課程1.作業(yè)第五周

1、請計時三小時內完成：IN 1868 the worlds first traffic light was installed outside the Houses of Parliament. The gaslit signal controlled the flow of London carriagesat least for a few weeks. For, soon enough, the gas ignited. The resulting explosion knocked the helmet off a policemans head, and left him badly

2、burned.Efforts to ease congestion no longer literally blow up in your face, but recent schemes have run into trouble, too. In 2003 Ken Livingstone, then Londons mayor, introduced a congestion-charging zone (CCZ). Motorists pay up to 11.50 a day ($15.20) to drive into the centre of the city. Since 20

3、00 the number of cars entering central London has fallen by nearly a quarter. But congestion is rising again, a result of vans and taxis clocking up more miles within the zone, as well as new lanes for buses and Lycra-clad commuters that have reduced the road space for cars. More minutes are lost to

4、 delays than before the CCZ. The average vehicle speed has fallen from 19.9 miles (32.0km) per hour in 2013 to 17.7mph (28.5kph) in 2016.In response, London, like other heaving parts of the world, is looking at a more radical approach to reduce congestion. In January the London Assembly, the elected

5、 body that oversees the mayor, published a report calling for the city to develop a system of road-pricing that varies by when, how much and where drivers use the roads. Singapore, which already has the worlds most comprehensive road-pricing system, is introducing a new one in 2020 that uses cars gl

6、obal positioning systems (GPS) to charge motorists more precisely. Other schemes are being tried out in American states such as California and Oregon.All of which pleases economists. Using prices to ration a scarce resource, such as space on busy roads at busy times, makes sense. Those who consume a

7、 good should pay for it. Road-pricing is also more efficient than the typical ways drivers are charged for imposing costs on others: taxes on fuel and on car ownership. (334 words)如何能勸說世人實行彼此相愛？墨子認為，實行兼愛是濟世利人的唯一道路，人唯有實行兼愛才是一個仁人。但是，人們還會問：“為什么我作為個人，要為世界的利益獻身呢？為什么我要追求做一個仁人呢？”墨家會說，世界的利益就包括了其中每一個人的利益，為世界謀利益就是為自己謀利益。墨子便說過：“夫愛人者，人必從而愛之；利人者，人必從而利之。惡人著，人必從而惡之；害人者，人必從而害之?！边@樣說來，愛人成了一種投資、一種為自己的社會保險，自己可以從中得益，或像美國人的口頭語所說：“賺了！”（“It pays.”）多數(shù)人往往目光短小，看不到長期投資的利益，但這種長期“投資”也可能并不帶來回報。為使人們實行兼愛，墨子還采用了一些宗教和政治的教誨。在墨子書中有天志篇、明鬼篇，其中講有神，神愛世人，神的心意就是要世人彼此相愛。神經常監(jiān)察世人的言行，特別是君主的言行。凡不遵行神意的人，就會受到神的降災懲罰；凡遵