從語用學(xué)的禮貌原則看英語中的委婉語

1、從語用學(xué)的禮貌原那么看英語中的委婉語【Abstrat】Eupheis,setirds,isntnlyalingualphenenn,butalsaulturalandsialphenenn.Itislikeairrr,refletingthevalues,aesthetineptinsandralneptsinseextent.Eupheisplaysaniprtantpartinsialuniatin.Itislikelubethatavidshurtingthetherpartysfeeling.Itilsthehuanrelatinshipinuniatinandhelpstsavefa

2、efuniatrs.Ifpepleakefullusefeupheis,itanaelerateandfailitatehuanuniatin.Thispaperelabratesnthefeaturesandsialfuntinsfeupheis.AnditfusesntherelatinshipsbeteenitsplitefuntinsandPlitenessPriniple.ThisthesisispsedfsixpartsithhapterFurandFiveasitsre:Thefirsthapterfusesntheriginanddefinitinsfeupheis.These

3、ndhapterdisussesthefeaturesfeupheisinanyays.Thethirdhaptertalksabutthesialfuntinsfeupheisfrtheanglefpragatis.Thefurthhapterfrsthebasisfthehleresearhbynnetingeupheisithplitenessandfae-savingthery.ThefifthhapterentersneupheisandPlitenessPriniple.Thelasthapternludesthehlethesis.ApprpriateusefEnglisheup

4、heisanntributealttsuessfulessageexhange.【Keyrds】eupheis;sialfuntins;PlitenessPriniple;faeant【摘要】委婉語是一種語言現(xiàn)象，一種文化現(xiàn)象，更是一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，在一定程度上，它反映了社會(huì)的價(jià)值觀，審美觀和美德觀。委婉語在社會(huì)交際中發(fā)揮著重要作用。日常的約定俗成的委婉語能起光滑劑的作用，通過委婉語，可以防止語言過于直露而給對(duì)方造成傷害。它是語言使用中人們用來協(xié)調(diào)人際關(guān)系的有效光滑劑，是保全交際各方面子的重要手段。很多中外學(xué)者曾從不同的角度對(duì)英語委婉語進(jìn)展了長(zhǎng)期的研究并獲得了可喜的成果。本文主要研討了委婉語的特點(diǎn)

5、，社會(huì)功用，并從語用學(xué)的角度分析了委婉語的社會(huì)功用，禮貌原那么及面子問題。本文分為六個(gè)局部。第四和第五章是文章的重點(diǎn)。第一章主要討論了委婉語的定義及起源。第二章從很多方面概括了委婉語的特點(diǎn)。第三章從語用的角度分析了委婉語的社會(huì)功用。第四章把委婉語與禮貌，面子保全論聯(lián)絡(luò)在一起，是本文的核心。第五章側(cè)重于委婉語貌與禮貌原那么的關(guān)系。本文的理論意義在于其分析結(jié)論有助于保證信息傳遞的順利進(jìn)展并促進(jìn)人們的日常交流。【關(guān)鍵詞】委婉語；社會(huì)功用；禮貌原那么；面子1.IntrdutinThereisahur:neaParisturistresidedinUK.Alandladytldhisadlythat,“

6、yhusbandhasjustpassedtthetherside.Theguestlkedfrthefenefthegardenbutsanne,feelingnfused.Thelandladyexplained:“Ieanheskikedthebuket.Theguestfrtedherthat:“Ihpehisftillbebettersn.Thelandladyfeltunintelligiblyandsaid:“N,heasnthere,hesnuffedityukn.Theguestnderedandsaid:“Butyuvegteletriityhere.Thereasnshy

7、theguestdidntanserprperlyarethathedidntrealizethatthelandladyusedeupheis,nrdidheunderstandthe“nversatinalipliaturefeupheis.hatthelandladyantedtsayisthatherhusbanddied.TherdeupheisesfrtheGreekrd“euphes,eaningauspiius/gd/frtunatespeehhihinturnisderivedfrtheGreekrt-rdseu,gd/ell+phee,speeh/speaking.Thee

8、upheeasriginallyardrphraseusedinplaefareligiusrdrphrasethatshuldntbespkenalud(Suhastab).ThepriaryexaplesftabrdsrequiringtheusefaeupheisaretheunspeakablenaesfradEity,suhasPersephne,Heate,NeesisrYaheh.Byspeakingnlyrdsfavrabletthegdsrspirits,thespeakeratteptedtprduegdfrtunebyreainingingdfavriththe.“Eup

9、heisisdefinedintheNeEditinfthexfrdniseDitinary(1976)asSubstitutinfildrvaguerrundabutexpressinfrharshrdiretne;expressinthussubstituted.INebstersNellegiateDitinary(1973)thedefinitinreads,Substitutinfanagreeablerinffensiveexpressinfrnethatayffendrsuggestsethingunpleasant.1Eupheisisaniprtantrhetrialeans

10、inEnglish.Itplaysaniprtantrleinpeplesdailyuniatin.Itisntnlyaulturalphenenn,butalsasialphenenn.Itjustlikesairrr,hihrefletssesialandpsyhlgialphenena.2.Featuresfeupheis2.1IndiretandipliitThestiprtantharaterfeupheisisindiretandipliit.Eupheisalaysgivespeplehintsinarundabutay.eaninferthedeepereaningandint

11、entinfrthentext.Frexaple,henseneisill,ealayssayheisundertheeather.Ifseneisad,esayheissftinind.2.2UniversalityUniversalityissethingthatisell-knnandaeptedbyallfthepeple.Thugheupheisisindiretanditdesntestraighttthepint,pepleaneasilyinferitsdeeperipliatin.Setabsnnetedithsex,death,rbdyfuntinsarereplaedby

12、eupheiss.Andthepublihasaeptedthiskindfuse.Frexaple,henerefertdeath,eseldsay“die.eusetheexpressin“passaay.2.3ThefeatureftiesThehangesflanguagedependntheneedandhangesfthesiety.Andeupheisundergesapressfetablis.Itbearsaarkedbrandfties.Frexaple,“Sheispregnanthasanydifferenteupheistiexpressinsindifferente

13、ras.(1)Shehasaneledallhersialengageents.(1856)(2)Sheisinaninterestingnditin.(1880)(3)Sheisinadeliatenditin.(1895)(4)Sheisknittinglittlebtees.(1910)(5)Sheisinafailyay.(1920)(6)Sheisexpeting.(1935)(7)Sheispregnant.(1956)2Butafter1960s,eupheissfpregnantdevelpsllybeauseindernties,peplearentsipliit.Theya

14、laysentinthingsdiretly.Andn,thephenennfpregnantisaheerfulthing.Pepleillntbeshyhenentiningit.“Therdgay,atfirst,iteanshappyandhsexuality.Butaseupheisdevelps,therdgaynlyreindsustheeaningfhsexuality.Thus,pepledntusetheexpressineareyungandgay.32.4ReginalfeatureIneupheis,therearesereginaldifferenes.AnAust

15、raliananarriedtanAerianan.TheyspenttheirhneyninAeria.Andneday,theupleintendedtgtapartytgether.Butthebridegruldntfindasuitablefulldress.Thebridetkutabirthdaysuitthatshegavehiasapresentfedaysagandsaid:“hyntearyurbirthdaysuit?Hever,thehlefailyallastnishedbeauseinAerianEnglish,“innesbirthdaysuit4istheeu

16、pheistiexpressinf“naked.Sthisebarrassingsituatinresultedfrthereginaldifferenesineupheis.Therearetausesfreginaldifferenes.Firstisareginalulturaldifferene.Indifferentregins,theulturethereilleffetthedevelpentfeupheis.Frexaple,“gt.IntheBallilllegefxfrdUniversity,studentsall“gttiletastvisitLadyPeria5beau

17、sethetiletsfthatllegeerebuiltnthelanddnatedbyLadyPeria.furse,Aeriansillntagreeiththisexpressin.“Sendisthedifferenefgegraphienvirnent.Frexaple,inseaside,deathuldbennetedithseaandtide.Theyayusegiththetidetexpressdie.nthentrary,inAerianestuntainareas,theeupheisfrdieis(gne)vertherangertrsstheGreatDivide

18、.Thesearethetypialreginaleupheiss.62.5DiversityflingualreginSenethinksthatnlyupperandiddlelassuseeupheis.Butthisnlusinistabslute.eananalyzethisinthreeaspets.2.5.1Differenesfgenderrage“Astudyshsthatfealeusereeupheissthanaled.ThereisasayinginEnglish:hrseseat;enperspire;yungladiesgl.(Brk,1973:73)enuseb

19、surerdtexpresstheatinfseat.Andthedifferenefgenderandageusuallyinfluenethehiefthesynnysfeupheis.Frinstane,thereareavarietyfexpressinsabutgttilet.enusetheexpressintshtalin.Adultsaysaytgt.Andhildrensaytgtthept.72.5.2DifferenefprfessinridentityEupheishangeshiletheprfessinandidentityhange.Thisisasynhrnyv

20、ariatin.Therd“dieanbeusedinanydifferentays.“Inilitary,pepleusetheexpressintlsenuberfnesess.ThisexpressinrientsfrtheesssystefUKnavy.Hever,inthepress,pepleftenusetherdthirtybeausetheyusuallyark30intheendfanesartile,hiheansending.82.5.3DifferenefstylerntextStylistially,therd“diehashundredsfeupheiss.But

21、indailyuniatin,pepleayuse“tbegner“tbenre.Inbituary,pepleuse“tpassaayr“tdepart.Italshasseittyexpressins,frinstane,“tppffr“tkikthebuket.Eupheisisrestritedbythentext.Frexaple,“nthe14thfarh,ataquartertthreeintheafternn,thegreatestlivingthinkereasedtthink.(F.Engels,SpeehattheGravesidefKarlarx)9Thisexaple

22、invlvesthepassingaayfagreatan.Andthephrase“easedtthinkehes“thinker.Thiseupheisprduesagdeffet.3.Pragatifuntinsfeupheis3.1Tabfuntin“Tabistheainpsyhlgialbasisftheeergenefeupheis.Eupheisistheavidaneftheunpleasant,inelegantthings.Afaussilinguistr.henYuannesaid:Generallyspeaking,theingintbeingfeupheisallb

23、eginsfrtab.Frtheriginfeupheis,eanseethattabisthefirstfuntinfeupheis.Eupheishasbeenusingfralngtie,anditislselyrelatedttab.Infat,eupheisdatesbaktthelanguagetabintheearlyperidfhuanivilizatin.henpepletrytavidandgiveuptabrds,theyhavetfindantherrdtreplaethisvaanyatthesaetie.Hene,peplereatedeupheis.10There

24、aresetabthings,suhasbirth,death,funeral,sex,nakedness,defeatin,andurinate.Iftheyareexpresseddiretly,theyarealledtabrdsandthefeelingstheygiveusarevulgar,rudeandharsh,hereasiftheyareexpressedindiretly,theyarealledeupheis,andtheipressinstheyadenusareelegant,ipliitandplite.Theevadingfuntinfeupheisalsrks

25、tday.Setabntinsanntbeeasilyrevedfrpeplesind.Thughsieneandtehnlgyarehighlydevelpedtday,therd“deathisthetabrdstallnatins.Thustherearealtfeupheissrelatedithit.“Suhaspassaay,anserthefinalall,beasleepinJesus,besafeinthearsfJesus,beatrest,bealledtGd,beheandfree,beinAbrahasbs,rsstheRiverJrdan,finalsleep,gh

26、e,gteetnesaker,gtnesnplae,jinnesanestrs,jinthegreatajrity,returntdust,ithGd,benlngerithus,paythedebtfnature,tikthebuket,et.11“Angthse,ne-ay-tiketisthesynnyfdie.Itrefletsthespeakersexperieneflife.Lifeisjustliketravel.Peplesetutttravel,buthentheyarrivettheterinatin,theyanntgbak.Inthepast,pepleftenused

27、graveyardtexpresstheplaeherethedeadsleeppeaefully.Buttheassiatinsitgivesusarehrrifiedandgly.Sn,pepleusefuneralheanderialparktreplaethe.Insuhaay,itfrtspeple.123.2PlitefuntinPlitefuntinfeupheisistavidinelegantthingsandakepeplefeelpleasant.AsJannahannellputinherbkVagueLanguage“Vaguenessisusedasneayfadh

28、eringttheplitenessrulesfrapartiularulture,andfntthreateningfae.13Iteansthatinreallife,henpepleeetithseunpleasantthingsrbehavirs,theyusuallyhsesevagueexpressinstavidakingbldrhurtingthersfeeling-tuseeupheis.Itisharshtsayseneisdeaf,spepleuse“auditry-ipairedtreplaeit.Theysundregraefully.“henEnglish-spea

29、kersreferttheappearane,theydntusetherduglyraful,hihhasstrngdergatrysense.Instead,theyusetherdplain-lkingrntpretty.14esternersaresensitivetage.Intheirpinin,“l(fā)dequalst“uselessinseextent.Inrderntthurtthefeelingandself-esteeftheld,“l(fā)denarereplaedby“seniritizensr“seasneden.Frtherd“senirhasanyeanings.Exep

30、t“l(fā)der,italseanshigherinrankrauthrity.Andtherd“seasnedeansexperiened.“Fllingareseeupheissabutprfessin.15HarshexpressineupheisbuthereattehnlgisthineyrkerhineynsultantfireanFirefighterGarbageanSanitatinengineerhairdresserHairstylisthusekeeperHusehldexeutivePress-agentPublirelatinunselrPrisnguardrretin

31、alffier3.3veringupfuntinInVaguenessLanguage,hannellstatedveringupfuntinasdeliberatelyithhldinginfratin.hatissalled“verupeans“ntgivinginfratinhihthespeakerpssessesandhihuldbeapprpriateinthesituatin.16esternplitiallifegivesbirthteupheis.Seplitiiansandnesediashaveadegdusefthevaguenessfeupheistverupthef

32、atsfseeventsfrthepurpsefakingtheplitis,eny,andilitaryresteady.nealingthedarksidefsietyistalleviatethesialntraditinsausedbysex,vilene,pverty,uneplyent,andrie.Thereareseeupheissabutsialphenena.“Venerealdiseasehasbeenbeautifiedas“sialdisease.“Rape,akindfrie,isentinedasuallyas“interfereith;“prstitutinbe

33、aeahigh-sundingprfessin-theldestprfessinintherld.17Inplitiiansvie,vileneisakindfatinanddisissalisals“l(fā)ayff.Pepledntneedtbesurprisedatthesephenena.Inesternuntries,plitiiansreateseplitialeupheisstservetheirplitialgals.Theytrytnealthefatsasteasethetenserelatinsbeteentheruntriesandreassureandpaifypublis

34、anti-aretins.Frexaple,InVietnaar,Gulfar,rIraqiar,anuberfeupheisseergedtglssverthehrrrandrueltyfarandnteptiblediplatieans.“Fllingisahartabutilitaryeupheiss.18HrrifiexpressinEupheisairstrikeairptinbbingandblastingsfteninguptheresistaneivilianasualtiesllateraldaagedefenserusheddefenseneutralizedgrundar

35、grundperatininvasinpre-eptiveatinissileVehilenulearbbnuleardevieretreatstrategiithdraalsuiidalattakne-ayissinarheadpayladTherearealsseeupheissabuteny.“Pepleusedepressininsteadfenirises.TherdStrikinghasbeenbeautifiedasindustrialatin.19andhenpepleentinedslu,theyftenuse“substandardhusingtreplaeit.“Thee

36、upheisshereareinthetruesenseftherd“false.Theyareusedtverupthetruenaturefevents,deeivingthepubliithnie-sundingandpseudtehnialrds.203.4InduingfuntinSeties,pepleuseeupheistakethEirstateentrepersuasive.Thusthesetirdshaveaspeialuniativefuntin,hihisalledinduingfuntin.Ashannellhasanalyzedinthedisussinftheu

37、niativefuntinsfvaguelanguagethat“Aspeifisettingherespeakersayithhldinfratinhihtheyknisheretheyfeelthattheyanberepersuasivebydings.21Eupheishasbeenidelyappliedinadvertiseentandsalesprtinativities.Seairlinepaniesdividedthegradesfpassengerpartentsintfurranks.Theyused“deluxer“preiulasstreplae“firstlass.

38、Andthe“sendlassistransfredint“firstlass.The“thirdlassisrevisedas“businesslassr“turistlass.Theysundrepleasing.Thersfhtelarealspartentalizedinthesaeay.Theyanbedividedasfirstlass,standardandprivate.Thserdsareseetsundingandhaventhingtdithustersself-estee.Als,“antiquesisthesubstitutinfsend-handfurniture.

39、22Intheerhantseye,thefrerillakethepriehigher.Pepleftenuse“patartreplae“sallar.Thughtheireaningsarethesae,“sallillbeassiatedithaniagefheapandbadhile“patephasizestheiagefartisti,deliate,andterse.Thseeupheissdesalinatetheunpleasantfeelingthatthefrerneptsgiveusandintensifyafeelingfrereliableandelegant.A

40、saresult,thseprdutsillbeidentifiediththensuersandahievedtheprtingal.“Frthepragativie,theahievingfinduingfuntinisausedbytheglrifiatinftheintrinsieaning.233.5TatialfuntinIfasaeeaningisexpressedinanydifferentays,theireffetsareentirelydifferent.Thisishatealledtheartfspeaking.Ifeapplythisstrategyturdaily

41、life,urlifeillberelrful.Frexaple,ntheplane,therearesebagsthatanbeusedbythepassengerstshthiskies.Pepledntprinttherds“vitbagnthesurfaefthebag.Instead,theyusetherds“frtindisfrt.24Andtheresultprvedthatthevitphenennhasredued.Beauseparediththefrerrds,therd“frtindisfrtpreventsthepassengersfrvitingheninasta

42、tefairsikness.Thisisthetatialfuntinfeupheis.Byntrary,ifeuseeupheisinapprpriately,theresultuldberse.Trytparethefllingtstateents:(9)Iaanldripple,drainganld-agepensin,rkinghardtraisevastquantitiesfvegetablesnanalltentandellaarethat,nefthesedays,Ishalldie.(10)If,hever,Ilistenttheviefffiiald,itturnsuttha

43、tIaadisadvantagedseniritizen,registeredasdisabled,draingaretireentpensin,rentingaleisuregardenand,presuably,irtalbeauseIshallneverdie-Ishallerelypassaay.eanseethatinthefirststateent,theauthrtalksdiretlyabuthislifestatus.Thesendstateentisthatthegvernentffiialsakeasurveyfthehardshipfitizens.Theytrytve

44、rthefatsbyusingeupheiss.3.6HurfuntinJulareupheishasbeenusedthelppeplefaethefatreeasily.Frexaple,pepleuse“pushupdaisiesttakeplaef“beburiedbeausethefrerrdsanreduepepleshrrrtardsdeath.And“besentintprisnisreplaedby“l(fā)iveatgvernentsexpense.Thisexpressinisitty.Antherexaple,“afterthreedaysinJapan,thespinall

45、unbeesextrardinarilyflexible.ItsipliatureisthatinJapan,pepleareveryplite.Theyusuallybanytiesadaytgreetsene.4.Eupheisandpliteness4.1EupheisandinterpersnaluniatinEupheishasbeenidelyusedintherealhuanuniatin.Itanberegardedasakindfpliteters.Inpriitiveandtraditinalsiety,tabandeupheisarethetsidesfain.Theya

46、reusedfrsialntrlandreligiusntrl.AndindernEnglish,thereareanuberfrdsnnetedithhly,sex,bdyrganandbdyfuntin.Shenpeplestpireferstthse,theyhavetfindeupheisstreplaethe.Theyftenusesevaguelanguagetavidentiningthediretly.4.2Plitenessandfae-threateningtheryTheainfuntinfeupheisisplitefuntin.Thus,theainharaterfe

47、upheisisplite.Plitenessplaysaniprtantrleinhuanuniatin.Itilshuanrelatinships.Seupheisardsithplitenessillaeleratehuanuniatin.4.2.1Thedefinitinandfeaturesfpliteness“evieplitenessasneftheajrsialnstrainsnhuaninteratinhihregulatespartiipantsuniativebehavirbynstantlyreindingthettakeintnsideratinthefeelings

48、fthethers.Itisneessarytnsidertheirfeelingssastestablishlevelsfutualfrtandprterapprt,hihinturnaelerateandfailitatehuanuniatin.25Thefinalgalfplitenessistakeallfthepartiesrelaxedandfrtableithneanther.Therearetkindsfpliteness:neisnegativepliteness;thetherispsitivepliteness.Negativeplitenessistakealessin

49、fringingrequest,suhasIfyudntind.rIfitisnttuhtruble.rrespetsapersnsrighttatfreely.Intherrds,itsdeferene.Psitiveplitenessistseektestablishapsitiverelatinshipbeteenpartiesandrespetsapersnsneedtbelikedandunderstd.4.2.2Fae-threateningtheryFaeisdefinedasanindividualsself-estee.“BasednthefaentinfGffanthat“

50、faeisasaredthingfreveryhuanbeing,anessentialfatruniatrshavetpayattentint,andthatfaeantsarereipral(ifneantshisfaearedfr,heshuldarefrtherpeplesfae).26ArdingtBrnandLevinsn,nearlyallspeehatsarefae-threateningats.Therearetkindsffae:neisPsitiveFae;thetherisNegativeFae.“PsitiveFaerefersturneedtbeaeptedandl

51、ikedbythersandurneedtfeelthatursialgrupsharesngals.PsitivePlitenessrientstpreservingthepsitivefaeftherpeple.heneusepsitiveplitenesseusespeehstrategiesthatephasizeurslidarityiththehearer,suhasinfratinprnuniatin,shareddialetrslangexpressins,niknaes,refrequentreferenetspeakerandheareras“e,andrequestshi

52、harelessindiret.NegativeFaerefersturrighttindependenefatinandurneednttbeipsednbythers.NegativePlitenessrientstpreservingthenegativefaeftherpeple.Thisisuhrelikelyifthereisasialdistanebeteenthespeakerandthehearer.heneusenegativepliteness,eusespeehstrategiesthatephasizeurdeferenefrthehearer.Niknaes,sla

53、ngandinfralprnuniatintendtbeavidedandrequeststendtbereindiretandipersnal,fteninvlvinguldyuruldIaskyutrevenreferringtthehearerinthethirdpersn.274.2.3TherelatinshipbeteenplitenessandfaeantFaerefersturpubliself-iage.Plitenessinvlvesusshinganaarenessftherpeplesfaeant.Inurinterpersnaluniatin,eshuldpayatt

54、entintthersfaeant.Inthefieldfeduatin,teaherhastdealiththerelatinsiththestudents.Thereareseeupheissabuteduatin.Frexaple,ifastudentislazy,edntallhi“l(fā)azystudent.Instead,eallhi“underahiever.Ifastudentheatsinlass,eregarditthathedependsntherstdhisrk.“Andifastudentisquarter-ittedandheusuallygetsalarkinthee

55、xas,edntallhistupid.Shentheteahertalksiththehildsparents,theteaheruldsay:Yurhildisabitslfrhisage.28Hesaysthefatinarundabutaysitillnthurttheparentsandthehildsself-estee.Itisafae-savingstrategy.Inshrt,inpeplesdailyuniatin,theyhavetbeplitetsaveeahthersfaeandaketheirrelatinsreharniusly.Theyanahievethisg

56、albyusingeupheissbeausetheyareseet-sunding.Andthisistheplitefuntinfeupheis.5.EupheisandPlitenessPrinipleFrtheabve,eknthateupheishassethingtdithpliteness.eanassiateplitenessithPlitenessPriniple.5.1Leehsplitenesspriniple“Generallyspeaking,stftheeupheissardithnversatinalpriniple,espeiallyplitenessprini

57、ple.Leehs(1983:132)axisfthePlitenessPrinipletendtginpairsasflls:(1)Tataxi(inipsitivesandissives)a.iniizesttther;b.axiizebenefittther.Seexaples:a、Ifyukeepthisdiet,yullbentheheavyside.(.f.:Ifyukeepneatingtuh,yullbeeveryfat.)b、Thankyufryurkindhspitality.(.f.:Thankyufryurdeliiusfd.)(2)Genersityaxi(inips

58、itivesandissives)a.iniizebenefittself;b.axiizesttself.Seexaples:a、uldyudeafavr?(.f.:anyuhelpe?)b、Ishallnevereasetfeelgratefulfryurfavrs.(.f.:Ishallnevereasetfeelgratefulfryurhelp.)(3)Apprbatinaxi(inexpressivesandassertives)a.iniizedispraisefther;b.axiizepraisefther.Seexaples:a、Heisaseniritizenn.(.f.

59、:Heisanldann.)b、aYuisaShakespearefhina.(.f.:aYuisthebestplayrightfhina.)(4)destyaxi(inexpressivesandassertives)a.iniizepraisefself;b.axiizedispraisefself.Seexaples:a、Thisisatkenfyregardfryu.(.f.:Thisisapresentfryu.)b、Yurpraiseisthehighesthnrfre.(.f.:Thankyufryurpraise.)(5)Agreeentaxi(inassertives)a.

60、iniizedisagreeentbeteenselfandther;b.axiizeagreeentbeteenselfandther.Seexaples:a、Iuldntsharethesaeideaithyu.(.f.:Idntagreeithyu.)b、Ifyuereinypsitin,yuulddthesae.(.f.:Ihavetds.)(6)Sypathyaxi(inassertives)a.iniizeantipathybeteenselfandther;b.axiizesypathybeteenselfandther.29Seexaples:a、Iasrrythearthat