2023年職稱英語新增文章

1、2023職稱英語理工類A、B閱讀理解和完型填空新增文章原文、練習(xí)、譯文及答案閱讀第三十四篇：病毒電池Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common? Theyre all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. Its no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses,

2、 finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is whats on peoples minds。Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3. In Cambridge, Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of

3、the worlds smallest rechargeable batteries。Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but theyre not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different

4、 areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques。Belchers team includes Paula Hammond, who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet- Ming Chiang, an expert on how to store energy i

5、n the form of a battery. Were working on things we traditionally dont associate with nature, says Hammond。Many batteries are already pretty small. You can hold A, C and D batteries6 in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny. However, every year, new elec

6、tronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. As these devices shrink, ordinary batteries wont be small enough to fit inside。The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now, Belchers model battery, a metallic disk completely bu

7、ilt by viruses, looks like a regular watch battery. But inside, its components are very small so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope。How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size, pluck one hair from your head. Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to

8、see how wide your hair is pretty thin, right? Although the width of each persons hair is a bit different, you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts, side to side, across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses。練習(xí)：1. According to the first paragra

9、ph, people try toA. kill microorganisms related to chicken pox, the flu, etc。B. keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible。C. stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases。D. cure themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines。2. What is Belchers team

10、 doing at present?A. It is finding ways to get rid of viruses。B. It is mass-producing microbatteries。C. It is making batteries with viruses。D. It is analyzing virus genes。3. What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word shrink appearing in paragraph 5?A. Broaden。B. Spread。C. Extend。D. Exp

11、and。4. Which of the following is true of Belchers battery mentioned in paragraph 6?A. It is made of metal。B. It is a kind of watch battery。C. It can only be seen with a microscope。D. It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it。5. How tiny is one battery part?A. Its width is one tenth of a hair。B. I

12、t equals the width of a hair。C. It is as thin as a piece of paper。D. Its width is too tiny to measure。譯文：水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之處呢？這些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能夠在人與人之間傳染的微生物。難怪大局部人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。然而， 并不是每個人都躲避這些病毒攜帶者。在馬薩諸塞州劍橋市，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)有些病毒能起到非同尋常的作用。他們使病毒開始工作，使病毒構(gòu)成世界上最小的充電電池。病毒和電池的伙伴似乎并不常見，但這對于工程師安吉拉貝爾徹來說卻并不陌生。安吉拉

13、貝爾徹最早產(chǎn)生了這一想法。在位于劍橋市的麻省理工學(xué)院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。在由病毒構(gòu)成的電池里，科學(xué)家融合了他們在生物、技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)工藝方面的知識。貝爾徹的團隊包括幫助組裝微型電池的寶拉哈蒙德和以電池形式存儲能量的專家蔣業(yè)明。哈蒙德說，“我們現(xiàn)在從事的行業(yè)是傳統(tǒng)中不會想到的。許多電池已經(jīng)很小了。A型、C型和D型電池都可以握在手里。硬幣形狀的手表電池通常比分幣還小。然而，個人音樂播放器和 等新型電子設(shè)備變得越來越小。這些設(shè)備變小了，普通電池就無法安裝進去了。理想的電池應(yīng)當體積小、儲能多。 ，貝爾徹的電池模型是完全由病毒構(gòu)成的金屬圓盤，看起來就像普通手表電池。但里面的部件卻非

14、常小小到用高倍望遠鏡才能看到。這些電池部件到底有多小呢？從頭上拔一根頭發(fā)，把它放到白紙上，看看頭發(fā)的寬度是不是很細呢？盡管每個人的頭發(fā)寬度不同，每個頭發(fā)上可以并列排放大約10個病毒電池部件。這些為電池能會改變我們對病毒的看法。閱讀第三十八篇：野生大象壽命更長Longer Lives for Wild ElephantsMost people think of zoos as safe places for animals, where straggles such as difficulty finding food and avoiding predators dont exist. Wit

15、hout such problems, animals in zoos should live to a ripe old age1.But that may not be true for2 the largest land animals on Earth. Scientists have known that elephants in zoos often suffer from poor health. They develop diseases. joint problems and behavior changes. Sometimes, they even become infe

16、rtile, or unable to have babies。To learn more about how captivity affects elephants, a team of international scientists compared the life spans of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native lands. Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care, d

17、ocumenting factors such as birth dates, illnesses, weight and death. These records made it possible for the researchers to analyze 40 years of data on 800 African and Asian elephants in zoos across Europe. The scientists compared the life spans of the zoo-born elephants with the life spans of thousa

18、nds of female wild elephants in Africa and Asian elephants that work in logging camps3, over approximately the same time period。The team found that female African elephants born in zoos lived an average of 16.9 years. Their wild counterparts who died of natural causes lived an average of 56 years mo

19、re than three times as long. Female Asian elephants followed a similar pattern. In zoos, they lived 18.9 years, while those in the logging camps lived 41.7 years。Scientists dont yet know why wild elephants seem to fare so much better than their zoo-raised counterparts. Georgia Mason, a biologist at

20、the University of Guelph in Canada who led the study, thinks stress and obesity may be to blame4. Zoo elephants dont get the same kind of exercise they would in the wild, and most are very fat. Elephant social lives are also much different in zoos than in the wild. where they live in large herds and

21、 family groups。Another finding from the study showed that Asian elephants born in zoos were more likely to die early than Asian elephants captured in the wild and brought to zoos. Mason suggests stress in the mothers in zoos might cause them to have babies that are less likely to survive。The study r

22、aises some questions about acquiring more elephants to keep in zoos. While some threatened and endangered species living in zoos reproduce successfully and maintain healthy populations, that doesnt appear to be the case with elephants. Currently, zoos are net consumers of elephants ,not net producer

23、s. Mason says。練習(xí)：1. According to the first two paragraphs, unlike other zoo animals, zoo elephantsA. have difficulty eating food。B. live to a ripe old age。C. are not afraid of predators。D. develop health problems。2. Which of the following about the international scientists research on the life spans

24、 of elephants is NOT true? (See paragraph 3)？A. They compared zoo elephants with wild elephants。B. They kept detailed records of all the elephants in their care。C. They analyzed the records of the elephants kept in zoos。D. The zoo-born elephants they studied are kept in European zoos。3. What do the

25、scientist find in their research?A. Female elephants live longer than male elephants。B. Female zoo elephants live longer than their wild counterparts。C. Female zoo elephants die much earlier than their wild counterparts。D. Elephants in zoos and those in the wild enjoy the same long life spans。4. Wha

26、t are the possible causes of stress and obesity Zoo-raised elephants generally suffer from?A. They do not like living in herds。B. They do not get enough exercise。C. They do not live with their families。D. Both B and C。5. Which of the following does the author suggest in the last paragraph?A. It may

27、not be a wise policy to keep elephants in the zoo。B. Elephants are no longer an endangered species。C. Zoo-born elephants should be looked after more carefully。D. Zoos should keep more animals except elephants。譯文：人們通常認為動物園對于動物來說是平安的，因為他們沒有獵食的困難，也不受其他肉食動物的威脅，所以動物園內(nèi)的動物應(yīng)該壽命較長。但世界上最大的陸地動物卻并非如此。科學(xué)家已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)大象面

28、臨著很多健康問題，例如生病、關(guān)節(jié)問題和行為改變等，有時甚至?xí)ド芰Α榱肆私饨]生活對大象的影響，一隊國際科學(xué)家將在動物園出的雌象與生活在自然環(huán)境中的雌象的壽命進行了比照。動物園保存了所飼養(yǎng)動物的詳細記錄，包括出生日期、疾病、體重的死亡等因素。有了這些記錄，研究人員能夠分析全歐洲800頭非洲象和非洲象歷時40年的數(shù)據(jù)?？茖W(xué)家將動物園出生的大象與同一時間段的幾千頭非洲野生雌象、在伐木場勞動的亞洲象進行了壽命比照。這些科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，動物園出生的非洲雌象平均壽命是16.9年，而自然死亡的野生大象平均壽命是56年是動物園大象的3倍多。亞洲雌象情況類似：動物園雌象壽命是18.9年，而伐木場雌象的壽命

29、是41.7年。科學(xué)家尚不清楚野生大象比動物園大象獲得更好的原因。負責(zé)這一研究的加拿大圭爾夫大學(xué)生物學(xué)家喬治亞梅森認為，壓力和肥胖是問題的根源。動物園大象不像野生大象那樣活動，因此非常肥胖。動物園大象的社會生活也很不同，不像野生大象那樣過著群居的生活。該研究的另一發(fā)現(xiàn)說明，在動物園出生的亞洲象比野外捕獲后放入動物園的亞洲像死的要早。梅森認為動物園母象的壓力可能導(dǎo)致小象成活率低。對動物園大象的研究向人們提出了一個問題：是否應(yīng)該將跟多的大象關(guān)進動物園。盡管有些瀕危物種在動物園能夠很好地繁衍生息、健康成長，大象卻并非如此。梅森說，“動物園現(xiàn)在不是大象的純粹生產(chǎn)者，二十純粹消費者。閱讀第四十五篇：咸度味

30、感因人而異Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLow-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others, according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences1 food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we

31、 like to eat。Those conclusions are important because recent, well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3, pointed out John Hayes, assistant professor of food science, who

32、was lead investigator? on the study。Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are Working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understa

33、nding of salt preference and consumption。The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips, on multiple occasions, spread out over weeks5. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women, reportedly healthy, ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample

34、was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale, ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind。Most of us like the taste of salt. However, some ind

35、ividuals eat more salt, both because they like the taste of saltiness more, and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food, said Hayes. Supertasters, people who experience tastes more mtensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary

36、flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more. However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese, Hayes noted. For example, cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented, mi

37、lk, but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt, he said. A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced6.Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee, showing that individuals diff

38、er in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result, Hayes explained, we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists, and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color。Some people, called supertasters, describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter, while others, cal

39、led nontasters, find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weary bitter, he said. Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting7 is not limited to bitterness. (476)練習(xí)：1. In paragraph 2, John Hayes points out

40、thatA. it is good to health to eat food without salt。B. many people reject low-salt food completely。C. many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantlyD. food with reduced salt tastes better。2. The fourth paragraph describes brieflyA. how to select subjects and what to do in the research。B. ho

41、w to identify supertasters and nontasters。C. why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons。D. why to select more male subjects than female ones。3. The article argues that supertastersA. like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food。B. like snack foods as saltiness is their primary fl

42、avor。C. consume less salt because they dont like intensive tastes。D. like to share salty cheese with nontasters。4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?A. They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness。B. They like high-salt cheese as it has intense bitter tast

43、e。C. They prefer high-salt cheese, which tastes less bitter。D. They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health。5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry?A. Taste acuity is genetically determined。B. Taste acuity is developed over time after birth。C. Taste acuity is related to ones eye and

44、 hair color。D. Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science。譯文：賓州州立大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院食品科學(xué)家進行的一項研究說明，有些人很難喜歡含鹽量低的食物。該研究指出，遺傳因素導(dǎo)致我們對咸度的不同喜好。該研究負責(zé)人、食品科學(xué)副教授約翰海斯指出，這些結(jié)論非常重要，因為近期對減少食物含鹽量的大力宣傳使得許多人努力去接受適合其他人而不適合自己口味的食物。含鹽量高的飲食會增加高血壓和中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險，這就是公共健康專家和食品公司共同努力、通過可口的食品幫助消費者減少鹽攝入量的原因。該研究使人們更加理解對鹽的喜好和攝入的差異。該研究包括87名經(jīng)

45、過仔細篩選的參與者，他們在幾周的不同時間品嘗了湯和薯條等含鹽食物。參與者包括45名男性和42名女性，身體健康，年齡在20歲到40歲之間。參與者不會主動改變自己的飲食習(xí)慣，且不吸煙。他們通過一種常用的科學(xué)量表來區(qū)別咸度味感，分為“最輕微味感到“最強烈味感等級別。海斯說，“大局部人都喜歡鹽的味道。但是，有些人吃鹽較多，這不僅是因為他們更喜歡咸味，也因為他們需要咸味來遮蓋食物其他討厭的味道?？谖冻氐娜吮瓤谖肚宓娜讼母嗟柠}。因為快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜歡快餐。海斯還提到，口味超重的人還需要鹽來遮蓋奶酪等食物中討厭的苦味?！袄?，奶酪是牛奶味和發(fā)酵

46、苦味的完美結(jié)合，而鹽可以遮蓋苦味?？谖冻氐娜瞬幌矚g低鹽奶酪，因為苦味太明顯了。海斯舉出了化學(xué)家福克斯和遺傳學(xué)家布雷克斯里75年前進行的研究，該研究說明，人們品嘗特定化學(xué)制品的能力是不同的。海斯解釋說，由此我們知道每個人的味覺敏度是不同的，這一差異和頭發(fā)眼睛顏色的差異一樣正常。海斯說，“口味超重的人覺得苦味混合物非常之苦，而口味清淡的人會覺得同樣的苦味混合物沒有味道，或稍微有些苦。對苦味混合物的反響只是確定在食物偏好方面生物差異的眾多方法之一，因為口味超重的人不只是對苦味敏感。閱讀第四十六篇：不可思議的超材料 Marvelous MetamaterialsInvisibility cloaks

47、1 would have remained impossible, forever locked in science fiction, had it not been for the development of metamaterials2. In Greek, meta means beyond, and metamaterials can do things beyond what we see in the natural world like shuffle light waves around an object, and then bring them back togethe

48、r3. If scientists ever manage to build a full-fledged invisibility cloak, it will probably be made of metamaterials。We are creating materials that dont exist in nature, and that have a physical phenomenon that doesnt exist in nature, says engineer Dentcho Genov. That is the most exciting thing. Geno

49、v designs and builds metamaterials such as those used in cloaking at LouisianaTechUniversity in An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterials. Other applications are just as exciting. In many labs, for example, scientists are workin

50、g on building a hyperlens. A lens is a device usually made of glass that can change the direction of light waves. Lenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light, thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image of things that are far away。A hyperlens, howe

51、ver, would be made of metamaterials. And since metamaterials can do things with light that ordinary materials cant, the hyperlens would be a powerful tool. A hyperlens would allow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginable as small as the wavelength of visible light。Genov points out

52、that the science of metamaterials is driven bY the imagination: If someone can think of an idea for a new behavior for light, then the engineers can find a way to design a device using rnetamaterials. We need people who can imagine, he says。Since 2006, many laboratories have been exploring other kin

53、ds of metamaterials that dont involve just visible light. In fact, scientists are finding that almost any kind of wave may respdnd to metamaterials。At the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain5, Jos Snchez-Dehesa is working with acoustics, or the science of sound. Just as an invisibility cloak

54、 shuffles waves of light, an acoustic cloak would shuffle waves of sound in a way thats not found in nature. In an orchestra hall, for example, an acoustic cloak could redirect the sound waves so someone sitting behind a column would hear the same concert as the rest of the audience, without distort

55、ion。Snchez-Dehesa, an engineer, recently showed that its possible to build such an acoustic cloak, though he doubts well see one any time soon. In principle, it is possible, he says, but it might be impossible to make one, he adds。Other scientists are looking into ways to use larger metamaterials as

56、 shields around islands or oil rigs6 as protection from tsunamis. A tsunami is a giant, destructive wave. The metamaterial would redirect the tsunami around the rig or island, and the wave would resume its journey on the other side without causing any harm。練習(xí)：1. What is true for metamaterials?A. The

57、y will always remain in science fiction。B. They are already a reality。C. They are nonexistent in nature。D. Scientists begin to use them to build invisible cloaks。2. A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lensA. as it can allow scientists to see small things。B. as it can help photogra

58、phers to capture images far away。C. even if it is made of ordinary materials。D. as it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light。3. Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to inventA. an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of light。B. an invisible cloak that

59、can shuffle waves of sound。C. an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of sound。D. a cloak that is made of materials found in nature。4. According to Snchez-Dehesa,A. it is of great possibility to build an acoustic cloak soon。B. it is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory but far from reality

60、。C. it is totally impossible to build an acoustic cloak。D. it is theoretically impractical to build an acoustic cloak。5. What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil rig from tsunamis?(Read the last paragraph。)A. Surround them with metamaterials as protective shields。.B.