英語(yǔ)國(guó)家社會(huì)與文化入門下冊(cè)課件BII-U13

1、英語(yǔ)國(guó)家社會(huì)與文化入門(下冊(cè)）The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking CountriesAn Introduction(Book Two)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家社會(huì)與文化入門(下冊(cè)）The Society aThe United States of AmericaUnit 13 Technology in AmericaThe United States of AmericaUQuiz Give the English and a brief explanation for the following: 1 愛(ài)迪生 2 亨利福特 3 比爾蓋茨 4

2、喬布斯 5 再生能源Quiz Give the English and a Focal PointsJohn H. Hallthe Stevens and transportationSamuel F. B. MorseAlexander Graham BellThomas Alva EdisonFrederick Winslow TaylorHenry Fordthe growth of radiotelevisioncomputer sciencethe InternetUS Space Race with the USSR nuclear energyrenewable energy t

3、echnologiesFocal PointsJohn H. HallteleviThis Unit Is Divided into Three SectionsThe Nineteenth CenturyThe Early and Mid-Twentieth CenturyThe Late Twentieth Century and TodayThis Unit Is Divided into ThreI. The Nineteenth CenturyEli Whitney: inventor the cotton gin and mass production of weapons wit

4、h interchangeable parts;John H. Hall: developing the so-called American system of production;The Stevens family: their role in the history of transportation in early nineteenth century America;Samuel F. B. Morse: co-developer of the Morse code, and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy;

5、Alexander Graham Bell: credited with inventing the first practical telephone;Thomas Alva Edison: the most famous of all American inventors who is credited with the invention of the motion pictures, the phonograph, and, as everyone knows, the electric light;I. The Nineteenth CenturyEliEli Whitney (17

6、65-1825)Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolutionand shaped the economy of the American South. (right: first cotton gin)Eli Whitney (1765-1825)Eli WhiJohn H. Hall (17811841)John H. Hall was an invento

7、r and entrepreneur. He was the director of the Rifle Works at the Harpers Ferry Armory. Hall developed and improved his system of manufacture, and his system was soon deployed in the manufacture of newly invented mass consumption items, such as sewing machines, typewriters, and bicycles. (right: The

8、 Harpers Ferry Armory)John H. Hall (17811841)John HThe Stevens Family and TransportationThe father John Stevens and his sons made numerous contributions of the building of steamboats, and his two sons, Robert Livingston Stevens and Edwin Augustus, made long distance railroading. Their contributions

9、were mainly concerned with the essential problem of railroad tracks, the size and speed of trains. Without such gradual development of the technology, the long distance, many carriage freight trains would not have been feasible.The Stevens Family and TranspoSamuel F. B. Morse (1791 1872) Morse contr

10、ibuted to the invention of a single-wire telegraphsystem based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of the Morse code, and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy. (right: original Samuel Morse telegraph)Samuel F. B. Morse (1791 1872Alexander Graham Bell(18471922)Alexander Graham

11、 Bellwas an eminentscientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone. (right: Bell at the opening of the long-distance line from New York to Chicago in 1892.)Alexander Graham Bell(18471Thomas Alva Edison (1847 1931) Edisonwas a famous inventor.

12、His workshops located in Menlo Park (right), NJ, brought forth the system of motion picture, the phonograph and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world. He was one of the first inventorsto apply the principles of mass pro

13、ductionand large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and he credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.Thomas Alva Edison (1847 1931II. The Early and Mid-Twentieth CenturyFrederick Winslow Taylor: developing the science of management based on his time-motion studi

14、es;Henry Ford: an American industrialist, and sponsor of the development of the assembly linetechnique of mass productionThe growth of the broadcast radio business in America;The developing household technologies: the refrigerator, home oil furnaces, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, electric dishw

15、ashers, etc.II. The Early and Mid-TwentietFrederick Winslow Taylor (1856 1915) Frederick Winslow Taylor was a mechanical engineerwho sought to improve industrial efficiency.He is regarded as the father of scientific management andone of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement. His theory

16、 known as Taylorism was highly influential in the Progressive Era.Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856Henry Ford (1863-1947) Henry Ford was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and sponsor of the development of the assembly linetechnique of mass production. He developed and manufactured the first automob

17、ile that many middle class Americans could afford. His Model T automobile (right) revolutionized transportation and American industry. Henry Ford (1863-1947) Henry FThe Growth of the Broadcast Radio BusinessAt first, radio was used only for the transmission of messages from one point to another. Onl

18、y amateurs experimented with the system of broadcasting widely to many potential listeners. David Sarnoff, an employee of Marconis company, had plans for profitable radio broadcasting in 1916. So, in 1920 the first commercial broadcasting station, KDKA, began broadcasting from Pittsburgh, PA to a sm

19、all group of listeners.After World War I, the growing broadcast radio business served many functions. It provided entertainment, news, information, and advertisements to feed a growing consumerism in America.The Growth of the Broadcast RaThe Growth of the Broadcast Radio BusinessDuring the economic

20、depression of the 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt held Fireside Chats in an effort to restore confidence in the economy and in the government. The Growth of the Broadcast RaThe Developing Household TechnologiesHousehold technologies include inventions such as the refrigerator, home oil furnac

21、es instead of coal burning ones, automatic laundry machines, vacuum cleaners, electric dishwashers. These inventions as well as the newer ones such as the microwave oven, the electric blender, the food processor, and so on, should have freed housewives from tedious work and made much more time avail

22、able to them. Careful study shows however that women today spend more time on household chores than in the past.The Developing Household TechnIII. The Late Twentieth Century and TodayTelevision and the Age of Visual Information; Militarily useful inventions;US Space Race with the U.S.S.R;Nuclear dev

23、elopment;Computers;The Internet;Renewable energy technologiesIII. The Late Twentieth CentuTelevision and the Age of Visual InformationTelevision developed fast After WWII. The pioneers of television believed that the primary use of this new device would be educational. But experience showed that spo

24、rts activities, quiz shows, and theatrical shows were more popular. At the end of the century, it was apparent that American schoolchildren were spending less time studying, and less time playing sports, and more time sitting passively in front of a TV set. Adults too were addicted to TV. With the w

25、ide spread of TV, the Age of Visual Information had arrived.Television and the Age of VisuMilitarily Useful InventionsAs World War II approached, the U.S. military began to sponsor research into militarily useful inventions leading to significant technical developments useful for military purposes.

26、Yet in peacetime many of these military developments found a use in the wider society: radar for traffic control, microwave cooking (using the radar microwave generator for heating), nuclear energy, peaceful uses of computers.Militarily Useful InventionsAsUS Space Race with the U.S.S.ROn 4 October 1

27、957, the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik 1 into space, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth, making the USSR the first space power. Four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, the United States successfully launched its first satellite, Explorer 1, becoming the second space po

28、wer and entering the Space Race with the USSR. The Space Race became an important part of the cultural, technological, and ideological rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. US Space Race with the U.S.S.RUS Space Race with the U.S.S.R In 1961, the then President

29、John F. Kennedy announced that America would land a man on the moon by the end of the decade. His goal was fulfilled by the Apollo 11 mission when the mission commander Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the lunar surface on 20 July 1969.US Space Race with the U.S.S.RNuclear Develo

30、pmentBy August 1945, the Allied Manhattan Project had successfully detonated an atomic device and subsequently produced atomic weapons based on two alternate designs. In August 1945, during the final stage of the Second World War, the United Statesdropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiros

31、hima and Nagasaki.Nuclear DevelopmentBy August 1Nuclear DevelopmentAfter WWII, nuclear reactors were developed to generate electricity. Nuclear developments in the USA suffered a major setback after the 1979 Three Mile Island accident. Nevertheless, by 1990 over 100 commercial power reactors had bee

32、n commissioned. Now there are more than 110 nuclear power reactors in 31 states, generating almost 20% of total electricity produced in this country in 2008. The USA is the worlds largest producer of nuclear power, accounting for more than 30% of worldwide nuclear generation of electricity. Nuclear

33、DevelopmentAfter WWII,Computer ScienceElectronic computers originally were developed to assist artillery to predict the path of fired shells, and also to break enemy cryptographic messages. These machines were enormous in size, using miles of wires and thousands of vacuum tubes. They consumed great

34、quantities of electricity. Peacetime applications seemed limited. (right: early computers)Computer ScienceElectronic comComputer ScienceIt was up to two young visionary tinkerers, in the American tradition of amateur inventors, to devise a smaller, personal computer (PC). Young Steve Jobs, working i

35、n his garage with his friend Steve Wozniak, was finally able to package a small desktop computer that could process symbols. Another young man, Bill Gates devised a set of instructions, a Disc Operating System, or DOS.Computer ScienceIt was up to tComputer ScienceSteve Jobs (1955-2011)was an America

36、n entrepreneur, marketer,and inventorwho was the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc.Through Apple, he is widely recognized as a charismatic and design-driven pioneer of the personal computer revolutionand for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronicsfields, transforming

37、 “one industry after another, from computers and smart phones to music and movies.” Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad. The success of these products propelled Apple to become the worlds most valuable publicly traded company in 2011. Computer ScienceSteve Jobs (

38、1英語(yǔ)國(guó)家社會(huì)與文化入門下冊(cè)課件BII-U13Computer ScienceBill Gates (1955- ) is an American business magnate, philanthropist, inventor, computer programmer, and inventor.Gates is the former chief executive and chairman of Microsoft, the worlds largest personal-computer softwarecompany, which he co-founded with Paul A

39、llen. He is consistently ranked in the Forbes list of the worlds wealthiest peopleand was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009excluding 2008, According to the BloombergBillionaires List, Gates became the worlds richest person again in May 2013. In the later stages of his career, Gates has pursue

40、d a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000.Computer ScienceBill Gates (1Bill GatesBill GatesThe InternetThe potentials of computerized technologies can never be exaggerated. Perhaps the most powerful one is the Internet. It emerged in the Unites States in 1968 during the period of the Cold War, the original idea being to connect computers housed at military strategic locations throughout the US for the purp