2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)傳媒大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)28

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)傳媒大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Variousstudieshaveshownthatincreasedspendingoneducationhasnotledtomeasurableimprovementsinlearning.Between1980and2008,staffandteachersatUSpublicschoolsgrewroughlytwiceasfastasstudents.Yetstudentsshowednoadditionallearninginachievementtests.

Universitiesshowsimilartrendsofincreasedadministrationpersonnelandcostswithoutgreaterlearning,asdocumentedinRichardArumandJosipaRoksa’srecentbookAcademicallyAdrift:LimitedLearningonCollegeCampuses.

Asurveyshowsthat63%ofemployerssaythatrecentcollegegraduatesdon’thavetheskillstheyneedtosucceedand25%ofemployerssaythatentry-levelwritingskillsarelacking.

Somesimplisticallyattributethedeclineinourpubliceducationsystemtothedrainofskilledstudentsbyprivateschools,butfarmoresignificanteventswereatwork.

Publicschoolsworkedwelluntilaboutthe1970s.Infact,untilthattime,publicschoolsprovidedfarbettereducationthatprivateones.Itwastheunder-performingstudentswhowerethrownoutofpublicschoolsandwenttoprivateones.

Aprominentreasonpublicschoolsdidwellwasthatmanyhighlyqualifiedwomenhadfewoptionsforworkingoutsidethehouseotherthanbeingteachersornurses.Theyacceptedrelativelylowpay,difficultworkingconditions,andgavetheirverybest.

Havingsuchalargesupplyoftalentedwomenteachersmeantthatsocietycouldpaylessfortheirservices.Women’sliberationopenedupnewprofessionalopportunitiesforwomen,and,overtime,someofthebestleftteachingasacareeroption,bringingaboutagradualdeclineinthequalityofschooling.

Alsoaroundthattime,regulationgovernmentandunionscametodictatepay,preventadjustments,andintroducebureaucraticstandardforadvancement.Largeeducationbureaucraciesandunionscametodominatethelandscape,conflisingactivitywithachievement.Bureaucraciesregularlyrewritecurriculum,talknonsenseabouttheoriesofeducation,andrequireevenmoreadministrators.Theendresulthasbeenthat,afterallthespending,studentshaveworsemathandreadingskillsthanboththeirforeignpeersandearliergenerationsspendingfarlessoneducationsalltheaccumulatingevidencenowdocuments.

1.WhatdowelearnfromvariousstudiesonAmerica'spubliceducation?

2.Howdosomepeopleexplainthedeclineinpubliceducation?

3.Whatwasthesignificantcontributortothepastgloryofpublicschools?

4.Whydidsomeofthebestwomenteachersleaveteaching?

5.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisoneoftheresultofgovernmentinvolvementineducation?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Achievementtestshavefailedtotrulyreflectthequalityofteaching.

B.Publicschoolslacktheresourcestocompetewithprivateschools.

C.Littleimprovementineducationhasresultedfromincreasedspending.

D.Thenumberofstudentshasincreasedmuchfasterthanthatofteachers.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Governmentinvestmentdoesnotmeetschool'sneeds.

B.Skilledstudentsaremovingtoprivateschools.

C.Qualifiedteachersarefarfromadequatelypaid.

D.Trainingofstudents'basicskillsisneglected.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Well-behavedstudents

B.Talentedwomenteachers

C.Efficientadministration

D.Generouspayforteachers

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Newcareeropportunitiesweremadeavailabletothembywomen’sliberation.

B.Higheracademicrequirementsmadeitdifficultforthemtostayintheirjobs.

C.Theywereunhappywiththebureaucraticadministrationintheirschools.

D.Theheavyteachingloadsleftthemlittletimeandenergyforfamilylife.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Increasingemphasisontheoriesofeducation.

B.Highlystandardizedteachingmethods.

C.Students'improvedacademicperformance.

D.Anever-growingnumberofadministration

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“我們能夠從各種關(guān)于美國(guó)公共教育的研究中學(xué)到什么？”文中第一段最后一句話提到學(xué)生并未在能力考試中展現(xiàn)出學(xué)識(shí)有所增長(zhǎng)（Yetstudentsshowednoadditionallearninginachievementtests）,這是為了說(shuō)明“教育沒(méi)有得到改善”，由此可看出能力測(cè)試一定程度上反映了教學(xué)質(zhì)量，因此選項(xiàng)A的表述是錯(cuò)誤的，排除；第四段提到了公立學(xué)校和私立學(xué)校之爭(zhēng)，但未明確指出公立學(xué)校是因?yàn)橘Y源短缺而流失優(yōu)等生，因此選項(xiàng)B表述不正確，排除；第一段第二句提到美國(guó)公立學(xué)校教職工數(shù)量的增長(zhǎng)速度約是學(xué)生的兩倍(staffandteachers...grow…twiceasfastasstudents),因此選項(xiàng)D表述錯(cuò)誤，排除。綜上，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

第2題:2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“一些人是如何解釋公共教育的衰退的？”文章第四段提到一些人簡(jiǎn)單地將公共教育體系的衰退歸因于私立學(xué)校將高素質(zhì)的學(xué)生招走（Somesimplisticallyattributethedeclineinourpubliceducationsystemtothedrainofskilledstudentsbyprivateschools,butfarmoresignificanteventswereatwork），由此可知選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

第3題:3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“公立學(xué)校過(guò)去輝煌的原因是什么？”文章第六段提到公立學(xué)校表現(xiàn)出色的一個(gè)突出原因是許多高素質(zhì)的女性除了當(dāng)老師或護(hù)士之外，幾乎沒(méi)有其他工作，她們接受了相對(duì)較低的工資和艱苦的工作條件，并盡了最大的努力（Aprominentreasonpublicschoolsdidwellwasthatmanyhighlyqualifiedwomenhadfewoptionsforworkingoutsidethehouseotherthanbeingteachersornurses.Theyacceptedrelativelylowpay,difficultworkingconditions,andgavetheirverybest）。由此可知選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

第4題:4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“為什么一些最優(yōu)秀的女教師會(huì)離開(kāi)教學(xué)崗位？”文章倒數(shù)第二段提到婦女解放為婦女開(kāi)辟了新的職業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，隨著時(shí)間的推移，一些最好的女教師離開(kāi)了這個(gè)職業(yè)，導(dǎo)致教育質(zhì)量下降（Women’sliberationopenedupnewprofessionalopportunitiesforwomen,and,overtime,someofthebestleftteachingasacareeroption,bringingaboutagradualdeclineinthequalityofschooling），因此可知選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

第5題:5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題目問(wèn)的是“作者認(rèn)為政府參與教育的結(jié)果之一是什么？”文章最后一段第一、二句提到政府和工會(huì)開(kāi)始制定規(guī)章制度，規(guī)定工資，防止調(diào)整，并引入晉升的官僚標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（Alsoaroundthattime,regulationgovernmentandunionscametodictatepay,preventadjustments,andintroducebureaucraticstandardforadvancement），以及后面的Largeeducationbureaucraciesandunionscametodominatethelandscape,conflisingactivitywithachievement.Bureaucraciesregularlyrewritecurriculum,talknonsenseabouttheoriesofeducation,andrequireevenmoreadministrators，可以看出政府采取的一系列措施，使得學(xué)校的管理人員在不斷增加，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.單選題

Mostpeoplebelievethatthestudyofanothernation,itssocietyandculture,canbenotonlyfascinatingbutalso（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.beneficial

B.benefit

C.benefiting

D.beneficent

【答案】A

【解析】考查同根詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)beneficial“有利的，有用的”；B選項(xiàng)benefit“使受益”；C選項(xiàng)benefiting“benefit的現(xiàn)在分詞”；D選項(xiàng)beneficent“有裨益的，慈善的”。句意：大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為，研究另一個(gè)國(guó)家，及其社會(huì)和文化，不僅是有趣的，而且是有益的。這里考查benefit的各種變體，notonly…butalso連接fascinating(極有吸引力的，迷人的)和空格，因此空格處應(yīng)填入與fascinating相近且并列的詞，故選A。

3.單選題

Youcanclaima（）onyourtax.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.rebate

B.debate

C.abate

D.libate

【答案】A

【解析】考查形近詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)rebate“退還款；折扣；返還部分”；B選項(xiàng)debate“辯論；（正式的）討論”；C選項(xiàng)abate“減輕；減少”；D選項(xiàng)libate“喝酒。句意：你可以要求退回部分稅款。此處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)名詞，故排除C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)，只有A項(xiàng)符合句意，故選A。

4.單選題

Thetasteofthefoodwasso（）thatitwashardlynoticeable.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.superior

B.prime

C.topic

D.subtle

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。superior“優(yōu)秀的，出眾的”；prime“主要的，基本的”；topic“話題，主題”；subtle“微妙的，難以捉摸的”。根據(jù)后面的內(nèi)容“幾乎看不出來(lái)”，可知食物的味道是很微妙的，所以不易察覺(jué)。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

5.單選題

BACKin1922,ThomasEdisonpredictedthat“themotionpictureisdestinedtorevolutionizeoureducationalsystemand...inafewyearsitwillsupplantlargely,ifnotentirely,theuseoftextbooks.”Well,weallmakemistakes.ButatleastEdisondidnotsquandervastquantitiesofpublicmoneyoninstallingcinemascreensinschoolsaroundthecountry.

Withcomputers,thestoryhasbeendifferent.Manygovernmentshavepackedthemintoschools,convincedthattheirpresencewouldimprovethepaceandefficiencyoflearning.Largenumbersofstudies,somemoreacademicallyrespectablethanothers,havepurportedtoshowthatcomputershelpchildrentolearn.Now,however,astudythatcomparesclasseswithcomputersagainstsimilarclasseswithoutthemcastsdoubtonthatview.

InthecurrentEconomicJournal,JoshuaAngristoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandVictorLavyoftheHebrewUniversityofJerusalemlookataschemewhichputcomputersintomanyofIsrael'sprimaryandmiddleschoolsinthemid-1990s.Dr.AngristandDr.LavycomparethetestscoresformathsandHebrewachievedbychildreninthefourthandeighthgrades(i.e.,agedaboutnineand13)inschoolswithandwithoutcomputers.Theyalsoaskedtheclasses'teachershowtheyusedvariousteachingmaterials,suchasXeroxedworksheetsand,ofcourse,computerprograms.TheresearchersfoundthattheIsraelischemehadmuchlesseffectonteachingmethodsinmiddleschoolsthaninelementaryschools.Italsofoundnoevidencethattheuseofcomputersimprovedchildren’stestscores.Infact,itfoundthereverse.Inthecaseofthemathscoresoffourth-graders,therewasaconsistentlynegativerelationshipbetweencomputeruseandtestscores.Theauthorsofferthreepossibleexplanationsofwhythismightbe.First,theintroductionofcomputersintoclassroomsmighthavegobbledupcashthatwouldotherwisehavepaidforotheraspectsofeducation.Butthatisunlikelyinthiscasesincethemoneyfortheprogrammercamefromthenationallottery,andthestudyfoundnosignificantchangeinteachingresources,methodsortraininginschoolsthatacquiredcomputersthroughthescheme.

Asecondpossibilityisthatthetransitiontousingcomputersininstructiontakestimetohaveaneffect.Maybe,saytheauthors,buttheschoolssurveyedhadbeenusingthescheme’scomputersforafullschoolyear.Thatwasenoughforthenewcomputerstohavehadalarge(andapparentlymalign)influenceonfourth-grademathsscores.Thethirdexplanationisthesimplest:thattheuseofcomputersinteachingisnobetter(andperhapsworse)thanotherteachingmethods.

ThebottomlinesaysDrAngrist,isthat"thecostsareclear-cutandthebenefitsaremurky.”Theburdenofproofnowlieswiththepromotersofclassroomcomputers.Andtheonlyreliablewaytomaketheircaseis,surely,toconductaproperstudy,withchildrenrandomlyallocatedtoteacherswhousecomputersandteacherswhouseothermethods,includingthecheapestofall:chalkandtalk.

1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.Dr.AngristandDr.Lavyhavedonethefollowingexcept（）.

3.AccordingtoDr.AngristandDr.Lavy,intheIsraelischeme,studentsdidn’tmakeimprovementintheirtestscoresbecause（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat（）.

5.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsgovernments'packingcomputersinschoolsseemstobe（）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.motionpicturehasrevolutionizededucationsystem

B.Edison'spredictionhasbeenprovedwrong

C.Edisonencouragedschoolstoinstallcinemascreens

D.schoolsarecautiousaboutEdison’sidea

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.comparingthetestscoresofstudentsindifferentagegroups

B.interviewingteachersabouttheirteachingmethods

C.launchingthecomputerprograminmanyIsraelischools

D.explainingstudents’schoolperformance

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.otheraspectsofeducationwereaffectedduetocashshortage

B.itwasnotlongenoughfortheprogramtotakeeffect

C.therewasanegativerelationshipbetweencomputeruseandtestscores

D.theuseofcomputerwasnobetterthanotherteachingmethods

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.therehasn’tbeenaproperstudyonthisissueyet

B.schoolauthoritiesshouldprovideprooftosupportthecomputerprogram

C.installingcomputersinschoolscoststoomuch,buthaslittleornoeffect

D.chalkandtalkworkbetterthancomputerinteaching

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.biased

B.indifferent

C.disapproving

D.puzzling

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問(wèn)：我們可以從第一段中得知什么？針對(duì)愛(ài)迪生的言論，后文提到“we

allmakemistakes（當(dāng)然，人都會(huì)犯錯(cuò)）”，由此可判斷作者通過(guò)這樣的表述暗指愛(ài)迪生的言論錯(cuò)誤。因此B項(xiàng)“愛(ài)迪生的預(yù)言被證明是錯(cuò)誤的”表述正確，而其余三項(xiàng)均不能由原文第一段得出，故本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

第2題:2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問(wèn)Dr.Angrist和Dr.Lavy沒(méi)有做下列哪件事？根據(jù)原文第三段可知，這兩位研究人員“comparethetestscoresfor...（對(duì)比了學(xué)生的考試成績(jī)）和Theyalsoaskedtheclasses'teachershow...（詢問(wèn)教師如何使用各種教學(xué)材料）”，由此可判斷A選項(xiàng)與B選項(xiàng)表述正確。再由原文第四段“Theauthorsofferthreepossibleexplanationsofwhythismightbe”可知，他們還提供了可能的解釋。因此，A、B和D項(xiàng)都是這兩位研究員所做的事情，而由原文第二段第二句“Manygovernmentshavepackedthemintoschools”可知，C項(xiàng)launchthecomputerprogram是由以色列政府所為，并非這兩位科學(xué)家，因此本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

第3題:3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問(wèn)：根據(jù)以色列計(jì)劃中Dr.Angrist和Dr.Lavy的表述，學(xué)生分?jǐn)?shù)在測(cè)試中沒(méi)有進(jìn)步的原因是什么？根據(jù)題干可定位到原文第四段和第五段，分析這兩段內(nèi)容可知，兩位研究人員提出了電腦沒(méi)有提高學(xué)生成績(jī)的三種最可能的解釋。而在描述前兩種解釋時(shí)，都舉出了不成立的理由，因此可判斷A選項(xiàng)和B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，C選項(xiàng)“使用電腦與考試成績(jī)之間一直存在著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系”只是一種現(xiàn)象，不是學(xué)生沒(méi)有進(jìn)步的原因。作者在闡述第三種解釋時(shí)并未指出其不合理，說(shuō)明這種解釋有一定的可靠性。這種解釋認(rèn)為：學(xué)生成績(jī)沒(méi)有進(jìn)步可能是因?yàn)樵诮虒W(xué)中使用電腦并不比其他教學(xué)方法更好（也許還更糟）”。由此可判斷D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第4題:4.推理判斷題。題干詢問(wèn)：由文章最后一段可以推斷出什么？作者指出“Theburdenofproofnowlieswiththepromotersofclassroomcomputers.”，所以要說(shuō)明使用電腦有助于課堂教學(xué)這一說(shuō)法得需要課堂電腦的推廣者來(lái)證明。而根據(jù)“Andtheonlyreliablewaytomaketheircaseis,surely,toconductaproperstudy,withchildrenrandomlyallocatedtoteacherswhousecomputersandteacherswhouseothermethods,includingthecheapestofall:chalkandtalk.”可知，要證明他們的觀點(diǎn)，唯一可靠的方法當(dāng)然是進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)適當(dāng)?shù)难芯?，把孩子隨機(jī)分配給使用電腦的老師和使用其他方法的老師。因此，作者對(duì)以前的研究方法提出了質(zhì)疑，A選項(xiàng)“在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上還沒(méi)有一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)难芯俊北硎稣_。B選項(xiàng)表示“學(xué)校當(dāng)局應(yīng)該提供證據(jù)來(lái)支持電腦程序”，C選項(xiàng)表示“在學(xué)校里安裝電腦花費(fèi)太多，但收效甚微”，D選項(xiàng)表示“在教學(xué)中，粉筆和談話比電腦更有效”，均不可由最后一段內(nèi)容得出。故本題正確答案為A選項(xiàng)。

第5題:5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題干詢問(wèn)：作者對(duì)政府在學(xué)校安裝電腦似乎是什么樣的態(tài)度？在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，A選項(xiàng)biased表示“片面的；有偏見(jiàn)的”；B選項(xiàng)indifferent表示“冷淡的；漠不關(guān)心的”；C選項(xiàng)disapproving表示“反對(duì)的；不贊成的”；D選項(xiàng)puzzling表示“費(fèi)解的；令人困惑的”。前文作者講到至少愛(ài)迪生沒(méi)有浪費(fèi)公共資金，暗示了在學(xué)校安裝電腦取代教科書(shū)的使用是浪費(fèi)公共資金。文章最后一段作者引用研究人員的觀點(diǎn)，說(shuō)明在學(xué)校安裝電腦成本明確但收效甚微，并提出應(yīng)該采用適當(dāng)?shù)难芯糠椒▉?lái)對(duì)比真正得出是否有必要在學(xué)校安裝電腦來(lái)取代課本。因此，作者對(duì)在學(xué)校安裝電腦這件事更偏向于持有否定的態(tài)度，故本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

6.單選題

Theconceptof"civilsociety"hasplayedacentralroleintherecentglobaldebateaboutthepreconditionsfordemocracyanddemocratization.Inthenewerdemocraciesthisphrasehasproperlyfocusedattentionontheneedtofosteravibrantciviclifeinsoilstraditionallyinhospitabletoself-government.Intheestablisheddemocracies,ironically,growingnumbersofcitizensarequestioningtheeffectivenessoftheirpublicinstitutionsattheverymomentwhenliberaldemocracyhassweptthebattlefield,bothideologicallyandgeopolitically.InAmerica,atleast,thereisreasontosuspectthatthisdemocraticdisarraymaybelinkedtoabroadandcontinuingerosionofcivicengagementthatbeganaquarter-centuryago.Highonourscholarlyagendashouldbethequestionofwhetheracomparableerosionofsocialcapitalmaybeunderwayinotheradvanceddemocracies,perhapsindifferentinstitutionalandbehavioralguises.HighonAmerica'sagendashouldbethequestionofhowtoreversetheseadversetrendsinsocialconnectedness,thusrestoringcivicengagementandcivictrust.

InBowlingAlone(2000)Putnamfollowedupwithacomprehensiveexplorationofasubstantialarrayofdatasources.Theevidencebegantolookconvincing.Firstintherealmofcivicengagementandsocialconnectednesshewasabletodemonstratethat,forexample,overthelastthreedecadesofthetwentiethcenturytherehadbeenaFundamentalshiftin:

Politicalandcivicengagement.Voting:politicalknowledge,politicaltrust,andgrassrootspoliticalactivismamalldown.Americanssign30percentfewerpetitionsandare40percentlesslikelytojoinaconsumerboycott,ascomparedtojustadecadeortwoago.Thedeclinesareequallyvisibleinnon-politicalcommunitylife:membershipandactivityinallsortsoflocalclubsandcivicandreligiousorganizationshavebeenfallingatanacceleratingpace.Inthemid-1970stheaverageAmericanattendedsomeclubmeetingeverymonth,by1998thatrateofattendancehadbeencutbynearly60percent.

Informalsocialties.In1975theaverageAmericanentertainedfriendsathome15timesperyear;theequivalentfigure(1998)isnowbarelyhalfthat.Virtuallyallleisureactivitiesthatinvolvedoingsomethingwithsomeoneelse,fromplayingvolleyballtoplayingchambermusic,aredeclining.

Toleranceandtrust.AlthoughAmericansaremoretolerantofoneanotherthanwerepreviousgenerations,theytrustoneanotherless.Surveydataprovideonemeasureofthegrowthofdishonestyanddistrust,butthereareotherindicators.Forexample,employmentopportunitiesforpolice,lawyers,andsecuritypersonnelwerestagnantformostofthiscentury-indeed,Americahadfewerlawyerspercapitain1970thanin1900.Inthelastquartercenturytheseoccupationsboomed,aspeoplehaveincreasinglyturnedtothecourtsandthepolice.

Hewentontoexaminethepossiblereasonsforthisdecline.Crucially,hewasabletodemonstratethatsomefavoritecandidatesforblamecouldnotberegardedassignificant.Residentialmobilityhadactuallybeendecliningforthelasthalfofthecentury.Timepressure,especiallyontwo-careerfamilies,couldonlybeamarginalcandidate.Somefamiliarthemesremainedthough:

Changesinfamilystructure(i.e.withmoreandmorepeoplelivingalone),areapossibleelementasconventionalavenuestocivicinvolvementarenotwell-designedforsingleandchildlesspeople.Suburbansprawlhasfracturedthespatialintegrityofpeople’s.Theytravelmuchfurthertowork,shopandenjoyleisureopportunities.Asaresultthereislesstimeavailable(andlessinclination)tobecomeinvolvedingroups.Suburbansprawlisaverysignificantcontributor.

Electronicentertainment,especiallytelevision,hasprofoundlyprivatizedleisuretime.Thetimewespendwatchingtelevisionisadirectdrainuponinvolvementingroupsandsocialcapitalbuildingactivities.Itmaycontributeupto40percentofthedeclineininvolvementingroups.

However,generationalchangecameoutasaverysignificantfactor.A“l(fā)ongcivicgeneration,"borninthefirstthirdofthetwentiethcentury,isnowpassingfromtheAmericanscene."Theirchildrenandgrandchildren(babyboomersandGenerationX-ers)aremuchlessengagedinmostformsofcommunitylife.Forexample,thegrowthinvolunteeringoverthelasttenyearsisduealmostentirelytoincreasedvolunteeringbyretireesfromthelongcivicgeneration".Thebookalsoexplorestheconsequencesofadeclineinsocialcapital(andthebenefitsenjoyedbythosecommunitieswithasubstantialstockofit),andwhatcanbedone.

Variouscriticismscanbemountedagainsttheargument-andmosttellingly,initially,againstthedataanditsinterpretation-however,Putnamhasmountedaverysignificantandsustainedcasehere-butitisstillopentovariouscriticisms.

1.Accordingtothetext,whichoneofthefollowingstatementistrue?

2.WhichpositionwasNOTstagnantformostofthiscenturyaccordingtoPutnam’sexploration?

3.WhatisthechangeonsigningpetitionsandjoiningboycottsinAmerica?

4.Howdoesthefamilystructureinfluencepeople'scivicinvolvement?

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeauthors’opiniononPutnam'sexploration?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Americansarenowtendingtotakingpartinnon-politicalactivitiesratherthanpoliticalactivities.

B.Currentcomplaintsindemocraciesmainlyfocusontheintegrityofgovernmentandpoliticians.

C.Americansaremoretolerantofoneanotherthanbeforewhiletheytrusteachotherless.

D.Thereisnoproofthatsuburbansprawlhasanythingtodowithpeople’sinvolvementingroups.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Policeofficer

B.Attorneys

C.Securityguard

D.Nursingassistant

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Peoplesign30%fewerpetitionsandjoin40%fewerboycotts.

B.Peoplesign40%fewerpetitionsandjoin30%fewerboycotts.

C.Peoplesign40%morepetitionsandjoin30%moreboycotts.

D.Peoplesign30%morepetitionsandjoin40%moreboycotts.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.PeoplefinditmoreinterestingspendingtimewatchingTVratherthangoingoutside.

B.Traditionalwaysoftakingpartincivicactivitiesarepoorforsingleandchildlesscouples.

C.Contradictionsbetweenfamilymemberspreventpeoplefromcivicinvolvement.

D.Ittakestoomuchtimeforpeopletoenjoyleisureopportunities.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Itisenoughforustodrawaconclusiononcivicengagementandsocialconnectedness.

B.Morediscussionsarestillneededinsolvingtheproblemsofcivilsociety.

C.ThecaseofAmericanscanbeappliedtomorecountriesandregions.

D.Itisanoverduereportforsocialandethnologicalstudy.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第五段指出：AlthoughAmericansaremoretolerantofoneanotherthanwerepreviousgenerations,theytrustoneanotherless(盡管美國(guó)人比前幾代人對(duì)彼此更加寬容，但他們對(duì)彼此的信任卻減少了)，因此，C項(xiàng)“美國(guó)人彼此比從前更加寬容和包容，但是彼此間的信任卻減少了”正確。

第2題:2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞stagnant可定位至第五段“…employmentopportunitiesforpolice,lawyers,andsecuritypersonnelwerestagnant”，警察、律師和保安人員的就業(yè)前景變得昏暗。因此，本題選D項(xiàng)“護(hù)理助理”。

第3題:3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段指出：Americanssign30percentfewerpetitionsandare40percentlesslikelytojoinaconsumerboycott(美國(guó)人簽署的請(qǐng)?jiān)笗?shū)不到30%，40%的人不那么想?yún)⒓酉M(fèi)者抵制活動(dòng)了)，由此可知A項(xiàng)“簽署的請(qǐng)?jiān)笗?shū)的人不到30%，參與消費(fèi)者抵制活動(dòng)的人不到40%”正確。

第4題:4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干問(wèn)的是:家庭結(jié)構(gòu)如何影響人們的公民參與？A：人們發(fā)現(xiàn)看電視比參加戶外活動(dòng)更有趣。這不是“家庭結(jié)構(gòu)”這一要素所產(chǎn)生的影響，故排除。B：因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)參與公共活動(dòng)的方式不適合單身的和沒(méi)孩子的人群。第七段指出：...asconventionalavenuestocivicinvolvementarenotwell-designedforsingleandchildlesspeople(因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)參與公共活動(dòng)的方式不適合單身的和沒(méi)孩子的人群)。因此B項(xiàng)正確。C：家庭成員之間的矛盾，使得人們無(wú)法參與公共活動(dòng)，文章并未提及。D：人們沒(méi)有太多的時(shí)間享受休閑時(shí)光。第七段指出：Suburbansprawlhasfracturedthespatialintegrityofpeople's.Theytravelmuchfurthertowork,shopandenjoyleisureopportunities.Asaresultthereislesstimeavailable（andlessinclination）tobecomeinvolvedingroups（市郊的擴(kuò)張割裂了人們生活空間的完整性。人們必須長(zhǎng)途跋涉到更遠(yuǎn)的地方去工作、購(gòu)物和享受閑暇時(shí)光。因此，參與團(tuán)體的時(shí)間更少（傾向也更少））。因此D項(xiàng)不正確。綜上所述，本題選B。

第5題:5.判斷推理題。最后一段表明：針對(duì)這一論點(diǎn)，有各種各樣的批評(píng)——最能說(shuō)明問(wèn)題的是，最初的批評(píng)是針對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)及其解釋的——然而，普特南提出了一個(gè)非常重要和持久的論點(diǎn)——但是目前還無(wú)法給出一個(gè)定論。因此B項(xiàng)“要解決公民社會(huì)的問(wèn)題，還需要大量的討論”正確。

7.單選題

WhentheAmericanpsychologistWayneOatesdiedin1999,theNewYorkTimesbeganhisobituarybynotingtwofacts.First,themanhadauthoredanastonishing57books.Second—andpresumablynotcoincidentally—hehadcoinedthewordworkaholic.Oatesinventedthenew-ubiquitoustermina1968essay,inwhichheconfessedthathisownadditiontoindustriousnesshadbeenadisordersimilartosubstanceabuse.Ofcourse,heacknowledged,workaholismismuchmorerespectablethandrinkingafifthaday—morethesortofpersonalitytraitthatmighthelpsomeone,say,earnanobitinthepaperrecord.

Whatprecisely,qualifiessomeoneasaworkaholic?There’sstillnosingleacceptedmedicaldefinition.Butpsychologistshavetriedtodistinguishpeoplemerelydevotedtotheircareersfromthetrueaddicts.Aseminal1992paperonhowtomeasuretheconditionarguedthatsufferersworknotonlycompulsivelybutalsowithlittleenjoyments.Newerdiagnostictestsattempttosingleoutthosewho,amongotherbehaviors,bingeandthensufferfromwithdrawal—justassomeonewouldwith,say,agamblingorcocainehabit.

Evenasthepreciseoutlinesofworkaholismremainabitfuzzy,variousstudieshavetriedtoidentifyitsphysicalandemotionaleffects.AttheriskofcarryingonlikeaPfizerad:researchhasassociateditwithsleepproblems,weightgain,highbloodpressure,anxiety,anddepression.Thatistosaynothingofitstollonfamilymembers.Perhapsunsurprisingly,spousesofworkaholicstendtoreportunhappinesswiththeirmarriages.Havingaworkaholicparentishardlybetter.Astudyofcollegeundergraduatesfoundthatchildrenofworkaholicsscored72percenthigheronmeasuresofdepressionthanchildrenofalcoholics.Theyalsoexhibitedmore-severelevelsof“prettification"—atermfamilytherapistsuseforsonsanddaughterswho,asthepaperputit,’’areparentstotheirownparentsandsacrificetheirownneeds...toaccommodateandcarefortheemotionalneedsandpursuitsofparentsoranotherfamilymember."

Howmanypeoplearetrueworkaholics?Onerecentestimatesuggeststhatabout10percentofU.S.adultsmightqualify;theproportionisashighas23percentamonglawyers,doctors,andpsychologists.Stillmorepeoplemaybeinclinedtocallthemselvesworkaholics,whetherornottheyactuallyare:in1998,27percentofCanadianstoldthecountry'sSocialSurveythattheywereworkaholics,including38percentofthosewithincomesover$80,000,(Evenamongthosewithnoincome,22percentcalledthemselvesworkaholics!Presumablysomewerebusyhomemakersandstudents.)

Theconditionmaywellhaveacertainsocialcachet;asthepsychologistBryanRobinsononcepartinworkadditionmightbe“thebest-dressedmentalhealthproblem”ofthemall.Inoneoftherareeconomicsstudiesonthesubject,researchersfoundthattheeducatedandaffluentweremuchmorelikelythanlower-incomeAmericanstoputoffretirement,apossiblesignofworkaholisminaddition.Suchdelayedretirementcertainlygivesnewmeaningtothephrase“worktodeath”.Forwhatitisworth,theconceptwouldnotraisemanyeyebrowsinJapan,wheregruelingjobhourshavelongbeenanorm,andthereisawordfordeathbyoverwork-karoshi.Thecountry’scourtshaveevenrecognizeditasabasisforwrongful-deathsuits.

1.AllofthefollowingstatementsaboutWayneOatesaretrueEXCEPTthat（）.

2.Whatisthedefinitionofworkaholicsgivenbytheseminal1992paper?

3.WhichofthefollowingresultisNOTrelatedtoworkaholism?

4.Whatcanbeimpliedfrom"whetherornottheyactuallyare'’inthefourthparagraph?

5.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.hethoughtworkaholismwasnotsociallyrespectable

B.hehadwritten57books

C.hebroughtthetermworkaholictotheworld

D.headmittedhisownadditiontowork

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.thosewhoworkwillinglyandhappily

B.thosewhoworkhardandhappily

C.thosewhoworkunwillinglyandunhappily

D.thosewhoworkhardandunhappily

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Sleepdisorder

B.Weightloss

C.Depressionandanxiety

D.Unhappymarriages

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Nobodyishardworkingatall.

B.Somepeoplearenotashardworkingasothersthink.

C.Allthepeoplearenotashardworkingasothersthink.

D.Somepeopleprefertoberegardedashardworking.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thereasonswhypeoplebecomeworkaholics.

B.Thedefinitionandharmofworkaholism.

C.Thecountriesthathavethemostworkaholics.

D.Themethodsofnotbeingaworkaholic.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)對(duì)WayneOates的描述不對(duì)？”文章第一段提到他寫(xiě)了57本書(shū)（First,themanhadauthoredanastonishing57books），因此選項(xiàng)B的描述是正確的，排除；第一段提到他創(chuàng)造了workaholic這個(gè)詞(hehadcoinedthewordworkaholic),因此選項(xiàng)C的描述是正確的，排除；第一段提到他承認(rèn)自己沉迷于工作（heconfessedthathisownadditiontoindustriousness），因此選項(xiàng)D的描述是正確的，排除。綜上，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

第2題:2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“1992年的那篇論文對(duì)工作狂的定義是什么？”文章第二段提到1992年的研究認(rèn)為工作狂是那些不僅強(qiáng)迫自己工作并且不享受工作的人（Aseminal1992paperonhowtomeasuretheconditionarguedthatsufferersworknotonlycompulsivelybutalsowithlittleenjoyments），因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

第3題:3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“下列哪項(xiàng)不是工作狂導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果？”文章第三段第二句話提到與工作狂相關(guān)的問(wèn)題有睡眠問(wèn)題、體重增加、高血壓、焦慮和抑郁（AttheriskofcarryingonlikeaPfizerad:researchhasassociateditwithsleepproblems,weightgain,highbloodpressure,anxiety,anddepression），因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

第4題:4.推理判斷題。題目問(wèn)的是“第四段中的‘他們是否是真的（是工作狂）’暗示了什么？”文章第四段提到有更多人傾向于稱(chēng)他們自己是工作狂，不論他們是不是（Stillmorepeoplemaybeinclinedtocallthemselvesworkaholics,whetherornottheyactuallyare），即無(wú)論他們是不是真正的工作狂，都希望被別人看到熱衷于工作，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

第5題:5.主旨大意題。題目問(wèn)的是“文章的主旨是什么？”文章主要講述了工作狂這個(gè)詞的由來(lái)，它的定義，以及它所帶來(lái)的不良后果，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

8.單選題

Whathesaidinthemeeting（）everybodypresent.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.disgusted

B.dismissed

C.disposed

D.eliminated

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)disgust“厭惡的，厭煩的”。B選項(xiàng)dismiss“解雇的，解散的”。C選項(xiàng)dispos