西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)考試復(fù)習(xí)參考

1、第一題 1、請列舉三個你在大學(xué)生活中重要的權(quán)衡取舍的例子。答：（1）大學(xué)畢業(yè)后，面臨著是否繼續(xù)深造的選擇，選擇繼續(xù)上學(xué)攻讀研究生學(xué)位，就意味著在今后三年中放棄參加工作、賺工資和積累社會經(jīng)驗的機(jī)會； （2）在學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容上也面臨著很重要的權(quán)衡取舍，如果學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，就要減少學(xué)習(xí)英語或其他專業(yè)課的時間； （3）對于不多的生活費的分配問題同樣面臨權(quán)衡取舍，要多買書，就要減少在吃飯、買衣服等其他方面的開支。1、Give three examples of important tradeoffs that you face in your collage life.Answer:we love to get

2、one thing,and ofen have to give up another things.That is to make a decision between two targets is to tradeoff between two targets.After graduating from college,we are face with two choices,to stay in school for further education or to work.The learning content is also faced a very important trade-

3、off. For example, if we study economics, we have to spend less time on English and other courses. For the distribution of living expenses is also faced trade-off. If we spend more money in buying books, we have to reduce the expense on eating, clothes or other aspects.第二題 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分為哪兩個領(lǐng)域？解釋每個領(lǐng)域各研究什么。答：（1

4、）經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分為微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)兩個分領(lǐng)域。 （2）微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究經(jīng)濟(jì)中的個體現(xiàn)象，家庭和企業(yè)如何作出決策以及他們在市場上的相互交易；宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究經(jīng)濟(jì)總體現(xiàn)象，包括通貨膨脹、失業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長。2、What are the two subfields into which economics is divided? Explain what each subfield studies?Answer: (1) economics is divided into two subfields: microeconomics and macroeconomics.(2) microeconomics

5、study individual phenomena of the economy,families and businensses on how to make decisions as well as their mutual trade in the market; macroeconomices study the overall economy phenomenon,including inflation,unenployment and economy growth.第三題 實證表述與規(guī)范表述的差別是什么？各舉出一個例子。（二）區(qū)別：（1）二者的概念不同：實證表述是描述性的，是關(guān)于

6、世界是什么的表述；而規(guī)范表述是是命令性的，是關(guān)于世界應(yīng)該是什么的表述。（2）二者判斷其正確性的方法不同：實證表述和規(guī)范表述的主要差別是我們?nèi)绾闻袛嗨麄兊恼_性。從原則上說，我們可以通過檢驗證據(jù)而確認(rèn)或否定實證表述（如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家要評估上述實證表述的例子，可以通過分析最低工資數(shù)據(jù)的變動以及不同時間段而導(dǎo)致的失業(yè)狀況的變化來判斷）； 而規(guī)范表述的判斷不僅涉及事實數(shù)據(jù)，還要涉及價值觀的問題（如要評估上述規(guī)范表述的例子，就不能僅僅通過事實數(shù)據(jù)，還要考慮道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、宗教信仰、倫理哲學(xué)）。（還要考慮道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、倫理哲學(xué)等價值觀問題。）Answer: (A) For example:Positive stateme

7、nts: Minimum wage laws cause unemployment.Normative statements: The government should raise the minimum wage.(B) The differences:The difference between the two concepts: Positive statements are descriptive，claims about how the world is; And normative statements are commands, claims about how the wor

8、ld ought to be. two different methods to determine its correctness: Positive statements and normative statements, the main difference is how we judge their validity. In principle, we can confirm or refute postive statements by examining evidence (such as economists might evaluate the above-mentioned

9、 examples of positive statements by analyzing data on changes in minimum wages and changes in unemployment over time); The normative statements of the judge not only factual data, but also issues related to values (for example, to evaluate the normative statements of the above examples, we can not s

10、imply by the fact that the data, but also consider the ethics ,religious, political philosophy.). 第四題 為什么決策者應(yīng)該考慮激勵問題？答：（1）激勵：是一種引起需要，激發(fā)動機(jī)、指導(dǎo)行為有效實現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的心理活動過程。通俗理解：調(diào)動個體行為積極性。（2）因為人們通過比較成本與收益來做決定，所以他們的行為也會隨著成本與收益的變化而變化。也就是說，人們會對激勵做出反應(yīng)。公共決策者應(yīng)該從不忘記激勵，如果政策改變了激勵，改變了與人們自身相關(guān)的成本與收益，那么它將使人們改變自己的行為；（3）當(dāng)決策者未能考慮到行

11、為如何由于政策的原因而變化時，他們的政策往往會產(chǎn)生意想不到的效果。政策往往可能會產(chǎn)生一些人們沒有明顯預(yù)想到的影響。當(dāng)分析任何政策時，都要不僅考慮到它的直接效果，而且要考慮到它通過激勵產(chǎn)生的間接效果。如果政策改變了激勵，它將使人們改變自己的行為。所以作為決策者應(yīng)該充分考慮激勵問題。Answer: (1) incentive: a rise to the needs of the motivational and guide behavior to achieve its objectives and effective process of mental activity. Popular un

12、derstand: to mobilize the enthusiasm of individual behavior. (2) Because people make decisions by comparing costs and benefits, their behavior may change when the costs or benefits change. That is, people respond to incentives. Public policymakers should never forget about incentives, if the policy

13、change incentives, to change the people themselves associated with the costs and benefits, then it will allow people to change their behavior; (3) When the policymakers failed to consider how their policies affect incentives, they often end up with results they did not intend. Policies can have effe

14、cts that are not obvious in advance. When analyzing any policy, we must consider not only the direct effects, but also the indirect effects that work through incentives. If the policy changes incentives, it will cause people to alter their behavior. Therefore, as policy makers should take full accou

15、nt of incentive problems. 第五題 什么因素決定買者對某一物品的需求量1. 價格。一個決定因素便是價格。需求量隨著價格的上漲而下跌。需求量與價格之間呈反比關(guān)系。在其他條件相同，當(dāng)一種商品的價格上升，需求量就會下降。當(dāng)價格下降時，需求量上升。除了價格之外，還有其他因素影響著需求量。2. 收入。收入低意味著你的總花銷要減少，那么在日常必需品上的開銷就要減少。如果因為收入減少而導(dǎo)致對某些物品的需求量減少，這類物品就被稱作是normal good.如果因為收入的減少導(dǎo)致對某些物品的需求量增加，這類物品就被稱為是inferior good.3. 相關(guān)商品的價格。當(dāng)某一物品價格下降

16、導(dǎo)致另外一種物品需求量的減少，這樣的物品叫做代替品。當(dāng)替代品的價格上升時，該物品的需求量就會增加。反之，則會減少。當(dāng)某一物品價格下降導(dǎo)致另外一件物品的需求量增多，這樣的物品叫做補充品。當(dāng)補充品的價格上升時，該物品的需求量就會減少。反之，則會增加。4. 稅收。如果某一物品的價格不變，而政府提高了人們在購買該物品時的稅收，那么該物品的需求量就會減少。反之，該物品的需求量就會增大。5. 預(yù)期。你對未來的預(yù)期可能會影響你對今天的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的需求。如果你預(yù)期明天價格會上升，你可能更愿意今天在這樣一個價格下去購買，但是如果你預(yù)期明天的價格下降，你可能不太愿意購買。6. 購買者人數(shù)。當(dāng)購買者數(shù)量增加時，該物

17、品的市場需求量將會增加。果。如果政策改變了激勵，它將使人們改變自己的行為。所以作為決策者應(yīng)該充分考慮激勵問題。5. What determines the quantity of a good that buyers demand?1. Price. One determinant plays a central rolethe price of the good. The quantity demanded falls as the price rise as the price falls. The quantity demanded is negatively related to th

18、e price. Other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good falls, and when the price falls, the quantity demanded rises.In addition to the price of goods, there are other factors that influence demand.2. Income. A lower income means that you have less to spend in

19、total, so you would have to spend less on some and probably most goods .If the demand for a good falls when income falls, the good is called a normal good. If the demand for a good rises when income falls, the good is call on inferior good.3. Price of related goods.When a fall in the price of one go

20、od reduces the demand for another good, the two goods are called substitutes. When a fall in the price of one good raises the demanded for another good, the two goods are called complements. When the complements of the price of goods rise, it is to reduced quantity demanded. On the contrary, it incr

21、eased demand.4. Taxes. If the prices of goods unchanged, while the government has raised peoples taxes when you purchase it, then the demand for goods will be reduce. On the contrary, it will be increase.5. Expectations.Your expectations about the future may affect your demand for a good or service

22、today. If you expect to the price of one good to rise tomorrow, you may be more willing to buy it at todays price, but if you expect the price of one good to fall tomorrow, you may be less willing to buy it.6. Number of buyer.When the number of buyer of buyers increase, the quantity demanded in the

23、market would be higher at every price.第六題 列舉并解釋決定需求價格彈性的主要因素。需求價格彈性是指，需求量對價格的影響。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗，我們可以看出什么決定需求價格彈性的一般規(guī)則。1.性能相似的替代品。具有性能相似性的替代品的物品的需求價格彈性更大一些，因為消費者可以更容易的去選擇替代品來達(dá)到自己的目的。2. 必需品與奢侈品。必需品一般需求價格彈性小，而奢侈品的需求價格彈性大。當(dāng)生活必需品的價格上漲時，人們不會明顯改變對必需品的需求數(shù)量。相反，當(dāng)奢侈品的價格上漲時，對奢侈品的需求量會大幅度下降。3. 對市場的定義。狹義上的市場往往比廣義的市場需求更具有彈性，因

24、為它更容易找到替代品。4. 時間范圍。商品往往在較長的時間范圍內(nèi)具有彈性。（當(dāng)汽油上漲，汽油的需求量在最初的幾個月只是輕微下降，。隨著時間的推移，人們購買更省油的汽車，改乘公共交通，并搬到離他們的工作地點更近的地方。幾年內(nèi)，汽油的需求量大幅度下降。）物品往往隨著時間變長而需求更富有彈性。因為在長期中人們有充分的時間來改變自己的消費嗜好和消費結(jié)構(gòu)。6. List and explain some of the determinants of the price elasticity of demand.The price elasticity of demanded measures how m

25、uch the quantity demanded responds to a change in price. Based on experience, we can state some general rules about what determines the price elasticity of demand.1. Availability of close substitutes.Goods with close substitutes tend to have more elastic demand because it is easier for consumers to

26、switch from that good to others.2. Necessities versus luxuries.Necessities tend to have inelastic demand, whereas luxuries have elastic demands. When the price of necessities rises, people will not dramatically alter the numbers of necessities. By contrast, when the price of luxuries rise, the quant

27、ity of luxuries demanded falls substantially.3. Definition of the market.Narrowly defined markets tend to have more elastic demand than broadly defined markets, because it is easier to find close substitutes for narrowly defined goods.4. Time horizon.Goods tend to have more elastic demand over longe

28、r time horizons. （When the price of gasoline rise, the quantity of gasoline demanded falls only slightly in the first few months. Over time, however, people buy more fuelefficient car, switch to public transportation, and move closer where they work. Within several years, the quantity of gasoline de

29、manded falls substantially.）Objects over time is often longer and demand more elastic. Because in the long run, people have enough time to change their spending habits and consumption structure.第七題 如果需求是富有彈性的，價格上升會如何改變總收益，請舉例說明。如果需求是有彈性的，價格上升就會使總收益減少。If demand is elasitic,the increasing of price wil

30、l decrease total revenue.2、從彈性需求曲線中可以看出，需求曲線富有彈性，在這種情況下，價格上漲引起的需求量減少的比例更大，總收益就會減少。With an elastic demand curve,an increse in the price leads to a decrease in quantity demanded that is proportionately larger.Thus,total revenue decreses.For example,if price rises from 4 dollars to 5 dollars,which caus

31、es the quantity demand to reduce from 50 to 20,the total revenue is reduced from 200 dollars to 100 dollars.第八題 談?wù)勀銓ψ畹凸べY法的看法。1、最低工資法是政府人為干預(yù)勞動市場的一種方式。Minimum wage laws is a way that government intervention the labor market.Such an intervention would impede the spontaneous operation of market mechanis

32、ms.2、人為規(guī)定的最低工資高于勞動力市場的均衡工資，就會減少對勞動力的需求，結(jié)果是失業(yè)人數(shù)反而增加。But if the minimum wage is higher than equilibrium wage,it would reduce the demand of labor, and the unemployment increases on the contrary.3、所以，不僅實施最低工資法對減輕貧困沒有幫助，而且會扭曲資源配置Therefor,not only the implementation of the minimum wage laws for lightening

33、 poverty is not useful,but also distorts the allocation of resources.第九題 列出國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的四個組成部分，各舉一個例子。(例子大家可以參考書本第十章)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值分為四個部分：消費，投資，政府支出和凈出口。（1）消費。消費是指家庭花費在商品和服務(wù)上的費用。（2）投資。投資是為了未來產(chǎn)出更多的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，現(xiàn)在花費出去的那部分資本。（3）政府支出。包括地方州政府、聯(lián)邦政府在商品和服務(wù)上的支出。（4）凈出口是指，本國對外國的出口量減去外國對本國的出口量。9. List the four components of GDP. Gi

34、ve an example of each.GDP is divided into four components: consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. (1)Consumption. Consumption is spending by households on goods and services.(2)Investment is the purchase of goods that will be used in the future to produce more goods and serv

35、ices.(3)Government purchases include spending on goods and services by local state, federal government.(4)Net exports equal the purchases of domestically produced goods by foreigners minus the domestics purchases of foreign goods.第十題 列舉并說明生產(chǎn)率的四個決定因素。（第十二章）一個經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的生活水平取決于生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)的能力。生產(chǎn)力，取決于物質(zhì)資本的數(shù)額、人

36、力資源、自然資源和有技術(shù)知識的工人。（1）物質(zhì)資本。 如果工人們擁有工具，那么他們的工作效率會更高。那些被用來生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的設(shè)備和工具等就是物質(zhì)資本。（2）人力資本。第二個決定生產(chǎn)力的因素是人力資本。人力資本就是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們所說的，受過教育和培訓(xùn)，并且具有工作經(jīng)驗的有專業(yè)知識和專業(yè)技能的工人。（3）自然資源。 第三個決定生產(chǎn)力的因素是自然資源。自然資源是指大自然提供的能夠用于生產(chǎn)的資源。如：土地、河流和礦藏。自然資源分為兩種：可再生的和不可再生的。（4）技術(shù)知識。第四個決定生產(chǎn)力的因素是技術(shù)知識。技術(shù)知識就是，掌握生產(chǎn)商品和服務(wù)的最佳方式。10. List and describe four

37、determinants of productivity.The standard of living in an economy depends on the economys ability to produce goods and services .Productivity, in turn, depends on the amounts of physical capital, human capital, natural resources, and technological knowledge available to workers. (1) Physical capital

38、.Workers are more productive if they have tools with which to work. The stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services is called physical capital. (2)Human capitalHuman capital is the economists term for the knowledge and skills that works acquire through education, training, and experience.(3)Natural resources. Natural resources are the