傳染病學英文名解及問答題(含答案)

傳染病學英文名解及問答題(含答案)傳染病學英文名解及問答題(含答案)傳染病學英文名解及問答題(含答案)V:1.0精細整理，僅供參考傳染病學英文名解及問答題(含答案)日期：20xx年X月Frequentlyaskedquestion(inEnglish)PartⅠ Nounexplanationconvertinfection/subclinicalinfection(隱性感染/亞臨床感染)：itmeansonlyaspecialimmuneresponsewithoutorwithverymilddamagetothehostaftertheagententeredwhichcanbediagnosedbyserologicmeanswithdemonstrationofeitherasinglehightiterorafourfoldriseintitertotheinfection.Itisthemostcommonmodel.carrierstate(病原攜帶狀態(tài))：itisapersonwhoiscolonizedwithanorganismbutshowsnoevidenceofdisease,althoughdiseasemayhavebeenpresentearlier.Acarrierisaveryimportantsourceofinfectionastheorganismscanbedisseminatedfromhim.latentinfection(潛伏性感染)：itmeansanorganismentersahostandliesdormant(靜止的)foraperiodoftime,possiblyforyears,beforeproducingdiseaseasthehost’simmunitydecreased.invasiveness(侵襲力)：theabilityoftheagenttoenterandtomovethroughtissue.sourceofinfection(傳染源)：itisreferredtoapersonoranimalinwhichthepathogenstayandmultiplyandcanbedisseminated.routeoftransmission(傳播途徑):theroutethepathogenenteredanothersusceptibleafterbeendisseminatedfromthesourceofinfection.susceptible(易感者):itisreferredtoapersonwholacksimmunitytoaspecificinfectiousdisease.relapse(復發(fā))：itmeansthereturnofsymptomsaftertheyhaveapparentlyceasedduringconvalescencewhichiscausedbythemultiplicationofthepathogeninthehost.Itisoftenseenintyphoidfever,malaria,etal.recrudescence(再燃):itmeansthereappearanceofsymptomsaftertemporarycessation.sustainedfever(稽留熱）:highfever,lastingandlittlechangein24hours,usually<1degree.Oftenseenatfastigiumoftyphoidfever,septicemia,andEHF.remittentfever（弛張熱）:highfever,temperaturechanges>1degreein24hours,butthelowestpointofthefeverisstillabovetheupperlimitofthenormaltemperature.OftenseeninthedefervascenceoftyphoidfeverorEHF.relapsingfever回歸熱）:severaldaysofhighfeverwithinterruptionofafewdays’normality.typicalfeverpatterninbrucellosisandrelapsingfever.Intermittentfever（間歇熱）:temperaturefluctuatesbetweenthehighfeverandthedegreebelowthenormality.Usuallyseeninsepticemiaandmalaria.Irregularfever（不規(guī)則熱）:thefevercurveisirregular.Seenininfluenzaorsepticemia.palmererythema/liverpalm(肝掌):Thisisintensereddening,mottledinnature,ofthepalmeraspectsduetovasodilation.Seenmainlyoverthethenarandhypothenar（大、小魚際）eminences.spiderangiomata(蜘蛛痣)：Spiderangiomataaresmallredmaculeswithfineredlinesradiatingfromitlike"spiderlegs".Theyblanchwhencompressed(壓之褪色).Theyrepresenttinydilatedcollateralbloodvesselsandareseeninpatientswithchronichepatitisorcirrhosis.windowphase（窗口期）：Thewindowphaseisthetimefromexposuretotheorganismuntiloneistestedpositivefortheinfection.Someoneinthewindowphasemaytestnegativebutactuallybepositiveandabletospreadtheorganism.streetstrain(野毒株/街毒株):itisreferredtorabiesvirusisolatedfromthenaturallyinfectedanimalsorhumanwithstrongpathogenecityandlongincubationperiod.fixedstrain(固定毒株):Afterbeingsubculturedinrabbitbrainformanytimes(atleast50times),thevirulenceofthestreetstraindecreasedgreatly,butitsimmunogenicityremained.Itiscalledfixedstrainandoftenusedforvaccineproduction.Negribody（內基本氏小體）:Negribodyispathognomonicforrabiesvirusinfection.Itisovaleosinophilicneuronalcytoplasmicinclusionmeasuring3-10micronindiameter.TheyaremostconsistenetlyseeninthepyramidalcellsofhippocampusandPurkinjecellsofcerebellum.septicemia(敗血癥)：Septicemiaisanacutegeneralizedinfectioncausedbytheinvasionintothebloodstreamofapathogenicoranopportunisticorganism.Whilestayingpersistentlyandmultiplyingrapidlyinthebloodstream,theseorganismsliberatetoxinsormetaboliteswhichelicitgeneraltoxicsymptomsandtissuedamageofvariousorgans.bacteriemia（菌血癥）：Thebacteriaenterthebloodandmultiplyinit,butstayonlyashorttimeanddon’tliberatetoxinsormetaboliteswhichelicitgeneraltoxicsymptomsandtissuedamageofvariousorgans.pyemia（膿毒血癥）:Themultiplyingsiteofbacteriaisalsointheblood,butitiscausedbypyogenic（化膿性的）gram-positivecocci,metastaticlesionsarealwayspresent,thesymptomsarethesameassepticemia.toxemia（毒血癥）:Thebacteriaonlyliveandmultiplyinthelocalpartsofthebody,theydon’tenterthebloodstream,butthetoxinsandmetabolitesliberatedbythemdo.Thesymptomsaresimilartosepticemia.rosespots(玫瑰疹)：Theyareblankingpinkmacularspots2-4mmindiameteratday7~13oftyphoidfever.Therashisseenmostcommonlyonthethoraxandabdomen,rarelyonbackandtheextremities.relativebradycardia(相對緩脈)：itmeanspulse-temperaturedissociation.Itisusuallydefinedasincreaseinheartrate<10beats/minutes/1°Cincreaseintemperatureinadults.Itisusuallyseenintyphoidfever,acuteschistosomiasis,severejaundice,etal.herxheimerreaction(赫氏反應):Itiscausedasadirectresultofusingspirocheticidaldrugs(mainlyantibiotics)totreatindividualswithaspirochetaldiseasewhichresultsinanincreaseinthesymptomsofthetreatedcondition.hemolyticurinemicsyndrome/blackurinefever:Aserious,oftenfatalcomplicationofmalaria,characterizedbyanacuteintravascularhemolysis,hemoglobinuriaandhemolyticjaundice.Itisoftenprovokedbyantimalarialdrugs.ectopiclesion(異位損害):theschistosomeeggsand/oradultwormmigrateandparasitizetheorgansoutsidetheportalvenoussystemandcausedamages.Itisrelativelyhighinlungandbrain.Hepatorenalsyndrome:Acuterenalfailureoccurringwithoutothercauseinapersonwithsevereliverdisease.Theexactcauseofhepatorenalsyndromeisunknown.Thekidneystructureremainsessentiallynormalandthekidneysoftenwillinstantlyfunctionwelliftheliverdiseaseiscorrected.Widal’stest:Atestinvolvingagglutinationoftyphoidbacilliwhentheyaremixedwithserumcontainingtyphoidantibodiesfromanindividualhavingtyphoidfever;usedtodetectthepresenceofSalmonellatyphiandS.paratyphi.PartⅡ:Qustion.thefivemanifestationofinfection(感染過程的五種表現(xiàn))Pathogeniskilledoreliminated;Covertinfectionorsubclinicalinfection,itisusuallythemostcommon;Overtinfectionorclinicalinfection:thepathogenenterthehostandcauseddamagesaswellasimmunologicalresponse.Itisusuallyeasytoberecognizedinclinics.Carrierstate:Itisaveryimportantsourceofinfection;Latentinfection:itisusuallyseeninherpesviridae,tuberculosis,malaria,etal.Pleasedescribebrieflythefactorsinvolvedinthepathogenecityofapathogen(致病能力包括哪幾個方面)Invasiveness:theabilityoftheagenttoenterandtomovethroughtissues;Virulence:itisconsistsoftoxinsandothervirulentfactors;Quantity:biggerquantity,strongerpathogenecityinthesamedisease;Variability:Thepathogenmaymutateunderthepressureoftheenvironmentorhost.theprerequisiteofanepidemicofacommunicabledisease(傳染病流行的必要條件) Threeprerequisitearerequiredforacommunicablediseasetospread.First,theremustbeasourceofinfectionwhichdisseminatepathogencontinuously.Second,theremustsomepersonswholackspecialimmunitytothedisease,ie,susceptible.Last,thepathogenmustreachthesusceptible,therouteoftransmission.thebasiccharacteristicofcommunicabledisease（傳染病的基本特征） Themaindifferencebetweencommunicablediseaseandotherdiseaseisthattheformerhasfourbasiccharacteristics.Allcommunicablediseasesareinfectiousdiseasesandbotharecausedbyapathogen.Buttheformerhaveinfectivity/communicability,itisthemaindifferencebetweenthem.Andcommunicablediseaseshavesomeepidemiologicalfeature.Inaddition,thereispost-infectionimmunitynomattercovertinfectionorovertinfection.5. clinicalcharacteristics/diagnosticcriteriaoffulminanthepatitis/hepatitisgravis(重型肝炎的診斷標準) FulminanthepatitisisararesyndromeusuallyassociatedwithhepatitisB.Itischaracterizedbyrapidclinicaldeterioration.Itsdiagnosticcriteriainourcountryis:Severedigestivedisorder:poorfeeding,nauseaandfrequentvomiting,fatigue;Progressivelydeepenedjaundice;Hepatoencephalopathy;Hepatorenalsyndrome;Decreasedvolumeofliver;Bleedingpronenss;Rapidlyincreasedascites6. clinicalcharacteristics/diagnosticcriteriaofcholestatichepatitisClinicalsymptoms:Jaundiceisthemainmanifestationanditlastslongerthanthreeweeks.Skinitchisusuallymoresevereatnight.Rashescanoccurontheneck,chest,back,andwrists.Stoolcolorbecomeslighterandurinecolorbecomesdarker.Althoughtherecanbemanysymptoms,thepatientusuallywillnotfeelextremelyill.Laboratorytests:Directbilirubinintheserumelevatedanditsproportionismorethan60%ofthetotalbilirubin.Serumcombinedbileacidelevatedto10to20timeshigherthanthenormalrange.AKP,GGT,cholesterol,and5-nucleotidaseareobviouslyelevated,andtheALTelevationismoderate.B-Ultrasound:Itcandistinguishintraorextraliverobstruction.7. common/mainmanifestationofacuteviralhepatitisMalaise,anorexia,fever,darkurine,palestools,jaundice,rightupperquadrantpainandtenderhepatomegaly;Increasedliverenzymes(ALT,AST),bilirubin,prothrombintimeandglobulin;Serumpositiveforhepaticvirus;Mayhavehistoryofrecentingestionofundercookedshellfishorsewage-contaminatedwater.8. theprincipalofwoundtreatmentafterbittenbyarabiddog(被狂犬咬傷后傷口處理) Thewoundshouldbethoroughlycleansedforhalfanhour,preferablywithaquaternaryammoniumdetergent(季胺類消毒液)or20%soap(whichcannotbemixedtogether);thenrinsewith70%ethanoloriodine;damagedtissuesshouldbeexcisedandthewoundleftunsatured.Rabiescanusuallybepreventediftreatmentisstartedwithinadayortwoofbiting.Formaximumprotectionhyperimmuneserumandvaccinearerequired.Oneshouldpayattentiontotetanusandinfectionofotherbacteria.9. thekeypointsofbloodculture（1）beforeadministrationofantibioticsandduringchillsorhighfever；（2）repeatmorethan3times；（3）theamountofthebloodsampleshouldbe＞10mlinadultsorolderchildren,＞5mlininfants；（4）bloodsamplesshouldbetreatedwithchemicalsifantibioticswasusedbeforeorusebloodclotforculture.⑸bonemarrowcultureisrecommended;⑹drugsensitivitytestisverynecessary. 10. therapeuticprincipalsoffulminantmeningococcalmeningitis ①specificantibioticsshouldbegivenintravenouslypromptly.Thepreferreddrugispenicillin;②anti-shocktherapy;③useofglucocorticoids(糖皮質激素)suchasmethylprednisoloneorDXM;④ifclinicalsignssuggestcerebraledemaorthecerebrospinalfluidpressureisveryhigh,measurestoreducebrainswellingareindicated;⑤anticoagulanttherapyifDICispresent;⑥supportivetherapytomaintainvitalorgans.11.mainmanifestationofcholera（霍亂）. Choleraisanacute,sometimesfulminantwaterydiarrhealdiseaseresultingfromanenterotoxinelaboratedbyVibiro.Choleraeinthesmallintestine.Itgenerallyoccursinepidemicsandmaycausearapidmassivegastrointestinalfluidlosswithextremesalinedepletion,acidosis,andshock.12mainmanifestationofmalaria(瘧疾)Thefirstsymptomsofmalariaarenonspecific,includingthelackofasenseofwell-being,fever,headache,fatigue,andabdominaldiscomfort.Theclassic“trilogy”ofmalarialparoxysm(發(fā)作)includeschills,rigors,spikefever（體溫驟升驟降）,andheavysweating.TheintervalsareirregularinP.falciparum（惡性瘧）,within48hinP.vivax（間日瘧）,and72hinP.malariae（三日瘧）,respectively.Splenicenlargementisverycommon.Thediagnosisofmalariarestsonthedemonstrationoftheparasiteinperipheralbloodsmears.Boththinandthickbloodsmearsshouldbeexamined.13.theprerequisiteforthetransmissionofschistosomiasis(血吸蟲病).⑴theunsanitarydisposaloffaeces,⑵thepresenceofsuitablesnailhosts,a⑶humanexposuretocercaria-infected(尾蚴)waterbodies.14.mainmanifestationsofacuteschistosomiasisThemajorityofinfectedpersonareasymptomaticorhavemild,nonspecificsymptoms.Only5to10percentofinfectedpopulationshavesevereclinicalsymptoms.Theyincludechills,spikingfever,generalizedweakness,myalgia,headache,anorexia,profusediarrhea,andweightloss.Extensiveurticariamayoccurinlargepatchesonvariouspartsofthebody.Nauseaandvomitingarecommonandcoughmaybeprominent.Thefeverusuallylysesspontaneously2to10weeksafteronset.Physicalfindingsareusuallyminimalbutmanyincludeurticaria,patchesofmoistralesoverbothlungfields,generalizedlymphadenopathy,andhepatosplenomegaly.Markedelevationofperipheralbloodeosinophiliaiscommon.15．Hemodialysisindication:⑴Oliguriclasts〉4d，oranuria〉24h⑵Concentrationofbloodureanitrogenandcreatinineincreased:BuN〉l⑶Highcatabolism⑷Hyperkalemia,〉6mmol/l⑸Pulmonaryedemaorhypervolemicstate15.DifferentialDiagnnosisofcentralnervoussysteminfectionsMeningococcalPurulentTuberulousEpidemicToxicmeningitiscerobrosoinalmeningitismenigitisencephalitisShigellosisEtiologyMeningococcusOtherbacterialEncephalitisBvirusShigelleOnsetabruptslowslowabruptabruptAge<10yearanyageanyage<10yearchildrenSeasonWin.＆Spr.anytimeanytimeSum.＆AugSum.＆Aug.PetechialcommonrarenononoEarlyshockcommonrarenonocommonmeningealirritation++++-BR：WBC+++++++/-+++N++++++-/++++CSF:WBC>>~~normalGlucose↓↓↓↓↓normalnormalChloride↓↓↓↓↓normalnormalStoolroutinenormalnormalnormalnormal+mainDifferenceBetweenG-SepticemiaandTyphoidFeverG-SeptiemiaTyphoidFeverOnsetabruptlyinsidiouslyorslowlyToxicSymptomssevereslightGastrointestinalSymptomsseldomobviouslySpecificToxicSymptomsseldommaybepresentofCentralNervousSystemPrimarysepticfocusmaybepresent(50%)noDICmaybepresentnoIncipientsepticshock40%patientsmayhavenoRashpetechiapredominantlyrosespotDifferentialCountneutrophilialymphocytosisofWBCWidal`sReactionnegativepositiveBloodCulturecorrespondingpathogenstyphoidbacillusMainDifferencesBetweenG+cocciandG-BacilliSepticemiaG+CocciSepticemiaG-BacilliSepticemiaAgeyouthandmiddle-agedold-agedSexmalefemaleGeneralhealthygoodpoorconditionbeforeonsetPrimarySepticinfectionofskinandmucousmembrane,infectionofbiliary,intestinalandFocusincisionanddrainageofimmatureurinarytract,patientwithlivercirrhosisabscess,tympanitisandosteomyelitis,atc.orwithahistoryabdominaloperationClinicalSymptomsobvious/markedchills,feve，jointdoublepeakfever,relativebradycardia-trouble，metastaticlesionsincipientsepticshockandDIC,BloodroutineleukocytosisnormalWBCorleukopeniaLLTnegativepositiveTreatmentgoodcurativeeffectcanbegainedwhengoodcurativeeffectcanbegainedusingtheantimicrobialagentsagainstwhenusingtheantimicrobialagentsG+cocciagainstG-bacilliBloodCultureG+cocciG-bacilli18．TheMainDifferencesBetweenBacilliarydysenteryandamebicdysenteryBacilliarydysenteryamebicdysenteryIncubationperiodseveralhours-7days1-2weeksendotoxemiasymptomsusually(fever),obviousseldomormild(fever)abodominaltendernessleftlowerquadrantsrightupperquadrantdiarrheaashighas20~40times/dayseveraltime