煙霧探測(cè)器原理初探本科畢業(yè)論文

煙霧探測(cè)器原理初探本科畢業(yè)論文題目煙霧探測(cè)器原理初探二?一五年五月theirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromotethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityofanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecompetitivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmentofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofresourceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwin-winprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation,examinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheindustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstate-ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructionmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,firmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,improvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingtotheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhigh-qualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetobuildahigh-qualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structureoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.SeriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecountryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxpolicy,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.內(nèi)容摘要............................................................1關(guān)鍵詞..............................................................1Abstract............................................................1Keywords............................................................11、煙霧探測(cè)器的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)...................................21.1應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀.....................................................231.2發(fā)展趨勢(shì).....................................................2、煙霧探測(cè)器的種類及原理...........................................42.1感煙式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器.............................................42.1.1離子感煙式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器...................................42.1.2光電感煙式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器...................................52.1.3空氣采樣感煙式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器...............................62.2感溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器.............................................82.2.1定溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器.......................................82.2.2差溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器......................................10112.2.3差定溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器....................................2.2.4光纖感溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器..................................112.3感光式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器............................................132.3.1紅外感光式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器..................................132.3.2紫外感光式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器..................................142.3.3圖像火焰火災(zāi)探測(cè)器....................................142.4聲音火災(zāi)探測(cè)器..............................................152.5復(fù)合探測(cè)器..................................................152.6可燃?xì)怏w探測(cè)器..............................................162.6.1催化型可燃?xì)怏w探測(cè)器..................................162.6.2半導(dǎo)體型可燃?xì)怏w探測(cè)器................................163、有效減少人為因素干擾的方法及護(hù)理................................183.1合理選擇和合理安裝..........................................183.1.1正確選定火災(zāi)探測(cè)器的類型..............................183.1.2安裝位置的確定........................................183.2增加防護(hù)裝置................................................193.3探測(cè)器的定期清洗與更換......................................194、各類煙霧探測(cè)器的比較............................................205、研究心得........................................................21參考文獻(xiàn)...........................................................23onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheind,examwinprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation-ceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwinresourntofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmepetitfanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecomacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityoethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandtheirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromot2y,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.polictryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.Seriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecounreoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriqualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingimprofirmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,內(nèi)容摘要:煙霧探測(cè)器的原理初探的核心就是對(duì)各種煙霧探測(cè)器的工作原理進(jìn)行介紹。然后對(duì)各種煙霧探測(cè)器進(jìn)行比較研究，通過(guò)比較研究得出設(shè)計(jì)一款全新煙霧探測(cè)器的一些思路。本文先介紹煙霧探測(cè)器的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，讓人們對(duì)煙霧探測(cè)器有個(gè)大概的了解。其次，是對(duì)煙霧探測(cè)器的種類及原理進(jìn)行分析比較，讓人們對(duì)煙霧探測(cè)器有了更深入的了解，以便于人們對(duì)煙霧探測(cè)器的選擇和購(gòu)買。再次，是講解煙霧探測(cè)器的安裝位置和護(hù)理，以減少人為因素對(duì)煙霧探測(cè)器的干擾。最后，是通過(guò)前面的比較研究得到的一些研究心得。關(guān)鍵詞:煙霧探測(cè)器工作原理比較研究研究心得Abstract:Smokedetectors,theprincipleofapreliminarystudyofthecoreistointroducetheworkingprincipleofallkindsofsmokedetectors.Andthenonacomparisonofallkindsofsmokedetectors,throughcomparativestudyonsometrainofthoughtabouthowtodesignanewsmokedetector.Thispaperfirstintroducesapplicationsituationanddevelopmenttrendofsmokedetectors,letpeopleknowaboutsmokedetectorshaveaballpark.Next,itisthetypeandprincipleofsmokedetectorscarriesontheanalysiscomparison,letpeopletosmokedetectorshaveadeeperunderstanding,sothatthepeople'schoiceofsmokedetectorsandbuy.Again,itisexplainedtheinstallationpositionofsmokedetectorandnursing,toreduceman-madefactorsinterferencewithsmokedetectors.Finally,throughthecomparativestudyofthefrontresearchresults.Keywords:SmokedetectorWorkingprincipleAcomparativestudyResearchexperience1引言:火災(zāi)對(duì)人們的生命安全和財(cái)產(chǎn)安全有著很大的威脅。因此，在各種場(chǎng)所預(yù)防火災(zāi)已成為不得不考慮的一個(gè)因素。煙霧探測(cè)器是用于火災(zāi)初期的探測(cè)并發(fā)出警報(bào)，以便人們采取相應(yīng)的滅火措施。是人們預(yù)防火災(zāi)的主要手段。而煙霧探測(cè)器對(duì)人們來(lái)說(shuō)既熟悉又陌生。熟悉是煙霧探測(cè)器已經(jīng)慢慢的在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪衅毡殚_(kāi)來(lái)。陌生是我們對(duì)煙霧探測(cè)器到底了解多少呢,它的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀、它的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)、它的種類、它的原理及各種煙霧探測(cè)器的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)和適用范圍我們了解嗎,這些都是接下來(lái)力圖給大家解決的問(wèn)題。并通過(guò)對(duì)各種煙霧探測(cè)器的比較研究，我將給出設(shè)計(jì)一款全新煙霧探測(cè)器的思路。1、煙霧探測(cè)器的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)煙霧探測(cè)器是在人類長(zhǎng)期與火災(zāi)的斗爭(zhēng)中產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展起來(lái)的，其對(duì)于火災(zāi)的探測(cè)和報(bào)告著火部位起著重要作用。一般火災(zāi)的產(chǎn)生可分為四個(gè)階段:預(yù)燃、悶燃、火焰燃燒和劇烈燃燒。傳統(tǒng)探測(cè)器一般都在火災(zāi)發(fā)展的后三個(gè)階段才能實(shí)現(xiàn)報(bào)警，而此時(shí)火勢(shì)已經(jīng)發(fā)展的相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重。即使撲救及時(shí)，也會(huì)造成極大的損失。1890年英國(guó)成功研制出第一個(gè)感溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器，從而開(kāi)創(chuàng)了人類火災(zāi)自動(dòng)探測(cè)報(bào)警技術(shù)的新紀(jì)元;20世紀(jì)50年代，離感煙探測(cè)器的出現(xiàn)，使得人類早期火災(zāi)探測(cè)技術(shù)向前邁進(jìn)了一大步;20世紀(jì)70年代末，高壽命的光電元件技術(shù)取得突破，光電感煙探測(cè)器應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。20世紀(jì)80年代后，火災(zāi)探測(cè)技術(shù)與其他技術(shù)開(kāi)始了廣泛的交叉與結(jié)合，探測(cè)智能、監(jiān)控智能和抗干擾算法在火災(zāi)探測(cè)技術(shù)中[1]的應(yīng)用，使火災(zāi)探測(cè)技術(shù)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)全新的發(fā)展時(shí)期。那么它的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)如何呢,1.1應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀隨著人們對(duì)火災(zāi)防治重視程度越來(lái)越強(qiáng)，火災(zāi)探測(cè)技術(shù)得到了與前所未有的發(fā)展，在西方許多發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，火災(zāi)探測(cè)器的生產(chǎn)與應(yīng)用已相當(dāng)普遍，甚至普及到improfirmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheind,examwinprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation-ceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwinresourntofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmepetitfanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecomacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityoethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandtheirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromot2y,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.polictryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.Seriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecounreoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriqualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,according一般家庭，成為保衛(wèi)人們生命與財(cái)產(chǎn)安全的有力工具。在我國(guó)，火災(zāi)探測(cè)器的研究與生產(chǎn)起步較晚，直到20世紀(jì)80年代才有了較大的發(fā)展，一般情況下，都采用感煙探測(cè)器。但隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和建筑技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，各式各樣的建筑工程大[1]量涌現(xiàn)，對(duì)煙霧探測(cè)器的種類、形狀及性能要求也越來(lái)越多。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，感煙式探測(cè)器仍是目前使用最為廣泛的一種探測(cè)器，各種感煙式探測(cè)器在國(guó)外市場(chǎng)上的銷售和使用量約占火災(zāi)探測(cè)器總量的70%左右。在日本，離子感煙火災(zāi)探測(cè)器只占市場(chǎng)份額的3%以內(nèi)，而光電感煙火災(zāi)探測(cè)器則占97%以上，成為主流產(chǎn)品?；鹧孀詣?dòng)探測(cè)技術(shù)主要應(yīng)用于工業(yè)、國(guó)防等領(lǐng)域的防火、防爆環(huán)境。國(guó)外新出現(xiàn)的體型火焰探測(cè)技術(shù)，是該領(lǐng)域的一大突破。它是采用紅外攝像監(jiān)視燃燒的煙、溫、氣體和火焰在空間的分布，也稱之為機(jī)械圖像探測(cè)技術(shù)。它優(yōu)越于點(diǎn)型和線型火災(zāi)探測(cè)技術(shù)，是最為直觀、確切的，可廣泛應(yīng)用于火焰監(jiān)視、火災(zāi)探測(cè)上。在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，采用紫外紅外火焰探測(cè)技術(shù)的新型火警探測(cè)器已廣泛應(yīng)用于航空領(lǐng)域，無(wú)論在抗電磁干擾還是環(huán)境干擾方面，它都比傳統(tǒng)的火警探測(cè)器更可靠，是飛機(jī)火警探測(cè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。1.2發(fā)展趨勢(shì)新探測(cè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展進(jìn)一步拓展了火災(zāi)探測(cè)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，為一些傳統(tǒng)探測(cè)器無(wú)法勝任的環(huán)境提供了有效的手段。相關(guān)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，如傅立葉近紅外光譜技術(shù)、[2]弱信號(hào)處理技術(shù)、低功耗MCU技術(shù)進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了傳統(tǒng)探測(cè)技術(shù)的改進(jìn)，使得傳統(tǒng)探測(cè)器在技術(shù)和性能上有了顯著的提高?；馂?zāi)探測(cè)器朝著極早期探測(cè)、多傳感器復(fù)合探測(cè)和探測(cè)器小型化、智能化的方向發(fā)展。也就是說(shuō)，隨著煙霧探測(cè)器與新技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步結(jié)合，煙霧探測(cè)器已進(jìn)入一個(gè)科學(xué)化、系統(tǒng)化的發(fā)展軌道，有著廣闊的發(fā)展前景和應(yīng)用市場(chǎng)，并將在生產(chǎn)和生活中扮演越來(lái)越重要的角色。3[3]2、煙霧探測(cè)器的種類及原理2.1感煙式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器感煙式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器是對(duì)燃燒過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的煙粒子的一種感應(yīng)，可以探測(cè)物質(zhì)燃燒初期產(chǎn)生的氣溶膠或煙粒子的濃度。用于火災(zāi)早期的探測(cè)，是目前世界上應(yīng)用最為廣泛煙霧探測(cè)器。它的種類有如下三種:2.1.1離子感煙式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器離子感煙探測(cè)器是由兩個(gè)內(nèi)含放射元素“镅241”串聯(lián)的電離室、場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管及開(kāi)關(guān)電路組成的。如圖1所示，內(nèi)電離室即補(bǔ)償室是密封的，煙不易進(jìn)入;外電離室即檢測(cè)室是開(kāi)孔的，煙能夠順利進(jìn)入。在串聯(lián)兩個(gè)電離室的兩端接入24V直流電源。在極板間形成電場(chǎng)，在電場(chǎng)的作用下，離子分別向正、負(fù)極板運(yùn)動(dòng)形成離子流。當(dāng)發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)，煙霧進(jìn)入檢測(cè)電離室，由于煙霧粒子的直徑遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于被電離的空氣粒子的直徑。煙霧粒子很容易吸附被電離的正、負(fù)離子，因而減慢了離子在電場(chǎng)中的移動(dòng)速度，而增大了正負(fù)離子中和的機(jī)率，使離子流減小，檢測(cè)電離室中空氣的等效阻抗增加;而補(bǔ)償室因無(wú)煙進(jìn)入，電離室的阻抗保持不變，因此，引起施加在兩電離室兩端分壓比的變化。分壓比增加到一定值時(shí)，開(kāi)關(guān)電路運(yùn)行，發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)。所以說(shuō)離子感煙探測(cè)器是利用電離室離子流的變化正比于進(jìn)入電離室的煙霧濃度來(lái)探測(cè)火災(zāi)的。補(bǔ)償室檢測(cè)電離室圖1檢測(cè)電離室與補(bǔ)償室連接示意圖firmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheind,examwinprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation-ceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwinresourntofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmepetitfanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecomacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityoethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandtheirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromot4y,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.polictryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.Seriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecounreoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriqualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingimpro2.1.2光電感煙式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器光電感煙探測(cè)器的探測(cè)基礎(chǔ)是光與煙顆粒的相互作用，一是，煙霧粒子吸收光。一是，煙霧粒子將光散射。所以光電感煙探測(cè)器可分為減光式和散射光式兩種類型。(1)散射式光電感煙探測(cè)器散射式光電感煙探測(cè)器由檢測(cè)暗室、發(fā)光元件、受光元件和電子電路組成，如圖2所示，當(dāng)無(wú)煙霧時(shí)，發(fā)光元件發(fā)射的一定波長(zhǎng)的光線直射在發(fā)光元件對(duì)應(yīng)的暗室上，而安裝在側(cè)壁上的受光元件不能感受到光線即發(fā)光元件和受光元件在檢驗(yàn)暗室中成一定的角度。但當(dāng)火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)，煙霧進(jìn)入檢測(cè)暗室。光線在前進(jìn)的過(guò)程中照射在不規(guī)則分布的煙霧粒子上，產(chǎn)生散射，散射光的的不規(guī)則性使一部分散射光照在受光元件上。當(dāng)煙霧粒子越來(lái)越多，散射到受光元件上的光就越來(lái)越強(qiáng)，產(chǎn)生的光電信號(hào)也越強(qiáng)。當(dāng)達(dá)到一定值時(shí)，散射光的能量就足夠產(chǎn)生一定大小的激勵(lì)電流，可以用于激勵(lì)外電路發(fā)出火災(zāi)信號(hào)。[2]圖2散光式光電感煙探測(cè)器原理(2)減光式光電感煙探測(cè)器如圖3所示，減光式光電感煙探測(cè)器的受光元件是安裝在發(fā)光元件的正對(duì)面。沒(méi)有煙霧時(shí)，發(fā)光元件和受光元件之間的光通量是個(gè)定值。當(dāng)檢測(cè)暗室內(nèi)進(jìn)5入煙霧時(shí)，煙霧粒子對(duì)光源發(fā)出的光產(chǎn)生吸收和散射作用，因而使受光元件接收的光線減少，從而使受光元件上產(chǎn)生的光電流降低。光電流相對(duì)于初始標(biāo)定值的變化量大小，反映了煙霧的濃度，據(jù)此可通過(guò)電子線路對(duì)信息進(jìn)行閾值比較放大、判斷、數(shù)據(jù)處理或數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比來(lái)進(jìn)行計(jì)算，通過(guò)放大電路發(fā)出相應(yīng)的火災(zāi)報(bào)警信號(hào)。[2]圖3減光式光電感煙探測(cè)器總而言之，光電感煙探測(cè)器是利用煙霧能夠改變光的傳播特性這一基本特性而研制的。[4]2.1.3空氣采樣感煙式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器空氣采樣感煙探測(cè)器用高靈敏度的感煙探測(cè)器對(duì)被監(jiān)控設(shè)備或區(qū)域吸取的空氣樣品進(jìn)行連續(xù)的分析，以檢測(cè)其中是否有煙的成分。簡(jiǎn)單的概括就是將周圍環(huán)境中的空氣進(jìn)行采樣與檢驗(yàn)室內(nèi)的設(shè)定閾值進(jìn)行比較來(lái)判斷是否發(fā)生了火災(zāi)。其中比較常見(jiàn)的是即主動(dòng)式空氣采樣感煙火災(zāi)探測(cè)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)。又HSASDHSASD分為濃度計(jì)式和激光粒子計(jì)數(shù)式兩種。HSASDHSASD[5](1)濃度計(jì)式HSASD采用濃度計(jì)工作原理的測(cè)量室，其測(cè)量光源一般采用氙閃光燈，安HSASD裝在測(cè)量室頂部位置。測(cè)量室內(nèi)被涂以黑色吸光材料，在測(cè)量室的一側(cè)裝有一系列帶有一定孔徑的盤片，透過(guò)它們使測(cè)量室中心部位的光線能集中到一個(gè)光電管上;當(dāng)光通過(guò)測(cè)量室時(shí)，煙粒子將光線各向散射，大部分的光被測(cè)量室的黑色墻壁所吸收，但在中心部分的散射光線則可通過(guò)帶孔的盤片到達(dá)光電管，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)小的光電脈沖。通過(guò)直接探測(cè)測(cè)量室中心的光脈沖的直流電壓，就能反應(yīng)測(cè)量室中心的煙粒子總數(shù)。firmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheind,examwinprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation-ceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwinresourntofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmepetitfanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecomacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityoethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandtheirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromot6y,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.polictryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.Seriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecounreoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriqualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingimpro(2)激光粒子計(jì)數(shù)式HSASD如圖4所示，圖的左上部分是不是有點(diǎn)眼熟,就是前面介紹的散光式光電感煙探測(cè)器原理結(jié)構(gòu)圖，即在沒(méi)有煙霧時(shí)，光接收器是接收不到光信號(hào)的。由圖可知，其內(nèi)置的抽氣泵在管網(wǎng)中形成了一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的氣流，使警戒區(qū)域中的空氣樣品不斷的從抽樣孔中進(jìn)入檢測(cè)室進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。為了防止空氣中的粉塵和其他顆粒對(duì)檢測(cè)造成干擾，所采集的空氣樣品要經(jīng)過(guò)一道過(guò)濾網(wǎng)。通過(guò)過(guò)濾器之后，檢測(cè)室內(nèi)的煙霧將使光發(fā)生散射，這樣之后光接收器就接受到光信號(hào)。一個(gè)光脈沖信號(hào)對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)煙霧粒子，之后根據(jù)處理過(guò)的脈沖信號(hào)數(shù)來(lái)反映煙霧粒子數(shù)，與預(yù)先設(shè)定的各報(bào)警級(jí)別響應(yīng)閾值相比較，達(dá)到或超出這一值時(shí)，將發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)。[6]圖4空氣采樣感煙探測(cè)系統(tǒng)工作原理[7]種類性能特點(diǎn)適用范圍影響因素靈敏度高、歷史悠久、粉塵顆粒賓館客房、辦公樓、圖書(shū)館、粒子感煙探測(cè)器技術(shù)成熟、性能穩(wěn)定影劇院等公共場(chǎng)所靈敏度高、對(duì)濕熱氣流粉塵顆粒、易受電磁干賓館客房、辦公樓、圖書(shū)館、擾動(dòng)性大環(huán)境適應(yīng)性擾、散射光式光電感煙影劇院等公共場(chǎng)所光電感煙探測(cè)器好探測(cè)器對(duì)黑煙不靈敏靈敏度高、因?yàn)槭侵鲃?dòng)過(guò)濾器可能過(guò)濾掉煙霧電廠、變電站、卷煙廠、式探測(cè)，可以提前預(yù)報(bào)粒子。過(guò)濾器上沉積的古跡建筑、物流倉(cāng)庫(kù)、電信空氣采樣感煙探測(cè)器火災(zāi)隱患，為撲救贏得顆?？赡芤鸸獾纳C(jī)房、高科技廠房、潔凈室、更多的時(shí)間。性價(jià)比非射。劇院、博物館、食品加工廠、常高。冷凍倉(cāng)庫(kù)、超高層大樓、核濃度式對(duì)電HSASD7壓要求高、壽命短。廢料倉(cāng)庫(kù)、礦山等。表格1感煙式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器之間的比較2.2感溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器通常情況下，溫度的變化是不會(huì)很大的。但發(fā)生火災(zāi)后，環(huán)境溫度將升高，且溫度的變化速率很快。因此根據(jù)這一特性人們研制出了感溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器。如:定溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器、差溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器和差定溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器三類。也可以根據(jù)溫度影響光在光纖中的傳播特性，而生產(chǎn)出了光纖感溫探測(cè)器。2.2.1定溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器定溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō)就是在儀器上設(shè)定一個(gè)溫度，當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度達(dá)到或高于這個(gè)設(shè)定值的時(shí)候，儀器發(fā)出火災(zāi)報(bào)警信號(hào)。其關(guān)鍵是溫度到某一值時(shí)，熱敏元件的變化而導(dǎo)致報(bào)警。其又可以分為以下三類:(1)雙金屬定溫探測(cè)器它是將兩種不同熱膨脹系數(shù)的金屬構(gòu)造在一起，當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度升高時(shí)，由于兩金屬的熱膨脹系數(shù)不同，兩金屬受熱后也將發(fā)生不同程度的變形從而使導(dǎo)電接觸點(diǎn)的接觸來(lái)使報(bào)警電路閉合從而實(shí)現(xiàn)報(bào)警。如圖5所示，銅合金片和不銹鋼管是兩種熱膨脹系數(shù)不同的金屬材料，不銹鋼管的熱膨脹系數(shù)大于銅合金片的熱膨脹系數(shù)。將他們以一定的形狀構(gòu)造在一起。常溫下，銅合金片兩電接點(diǎn)是分開(kāi)的，如圖5中的(a)。當(dāng)發(fā)生火災(zāi)后，環(huán)境溫度升高，不銹鋼管和銅合金都將伸長(zhǎng)，但是膨脹系數(shù)大的不銹鋼管的伸長(zhǎng)量大于銅合金的，這使得兩電接點(diǎn)接觸，如圖5中的(b)。從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了報(bào)警。當(dāng)然，這只是其中一種結(jié)構(gòu)形狀。firmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheind,examwinprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation-ceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwinresourntofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmepetitfanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecomacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityoethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandtheirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromot8y,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.polictryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.Seriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecounreoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriqualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingimpro[6]圖5雙金屬定溫探測(cè)器結(jié)構(gòu)圖(2)易熔金屬定溫探測(cè)器如圖6所示，當(dāng)發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)，易熔合金熔化，被壓縮的要彈簧恢復(fù)原狀使彈性接觸片與上面的調(diào)整螺釘接觸。從而發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)。調(diào)整螺釘彈性接觸片易熔合金特種螺釘圖6易熔金屬定溫探測(cè)器結(jié)構(gòu)圖(3)電子式定溫探測(cè)器其原理關(guān)鍵就是熱敏電阻，當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度升高時(shí)，熱敏電阻的阻值將發(fā)生變化，要么變大要么變小，來(lái)使電路存在一個(gè)電壓差，為報(bào)警電路提供報(bào)警電壓，從而發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)。當(dāng)溫度降低后，其又恢復(fù)原來(lái)的阻值。這樣就可以反復(fù)使用。如R圖7所示，是一個(gè)負(fù)熱敏電阻，隨環(huán)境溫度升高其阻值減小，A點(diǎn)的電位將升T高，當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度達(dá)到或超出某一值時(shí)，A點(diǎn)的電位將高于B點(diǎn)，電壓比較器輸出高電平，使報(bào)警電路報(bào)警。9[6]圖7熱敏電阻定溫火災(zāi)探測(cè)器的電路原理圖2.2.2差溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器差溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器就是利用發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)，環(huán)境溫度急劇變化這一特性研制出來(lái)的。種類有以下幾種:(1)膜盒式差溫探測(cè)器如圖8所示，一般情況下，環(huán)境溫度變化緩慢，盒內(nèi)的大氣壓通過(guò)漏氣孔與周圍環(huán)境氣壓保持平衡，波紋片與固定的接觸點(diǎn)隔離。當(dāng)發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)，環(huán)境溫度急劇升高，感溫外殼把熱量傳到盒內(nèi)，空氣受熱膨脹，而漏氣孔的排出量較小。從而使膜盒內(nèi)氣壓升高而使波紋片與定觸點(diǎn)接觸，電路接通，從而發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)。[6]圖8膜盒式差溫探測(cè)器結(jié)構(gòu)(2)電子式差溫探測(cè)器他是由基準(zhǔn)熱敏電阻和熱敏電阻串聯(lián)組成的感應(yīng)元件，他們相當(dāng)于離子感煙探測(cè)器的內(nèi)、外部電離室，即基準(zhǔn)熱敏電阻相當(dāng)于檢測(cè)電離室，而另一個(gè)熱敏電阻相當(dāng)于補(bǔ)償室。基準(zhǔn)熱敏阻置于隨環(huán)境中，另一熱敏電阻用絕熱金屬與環(huán)境隔onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheind,examwinprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation-ceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwinresourntofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmepetitfanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecomacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityoethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandtheirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromot10y,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.polictryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.Seriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecounreoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriqualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingimprofirmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,離，通常情況下，這樣兩熱敏電阻交接點(diǎn)對(duì)地的電壓一樣。當(dāng)發(fā)生火災(zāi)，探測(cè)空間溫度上升，基準(zhǔn)電阻阻值將發(fā)生變化，這樣兩熱敏電阻交接點(diǎn)對(duì)地的電壓將存在一個(gè)差值。這一值達(dá)到或超出某一范圍后，將發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)。(3)空氣管式線性差溫探測(cè)器它的原理和膜盒式差溫探測(cè)器的工作原理是一樣的，其結(jié)構(gòu)圖如圖9所示?？諝夤苤糜诒O(jiān)控的環(huán)境中，一般情況下，溫度變化緩慢，空氣管中的的空氣通過(guò)透洞孔與環(huán)境聯(lián)通，大氣壓平衡。而當(dāng)發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)，溫度急劇升高，管內(nèi)空氣膨脹來(lái)不及從透洞孔排泄出去，從而使膜片和接點(diǎn)接觸來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)報(bào)警。[6]圖9空氣管式線型差溫探測(cè)器結(jié)構(gòu)圖2.2.3差定溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器它就是將差溫式和定溫式兩種感溫探測(cè)器組合在一起，所以這種探測(cè)器擁有兩者的功能。雖然組合在一起，但兩者不是相互影響，其中一種功能失效，不會(huì)影響到另一種功能的發(fā)揮。所以很大程度的提高了對(duì)火災(zāi)探測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性。其類型有膜盒與易熔組合的機(jī)械式差定溫探測(cè)器和電子式差溫與電子式定溫組合的電子式差定溫探測(cè)器兩種。[8]2.2.4光纖感溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器光纖感溫探測(cè)系統(tǒng)是利用光導(dǎo)纖維中傳輸時(shí)產(chǎn)生的自發(fā)喇曼散射和光時(shí)域[9]反射技術(shù)來(lái)獲取空間溫度分布信息的。光纖感溫式火災(zāi)探測(cè)器有兩種類型:(1)分布式光纖感溫探測(cè)器當(dāng)在光纖中注入一定能量和寬度的激光脈沖時(shí)，激光在光纖中向前傳播的同時(shí)，自發(fā)產(chǎn)生喇曼散射光波，喇曼散射光波的強(qiáng)度受所在光線散射點(diǎn)的溫度影響而有所改變，通過(guò)獲取沿光纖散射回來(lái)的北向喇曼光波，可以調(diào)出光纖散射點(diǎn)的11溫度變化。同時(shí)，根據(jù)光纖中光波的傳播速度與探測(cè)時(shí)間的物理關(guān)系，可以對(duì)溫[9]。度信息點(diǎn)進(jìn)行定位(2)光纖光柵感溫探測(cè)器如圖11所示，當(dāng)寬帶光經(jīng)光纖傳輸?shù)焦鈻盘帟r(shí)，光柵將有選擇地反射回一窄帶光、在光柵不受外界影響時(shí)，該窄帶光中心波長(zhǎng)為一固定值，而當(dāng)環(huán)境,B溫度或被接觸的物體溫度發(fā)生變化或受到外力時(shí)，光柵柵距將發(fā)生變化，反射,的窄帶光中心波長(zhǎng)值將隨之發(fā)生變化，這樣可以通過(guò)檢測(cè)窄帶光中心波長(zhǎng)的變化值，測(cè)量到光柵處的溫度變化。[6]圖10光纖光柵結(jié)構(gòu)原理圖種類性能特點(diǎn)影響因素適用場(chǎng)所性能穩(wěn)定、可靠性強(qiáng)、環(huán)環(huán)境溫度廚房、鍋爐房、發(fā)電機(jī)房、境適應(yīng)好，造價(jià)較高，安易熔金屬定溫探測(cè)器只烘干車間、地下車庫(kù)、吸定溫式感溫探測(cè)器裝維護(hù)不便能一次性使用。煙室等性能穩(wěn)定、可靠性強(qiáng)、環(huán)溫度變化劇烈的環(huán)境對(duì)廚房、鍋爐房、發(fā)電機(jī)房、境適應(yīng)好，造價(jià)較高，安其影響挺大，烘干車間、地下車庫(kù)、吸差溫式感溫探測(cè)器裝維護(hù)不便煙室等差定溫式感溫探測(cè)器性能穩(wěn)定、可靠性強(qiáng)、環(huán)高溫環(huán)境或溫度多變的廚房、鍋爐房、發(fā)電機(jī)房、境適應(yīng)好、準(zhǔn)確率高，造環(huán)境都對(duì)其有影響烘干車間、地下車庫(kù)、吸價(jià)較高，安裝維護(hù)不便煙室等qualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingimprofirmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,att