2023年職稱英語理工類A閱讀理解新增文章篇目

1、+第四十五篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others Lowsalt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by aPenn State College of Agricultural Sciencesl food scientistThe research indicates that geneticfactors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we lik

2、e to eat Those conclusions are important because recent，wellpublicized effortsto reduce the saltcontent in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good tothem as it does to others3，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was leadinve

3、stigator4 0n the study Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and strokeThat is why publichealth experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intakethrough foods that are enjoyable to eatThis study increases understanding of salt prefe

4、rence andconsumption The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soupand chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks5Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 yearsThe sample was composed of individualsw

5、ho were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettesThey rated theintensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongestsensation of any kind “Most of us like the taste of saltHowever，some individuals eat more salt，both because

6、theylike the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food, said Hayes. “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods,

7、 more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more. However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foodssuch as cheese，Hayes noted“For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors fromfermented milk，but also bitter tastes from ripening tha

8、t are blocked by salt，he said“A supertasterfinds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced6Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticistnamed Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicalsAs a

9、result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is asnormal as variations in eye and hair color“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，whileothers，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteles

10、s or only weakly bitterhesaid“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in foodpreference because supertastin7is not limited to bitterness (476)詞匯：Publicizev引起公眾對的注意；(用廣告)宣傳Dietaryadj飲食的；規(guī)定食物的Ferment v(使)發(fā)酵Geneticistn遺傳學家Acuityn敏銳；鋒利注釋：1Penn State College of

11、 Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University-College of AgriculturalSciences賓州州立大學農(nóng)學院。Penn是Pennsylvania的縮寫，是美國賓夕法尼亞州名。賓州州立大學建于1855年：在全國共有24個分校。在句中，Penn State College of AgriculturalSciences用作定語，修飾food scientist。2Well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food：大力宣傳減少食物含鹽量的做法31eft many peo

12、ple struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does toothers：使得許多人努力去接受適合其他人而不適合他們口味的食物。fare相當于food。41ead investigator：研發(fā)工程負責人5carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods as soup and chipson multiple occasion，spread out over weeks：經(jīng)過仔細篩選的實驗參與者，他們在幾周內(nèi)的不同時間里

13、品嘗了湯和薯條等含鹽食物。6too pronounced：此處pronounced為形容詞，意為very noticeable，conspicuous(明顯的，顯著的)。7supertasting：超重味感練習：1In paragraph 2，John Hayes points out that Ait is good to health to eat food without salt Bmany people reject lowsalt food completely Cmany people accept lowsalt tasteless food reluctantly Dfood

14、 with reduced salt tastes better2The fourth paragraph describes briefly Ahow to select subjects and what to do in the research Bhow to identify supertasters and nontasters Cwhy to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons Dwhy to select more male subjects than female ones3. The article argues that

15、supertasters A1ike the；taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food B1ike snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor Cconsume less salt because they don t like intensive tastes D1ike to share salty cheese with nontasters4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter t

16、aste? AThey like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness BThey like highsalt cheese as it has intense bitter taste CThey prefer highsalt cheesewhich tastes less bitter D. They prefer high-saltcheese as it is good to health5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry? ATaste acuity is geneticall

17、y determined BTaste acuity is developed over time after birth CTaste acuity is related to ones eye and hair color DTaste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science答案與題解：1C 根據(jù)短文的第二段內(nèi)容，很多人因為食物中的含鹽量降低，所以必須做出很大努力 (struggling)去適應(yīng)，而低鹽食物對于他們來說，口味很不好(fare that simply does nottastegood to them)。選項C有acce

18、pt reluctantly(勉強接受)表達了這層意思，所以是正確的選擇。A、B、D三個選項均是錯誤的。2A第四段介紹了科學家是如何設(shè)計這項研究的，它包含了研究對象的人數(shù)、性別、人選條件、咸度味感分級表等。選項A概括了這方面的內(nèi)容，所以是答案。而選項B、C、D所述內(nèi)容均不符合該段的意思。3B 短文的第五段提供了答案o supertaster在這里的意思是：口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反義詞，即，口味清談的人。該段告訴我們，口味重的人消耗更多的鹽；因為快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，口味越好，所以口味重的人對快餐較為偏愛。選項B表達了上述內(nèi)容，所以是答案。4C 短文第六

19、段提供了答案。該段告訴我們，奶酪發(fā)酵會產(chǎn)生苦味，supertasters不喜歡苦味，而高含鹽量可以蓋住奶酪里的昔味，這是他們偏愛高鹽奶酪的原因。所以，只有C是正確選擇。5A 文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遺傳學專家的實驗。從這項實驗中，Hayes得出的結(jié)論是，Taste acuity(味覺敏度)上的差異與他們頭發(fā)和眼睛的顏色上的差異是同一類現(xiàn)象，也就是說，都是與生俱來的。第八段又說，這是一種biological difference(生物差異)，所以A是答案。B說味覺敏度是后天形成的，顯然與作者的結(jié)論相左0說味覺敏度的差異與頭發(fā)和眼睛的顏色上的差異有關(guān)，顯然是錯誤的。D的內(nèi)容在最后

20、兩段都沒有提到，所以不會是答案。+第四十六篇Marvelous Metamaterials Invisibility cloaks1would have remained impossible，forever locked in science fictionhad it notbeen for the development of metamaterials2. In Greek, metameans beyond, and metamaterials cardo things beyond what we see in the natural worldlike shuffle light

21、 waves around an object，andthen bring them back together3If scientists ever manage to build a fullfledged invisibility cloak，itwill probably be made of metamaterials We are creating materials that dont exist in nature, and that have a physical phenomenon thatdoesnt exist in nature,says engineer Dent

22、cho Genov. That is the most exciting thing.Genovdesigns and builds metamaterials-such as those used in cloaking-at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana. An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterialsOther applications are j

23、ust as excitin9In many labs，for example，scientists areworking on building a hyperlensA lens is a deviceusually made of glassthat can change thedirection of light wavesLenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light，thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture

24、 image of things that are far away A hyperlens，however，would be made of metamaterialsAnd since metamaterial s can do things with light that ordinary materials cant，the hyperlens would be a powerful t001A hyperlens wouldallow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginableas small as the w

25、avelength ofvisible light Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination：If someone call think of an idea for a new behavior for fight，then the engineers can find a way to design a device using metamaterialsWe need people who can imagine,he says Since 2006，many labor

26、atories have been exploring other kinds of metamaterials that dont involve just visible lightIn fact，scientists are finding that almost any kind of wave may respond to metamaterials At the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain5Jose Sanchez-Dehesa is working with acoustics, or the science of so

27、undJust as an invisibility cloak shuffles waves of light，anacoustic cloak would shuffle waves of sound in a way thats not found in natureIn an orchestra hall, for examplean acoustic cloak could redirect the sound wavesso someonesitting behind a columnwould hear the same concert as the rest of the au

28、diencewithout distortionSanchez-Dehesa，an engineer，recently showed that its possible to build such an acousticcloak，though he doubts we11 see one any time soonIn principle，it is possible,he says，but it might be impossible to make one, he addsOther scientists are looking into ways to use larger metam

29、aterials as shields around islandsoroil rigs6 as protection from tsunamisA tsunami is a giantdestructive waveThe metamaterial wouldredirect the tsunami around the rig or islandand the wave would resume its ioumey on the other side without causing any harm詞匯：Cloakn斗篷，披風Metamaterialn超材料fullfledgedadj完

30、全成熟的，完全合格的Hyperlens n超透鏡Acousticsn聲學Tsunami n.海震，海嘯注釋：1Invisibility cloaks：隱形衣。在?哈利波特與死亡圣器?(Harry Potter and the DeathlyHallows)一書中，哈利通過鄧布利多的轉(zhuǎn)交繼承了他父親的隱形衣。該書是英國女作家JK羅琳創(chuàng)作的哈利波特系列小說的第7部。2had it not been for the development of metamaterials：如果超材料尚未得到開發(fā)的話。該句使用的是虛擬過去時的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。虛擬過去時表示與過去事實相反的假設(shè)；因為是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，所以將情態(tài)動詞

31、had提到主語之前。如使用正常語序，該句可寫為if it had not been for the development of metamaterials3metameans beyondand metamaterials can do things beyond what we see in the naturalworldlike shuffle light waves around an objectand then bring them back together：“meta的詞義是“超越，metamaterials(超材料)能做出我們在自然界看不到的事情，例如將光波移動到某個物體周

32、圍，然后將光波全部收回。4Louisiana Tech University in Ruston，Louisiana：路易斯安那理工大學，位于路易斯安那州拉斯頓市。該校為公立大學，1894年建校，是美國最為重要的研究型大學之一。5the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain：瓦倫西亞理工大學，位于西班牙東南部的瓦倫西亞市，該校建于l968年。6oil rigs：石油鉆塔練習：1What is true for metamaterials? AThey will always remain in science fiction BThey are

33、 already a reality CThey are nonexistent in nature DScientists begin to use them to build invisible cloaks2A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lens Aas it can allow scientists to see small things Bas it can help photographers to capture images far away Ceven if it is made of ordin

34、ary materials Das it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light 3Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to invent Aan acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of light Ban invisible cloak that can shuffle waves of sound Can acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves o

35、f sound Da cloak that is made of materials found in nature4According to SdnchezDehesa, Ait is of great possibility to build an acoustic cloak soon Bit is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory but far fromrealityCit is totally impossible to build an acoustic cloak. Dit is theoretically imprac

36、tical to build an acoustic cloak5What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil；rig from tsunamis? (Read the last paragraph ASurround them with metamaterials as protective shields BStopping the tsunami with metamaterials hours before it reaches them CBuilding them with larg

37、er metamaterials to keep away tsunamis DUsing the equipment made of metamaterials to forecast arrival of a tsunami答案與題解：1C A不是正確答案，因為短文一開始的句子使用了虛擬語態(tài)，句子的意思是：如果超材料尚未得到開發(fā)的話。也就是說，科學家已經(jīng)在研發(fā)超材料。短文的后面局部也進一步提到科學家正致力于超材料的開發(fā)。但是因為超材料尚未研發(fā)成功，科學家更沒有開始使用超材料來制造隱身衣，所以B和D也不是正確選擇。第二段的第一句提供了答案。2D A、B所述成效均是第三段中普通的lens能夠到

38、達的成效，所以不是正確選擇。Hyperlens不是用普通材料制成，所以C也是錯誤選擇。短文第四段對hyperlens做了描述，結(jié)合第四段內(nèi)容可以得到D選項提供的結(jié)論。3C 短文的第七段提供了答案。該段的大意是：瓦倫西亞理工大學的研究者Jose Sanchez-Dehesa試圖研發(fā)acoustic cloak，其原理與invisible cloak相同，只是acoustic cloak移動聲波(shuffle waves of sound)，而不是移動光波(shuffle waves of light)。所以，只有C是正確的選擇。4B 短文的第八段提供了答案。工程師Sanchez-Dehesa認

39、為，成功開發(fā)acoustic cloak在理論上是可能的，但他對是否能成功表現(xiàn)出疑心。5A 短文的最后一段告訴我們，科學家也在研究如何將超材料應(yīng)用于抵御海嘯的襲擊。可以在島嶼周圍使用超材料作為防護(shields)，因為超材料可以讓海嘯改變行走方向(redirecttsunarni)。A表達了這層意思，所以是答案。文章沒有說，在海嘯到達之前數(shù)小時用超材料將海嘯檔住，B不是答案。文章沒有建議用超材料建造海島和石油鉆塔，C不是答案。D的內(nèi)容是用超材料制作海嘯預警器，文章中沒有提及，也不是答案。譯文：一、咸度味感因人而異 理A賓州州立大學農(nóng)學院食品科學家進行的一項研究說明，有些人很難喜歡含鹽量低的食物。該研究指出，遺傳因素導致我們對咸度的不同喜好。該研究負責人、食品科學副教授約翰海斯指出，這些結(jié)論非常重要，因為近期對減少食物含鹽量的大力宣傳使得許多人努力去接受適合其他人而不適合自己口味的食物。含鹽量高的飲食會增加高血壓和中風的風險，這就是公共健康專家和食品公司共同努力、通過可口的食品幫助消費者減少鹽攝入量的原因。該研究使人們更加理解對鹽的喜好和攝入的差異。該研究包括87名經(jīng)過仔細篩選的參與者，他們在幾周的不同時間品嘗了湯和薯條等含鹽食物。參與者包括45名男性和42名女性，身體健康，年齡在20歲到40歲之間。參與者不會主動改變自己的飲食習慣，且