qū)流體流動和熱傳遞的三維模型。2.Sentencesusedtoindicatepurposes1)Thisstudywasconducted/intendedtodeterminewhetherthegrowingseasonwaterbalancecouldbemanipulatesthroughplantinggeometry.本研究的目的是測試生長季節(jié)水分平衡是否能通過種植的幾何形狀加以控制。2)Thepurpose/mainobjectiveofthispaper/studyistoexplorer/surveythesourcesofinformationusedinmakingdecisionsaboutwhetherandwhattypeoflong-termcareinsurancetopurchase.本文（本研究）的主要目的在與探究（調(diào)查）影響是否購買以及購買何種長期護理保險的決策信息來源。5)Inthispaperweaimtoexploresomeofthedemocraticimplicationsofinstitutionsofinteractivegovernance.本論文中，我們將探究交戶式治理制度的一些民主含意。6)Theobjectiveoftherobotteamisto,oncedeployedinanenvironment（floor-plan）withmultiplerooms,coverasmanyroomsaspossible.設(shè)立機器人小組的目的是，一旦在一個多房間的環(huán)境中進行設(shè)置，很快就能覆蓋盡可能多的房間。3.

Sentencesusedtoindicatemethods1)Thesimulationsystemisutilizedtoperformexperimentswithvariouscontrolstrategiesfortherobotteamorganizations,evaluatingthecomparativeperformanceofthestrategiesandorganizations.模擬系統(tǒng)在各種控制策略下對機器人小組和小組的組織方式進行測試、測評和比較各種策略以及組織方式的性能。2)Threerelevantapproachestogreyscaletextureanalysis,namelylocallineartransforms,Gaborfilteringandtheco-occurrenceapproachareextendedtocolourimages.

三種相關(guān)的灰階紋理分析方法，即線性變換、Gabor濾波器和共現(xiàn)法都被運用到色彩圖像分析中。3)Furthermore,weintroduceanewevolutionaryapproachtomulti-criteriaoptimization,thestrengthParetoEA(SPEA)thatcombinesseveralfeaturesofpreviousmulti-objectiveEAsinuniquemanner.

除此之外，我們介紹一種多準則優(yōu)化演化方案，SPEA演算法，它把先前的多目標演算法的一些特點綜合起來形成了獨特的特點。4)Localpartiallikelihoodtechniquewasproposedtoestimatenonlinearinteractions.局部偏似然法被用來估測非線性交互作用。5)

Thisarticleprovidesanexploratorymethodologytooperationalizethisconcept,whichwillalsobeinitiallytestedempirically,usingexpertjudgmentsaswellaselectorate’sperceptions.本文提出了一種探索性的研究方法來研究這個概念。首先也將用專家的判斷和相關(guān)人士的見解進行實證研究。6)ThetechniqueappliedinthispaperisreferredtoasEuler’smethod.本文中采用的方法稱為Euler法。7）Thispaperisbasedonanalysisofinterviewswith25energysectoractorsthataffectwindpowerpolicyinFinland.

本文基于對來自影響芬蘭風能政策的能源部門的25個工作人員的采訪分析。4.Sentencesusedtoindicateresultsandfindings1)ItwasfoundthattheheataffectzoneofjointwasonlyobservedinTIGwelding,andthesizeofgrainsinitwasevidentlycoarse.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，節(jié)點在熱影響區(qū)只出現(xiàn)在TIG焊接中，而且其中的顆粒明顯很粗糙。2）Thefindingshowsthatstudentsoveralltendtorepeatinordertogetarecurringreading.結(jié)果表明學生們大多都為了回讀而重復。3)Fourtypesofsingularmodelswereidentified,includingthemodelswherethenoiseamplitudeisindependentofthestimulusintensity.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了四種單一模型，其中包括有些模型，他們的噪聲振幅與刺激強度無關(guān)。4）Thesurveyrevealedthatpeople’sattitudesarestronglyinfluencedbysciencefiction.調(diào)查表明人們的態(tài)度受科幻小說影響很大。5)Akeyfindingwasthatrobotsneedtobecapableofsocialinteraction,oratleastawareofthesocialcontext,whenevertheyoperatearoundpeople.

一個重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，只要機器人在人類周圍活動，他們都要有一定的社交能力，或者至少能意識到周圍的社會環(huán)境。6）Simulationstudiesshowthattheproposedprocedureworkswellandgivesaccurateestimates.

模擬實驗表明原計劃的程序進行的很順利，而且給出了準確的判斷。5.Sentencesusedtosuggestconclusion1)Itisconcludedthatspecialtheoriespostingstatusfrustrationarerequiredtoaccountformoral-reformsocialmovementadherence.結(jié)論是要用有關(guān)地位挫折的專門理論來解釋人們對道德改革社會運動的熱衷。2)

Thestudysuggeststhattheconceptofculturalcapitalcanbeusedfruitfullytounderstandsocialclassdifferencesinchildren’sschoolexperiences.這個研究表明，借助文化資本這個概念來理解社會階層的不同在兒童學習經(jīng)歷中所造成的影響卓有成效。3）Theresults(oftheobservation)suggest/showthatfoxcanplayarelevantroleasseeddisperserofMediterraneanHack-berry.

觀察結(jié)果表明，狐貍在歐洲樸的傳種問題上起著一定的作用。4）Theconclusionifourresearchisthataddressingonlytheprimaryuserinserviceroboticsisunsatisfactory,andthatthefocusshouldbeonthesetting,activitiesandsocialinteractionsofgroupofpeoplewheretherobotistobeused.我們研究的結(jié)論是，在研究服務(wù)型機器人時僅僅關(guān)注主要使用人是不能解決問題的，還要關(guān)注機器人的安置、活動、以及使用機器人的人群之間相互的社會影響。5）Thepaperconcludeswithawiderdiscussionofthelimitationsofthemilitarycompetitivemodelasappliedtopoliticsandageneralindicationofhowamorecomprehensivecompetitivemodelmightbecreated.

本文以對軍事競爭模式的局限性更廣泛的討論結(jié)尾，以期適用于政治并研究如何創(chuàng)建更加綜合性的競爭模式。Assignment

Writeanabstract

in

accordance

with

the

requirements

of

your

target

submission

journal.

Note:

Youmayreferto

themajorpointsofyourbachelor’sdegreedocument.BasicComponentsofJournalArticlesTitle(subtitle) 論文題目(副標題)Author’sname(s)

作者姓名Abstract

內(nèi)容提要Keywords關(guān)鍵詞IMRADformat IMRADAcknowledgements 致謝(可空缺)References 參考文獻Appendix 附錄(可空缺)Resume 作者簡介TheIMRADFormatIntroduction

引言Materialsandmethods 材料與方法Results 結(jié)果Discussion&Conclusion 討論與結(jié)論TheIMRADFormatoftheBodyWhatquestion(problem)wasstudied?TheansweristheIntroduction.Howwastheproblemstudied?Theansweristhe(Materialsand

)Methods.Whatwerethefindings?TheansweristheResults.Whatdothesefindingsmean?TheansweristheDiscussion.AbstractanalysisUsingself-resonant自振coils線圈inastronglycoupledregime狀態(tài),weexperimentallydemonstratedefficientnon-radiative非放射性的powertransferoverdistancesupto8timestheradius范圍ofthecoils.Wewereabletotransfer60wattswith40%efficiencyoverdistancesinexcessof2meters.Wepresentaquantitativemodeldescribingthepowertransfer,whichmatchestheexperimentalresultstowithin5%.Wediscussthepracticalapplicabilityofthissystemandsuggestdirectionsforfurtherstudy.ExpressionsforAbstractWritingreport,show,demonstrate,model,indicate,suggest,propose,imply,reveal,present,discuss,describe,examine,measure,identify,infer,dealwith,copewith,beconcernedwith,represent,estimate,analyze/makeananalysis,distinguish,observe,obtainagreement,combine,compare,differ,differfrom/within,makeadifference,conclude,draw/makeaconclusion,sumup,conductresearchon,investigate,makeaninvestigation,survey,apply,employ,use,constitute,fulfillthegap,fulfilltherole,performacrucialfunction/role,construct,make/carryout/performanexperimentin,experimenton/with,experimentally,fabricate,testthishypothesisby,performednormally,require,determine,quantify,measure,replicatediscover,identify,find,findings,results2.4StructuredAbstract(結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要)

是報道性摘要的結(jié)構(gòu)化表達

(1)目的(Objective):研究的問題、目的或設(shè)想等; (2)設(shè)計(Design):

研究的基本設(shè)計,樣本的選擇; (3)單位(Setting):

開展研究的單位; (4)對象(Patients,Participants):

研究對象的信息; (5)處置(Interventions):

處置方法; (6)主要結(jié)果測定(MainOutcomeMeasures):實驗過程; (7)結(jié)果(Results):

研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn); (8)結(jié)論(Conclusions):

主要結(jié)論及其潛在應用TypesofStructuredAbstractNewEnglandJournalofMedicine Background,Methods,Results,ConclusionsTheLancet Background,Methods,Findings,InterpretationJAMA(JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation) Context,Objective,Design,Setting,Patients,Interventions,MainOutcomeMeasures,Results,Conclusion3.1TheFormalizedStructureofAbstractAnabstractusuallyconsistsofthefollowingthreemajorparts:topicsentence,supportingsentencesandconcludingsentences.3.1.1TopicSentenceThefirstsentenceinanabstractisusuallycalledthe“topicsentence”.Byansweringthequestionof“what”,thetopicsentencealwaysgoesstraightforwardlytothesubjectortheproblemandindicatetheprimaryobjectivesofthepaper.3.1.1Examples(1)Thepurposeofthispaperis…Theprimarygoalofthisresearchis…Theintentionofthispaperistosurvey…Theoverallobjectiveofthisstudyis…Inthispaper,weaimat…Ourgoalhasbeentoprovide…Thechiefaimofthepresentworkistoinvestigatethefeaturesof…3.1.1Examples(2)Theauthorsarenowinitiatingsomeexperimentalinvestigationtoestablish…Theworkpresentedinthispaperfocusesonseveralaspectsofthefollowing…Theproblemwehaveoutlineddealslargelywiththestudyof…Withhismanyyears’research,theauthor’sendeavoristoexplainwhy…3.1.1Examples(3)Theprimaryobjectofthisfundamentalresearchwillbetorevealthecauseof…Themainobjectiveofourinvestigationhasbeentoobtainsomeknowledgeof…Withrecentresearch,theauthorintendstooutlinetheframeworkof…Theauthorattemptedthesetofexperimentswithaviewtodemonstratingcertainphenomena…3.1.1Examples(4)Theexperimentbeingmadebyourresearchgroupisaimedatobtainingtheresultof…

Themainobjectiveofourinvestigationhasbeentoobtainsomeknowledgeof…Experimentson…weremadeinordertomeasuretheamountof…Theemphasisofthisstudyliesin…3.1.2SupportingsentencesThetopicsentenceisusuallyfollowedbymorethanonesupportingsentenceswhichfurtherspecifythesubjecttobepresented.Researchmethods,experiments,procedures,investigations,calculations,analyses,results,andothersignificantinformationitemwillbeprovidedinthispart.3.1.2Examples(1)Themethodusedinourstudyisknownas…Thetechniqueweappliedisreferredto…Theproceduretheyfollowedcanbebrieflydescribedas…Theapproachadoptedextensivelyiscalled…Detailedinformationhasbeenacquiredbytheauthorsusing…3.1.2Examples(2)Theresearchhasrecordedvaluabledatausingthenewly-developedmethod…Thisisaworkingtheorywhichisbasedontheideathat…Thefundamentalfeatureofthistheoryisasfollows…Thetheoryischaracterizedby…Theexperimentconsistedofthreesteps,whicharedescribedin…3.1.3ConcludingsentencesAstheendingpartofanabstract,concludingsentencesusuallyanalyzetheresults,explaintheapplication,andpointoutthesignificanceoftheresearch.3.1.3Examples(1)Inconclusion,westatethat…Tosumupitmaybestatedthat…Itisconcludedthat…Theresultsoftheexperimentindicatethat…Thestudieswehaveperformedshowedthat…Thepioneerstudiesthattheauthorsattemptedhaveindicatedin…Wecarriedoutseveralstudieswhichhavedemonstratedthat….3.1.3Examples(2)Theresearchwehavedonesuggeststhat…Theinvestigationcarriedoutby…h(huán)asrevealedthat…Laboratorystudiesof…didnotfurnishanyinformationabout…Allourpreliminaryresultsthrowlightonthenatureof…3.2FiveA(nswer)Strategy(1) Itwillbeeasierforyoutofinishyourabstractsatis