2020高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題定語(yǔ)從句課件(共48張)

1、定語(yǔ)從句一、定語(yǔ)從句的基本概念由具有主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的完整句子來(lái)充當(dāng)另一個(gè)句子中的定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，所以也可以把定語(yǔ)從句叫做形容詞從句。定語(yǔ)從句是用來(lái)修飾前面的名詞或代詞的。二、定語(yǔ)從句的兩個(gè)基本概念先行詞：定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞。關(guān)系詞：重復(fù)指代先行詞，起連接作用并在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)成分。例：The girl is my girlfriend. She is dancing with that boy.變成定語(yǔ)從句就是：The girl who is dancing with that boy is my girlfriend.主句是：the girl is my girlfriend從句

2、是：who is dancing with that boy(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，修飾 girl)先行詞：girl連接詞：who先行詞是不是只能是一個(gè)詞呢？先行詞可以是：一個(gè)詞The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.2. 短語(yǔ)He likes climbing mountains, which is a good exercise.3. 一個(gè)分句He said that he had no time, which is not true.3. 一個(gè)完整的句子He arrived an hour later, which annoyed h

3、is girlfriend very much.那么我們?cè)趺床拍苷业较刃性~呢？它有什么特點(diǎn)呢？關(guān)系詞緊靠先行詞The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.2.關(guān)系詞和先行詞被分割There is a very interesting remark in a book by an American writer that I read recently.這句話中book有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)，一個(gè)是介詞短語(yǔ)by an American writer，一個(gè)是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。為什么我們要先找先行詞呢？決定了關(guān)系詞的選擇。例如：He needs a l

4、ong spoon _ sups(吃完飯) with the devil(惡魔).A. who B. which C. as D. when正確答案：A先行詞是he而不是spoon。2. 決定了定語(yǔ)從句中主謂一致的問(wèn)題。例如：錯(cuò)誤的一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是：It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occurs in their lives, that are the main focus of social psychology.正確答案：C先行詞是interaction而不是lives。ABCD那么關(guān)系詞有哪些特點(diǎn)

5、呢？關(guān)系詞的作用連詞作用：將定語(yǔ)從句與句子的其他部分連接起來(lái)。代詞作用：指代前面的先行詞，并在從句中作成分。2. 關(guān)系詞的分類語(yǔ)法作用用于限制性或非限制性用于限制性人物其他人和物其他主語(yǔ)whowhichthat賓語(yǔ)who/whomwhichthat(可省)所有關(guān)系whosewhose/of which限定性which狀語(yǔ)when/wherewhy這些關(guān)系詞我們?cè)撛趺从媚?？關(guān)系代詞用法例句指代人用who，whom從句中做主語(yǔ)用whoStudents who cheat on exams will poison the atmosphere of the college.介詞后用whomThe g

6、irl with whom you work is his girlfriend.指代物用whichAnger is a wind which blows out the lamp of the mind.That可指人，可指物指物Anger is a wind that blows out the lamp of the mind.指人Students that cheat on exams will poison the atmosphere of the college.介詞后面不用thatThe world in which we live is made up of matter.關(guān)

7、系代詞用法例句Whose后面要跟名詞，可以指人可以指物指人It is almost impossible to find two persons whose opinions are the same.指物It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.指物時(shí)可以和of which互換These children sit in a classroom whose windows are all broken.These children sit in a classroom of which all the win

8、dows are broken.除了上面的關(guān)系詞，還有四個(gè)特殊的詞需要我們了解。asbutthanwhatAs的用法1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，只用在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，例如：Such asHell repeat such points as are discussed in the book.The same asHe is not the same playboy as we knew.As asHe tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid.So as例如He is not such a man _ would leave his work

9、 half done.A. who B. whom C. as D. that 正確答案：CAs的用法2. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可在句首，而which不可以。例如：As is known, the whale is not fish but a mammal.As代替的是the whale is not fish but a mammal整個(gè)句子。例如_ might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.A. As B. That C. Which D. What 正確答案：AAs的用法3. As和which都可以引

10、導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，代替前面整個(gè)句子。例如：He married her, as/which was natural.He is late for school, which/as is often the case.那么as和which的區(qū)別在哪呢？As可以翻譯為“正好，就像，由而知”，因此，主句和從句內(nèi)容一致時(shí)用as，不一致時(shí)用which，試體會(huì)。例如：She has married again, as was expected.She has married again, which was unexpected.What的用法1. What前沒(méi)有先行詞。例如：(錯(cuò)誤)You can h

11、ave everything what you like.2. What后面跟名詞，試體會(huì)。例如：Most of what food elephant eat is brought to their mouth by their trunks.Most of the food which/that elephant eat is brought to their mouth by their trunks.Than的用法1. 在從句中一般是主語(yǔ)，且主句需有比較級(jí)形式。例如：Dont drink more wine than is good for health.Dont give him mo

12、re money than is needed.But的用法特點(diǎn)通常只引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。常與具有否定意義的主句連用。形式上肯定，意義上否定。相當(dāng)于thatnot; whonot; whomnot. 例如：There are very few but admire his talents.=There are very few who dont admire his talents.看完了這幾個(gè)特殊詞所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，我們?cè)倩氐阶畛Ｒ姷膸讉€(gè)連接副詞。whenwhywhereWhen的用法可引導(dǎo)限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是時(shí)間，可用on which來(lái)代替。Ill never forget

13、the day when I met you.Ill never forget the day on which I met you.When的用法2. when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的前提是，when在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如果從句缺少的是主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，要用which或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)，試比較。Ill never forget the time which I spend on campus.Which作spend的賓語(yǔ)。Ill never forget the day when we first met in the park.When作met的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。Where的用法1. 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，作狀語(yǔ)，先行詞

14、是表地點(diǎn)。Do you know any place where I can buy Clints grammar book .Do you know any place at which I can buy Clints grammar book .Where的用法2. 與when類似，先行詞是地點(diǎn)，也不一定用when。This is the town which I told you about before.Which作about的賓語(yǔ)。Where的用法3. Where的先行詞可以是有地點(diǎn)意義的抽象名詞，如situation，point等。He has reached the point

15、 where a change is needed.We may encounter situations where this principle can not be applied.Why的用法1. 只引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是表原因的，如reason等。This is the reason why I didnt come here.This is the reason for which I didnt come here.我們常常碰到關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)的情況這些介詞什么時(shí)候要，什么時(shí)候不要，選哪個(gè)介詞都是讓人頭疼的問(wèn)題。現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)一起分析一下吧！一、根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中的線索

16、判斷1. 看動(dòng)詞，構(gòu)成常見的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。This is the shop of which I always speak to you.(提起的)He is tha man on whom I think you can depend.(依靠)一、根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中的線索判斷2. 看形容詞，構(gòu)成常見的形容詞短語(yǔ)。He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar.(熟悉)二、根據(jù)先行詞來(lái)判斷介詞與先行詞構(gòu)成固定搭配，如at the rate, in the direction, to the extent,

17、 to the degree, at the temperature, with ease, by the means等等。The rate at which they are being destroyed has increased.三、表示所屬關(guān)于或部分與整體，用介詞of介詞與先行詞構(gòu)成固定搭配，如at the rate, in the direction, to the extent, to the degree, at the temperature, with ease, by the means等等。I bought a book of which the author is a

18、 farmer.I saw two dwarfs at the circus of whom neither was over three feet tall.四、in which to do結(jié)構(gòu)The farmer used wood to build a house in which he could store grains.The farmer used wood to build a house in which to store grains.The farmer used wood to build a house to store grains in.四、in which to

19、 do結(jié)構(gòu)若沒(méi)有介詞，不能用這種結(jié)構(gòu)(錯(cuò))I cant think of anybody whom to invite.2. 有介詞和關(guān)系代詞，介詞不能放句末(錯(cuò)) The farmer used wood to build a house which to store grains in .四、in which to do結(jié)構(gòu)3. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞不能用一個(gè)關(guān)系副詞代替(錯(cuò)) The farmer used wood to build a house where to store grains.That和which這兩個(gè)詞的用法比較多，名詞從句中也有他們的身影，那么有什么區(qū)別呢，我們放在最后一起看一下！That在名詞性從句和在定語(yǔ)從句的用法比較名詞從句中that不充當(dāng)成分，定語(yǔ)從句必充當(dāng)成分。The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue. (充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ))The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue. (不充當(dāng))Which在名詞性從句和在定語(yǔ)從句的用法比較名詞從句中which作限定詞，后面必須加名詞；定語(yǔ)從句中作關(guān)系代詞，單獨(dú)使用。You should vote for which candid