西方文明史(英語)Lecture-4-Greece-Chapters-2-3課件

1、Lecture 4 GreeceEARLY GREECE (2500500B.C.E)Classical and Hellenistic Greece (500100B.C.E)Lecture 4 GreeceEARLY GREECE (EARLY GREECE2500500B.C.EEARLY GREECE2500500B.C.EThe terrain of GreeceMostly mountains with ranges extending into the sea as peninsulas or chains of islands with 13 regions. It also

2、includes of rocky conditions and mountainous terrain. However the surrounding bodies of water feed the surplus olives and grapes.Land use1.) Arable land: 19%2.) Permanent crops: 8%3.) Forests and woodland: 50%4.) Other: 23% The terrain of GreeceMostly mEarly Greece 2500-500B.C.EThe Bronze Age ( 2500

3、 1200B.C.E)The Dark Age (1200700B.C.E） Archaic Greece(700500B.C.E)Early Greece 2500-500B.C.EThThree civilizations in the late Bronze Agethe Cycladic ( 基克拉底文明) (3000 2000 B.C.E)the Minoan (米諾斯文明） (25001400B.C.E) the Mycenaean(邁錫尼文明) (16001200B.C.E)Three civilizations in the latthe Cycladic CultureCyc

4、ladic civilization was an Early Bronze Age culture of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea, spanning the period from approximately 3000 BC-2000 BC,which was also best known for its schematic flat female idols Cycladic idol, parian marble; 1.5 m high largest known example of cycladic sculpture. 28002300 BC

5、Ethe Cycladic CultureCycladic cSome terms to describe the Minoanstratified demilitarization unique religon equality catastrophe destructionSome terms to describe the MinA Minoan fresco showing a fleet and settlements.A Minoan fresco showing a fleeMycenaeAlthough the citadel was built by Greeks, the

6、name Mukanai is thought not to be Greek but rather one of the many pre-Greek place names inherited by the immigrant Greeks.In the second millennium BC, Mycenae was one of the major centres of Greek civilization, a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece. The period of Greek histo

7、ry from about 1600 BC to about 1200 BC is called Mycenaean in reference to MycenaeMeanwhile,palace administrators adopted Linear A,transforming to their own languageLinear BMycenaeAlthough the citadel waLinear ALinear A is one of two currently undeciphered writing systems used in ancient Greece (Cre

8、tan hieroglyphic is the other). Linear A was the primary script used in palace and religious writings of the Minoan civilization. It was discovered by archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans. It is the origin of the Linear B script, which was later used by the Mycenaean civilization.Linear ALinear A is one o

9、f twoLinear BLinear B is a syllabic script that was used for writing Mycenaean Greek, the earliest attested form of Greek. The script predates the Greek alphabet by several centuries. The oldest Mycenaean writing dates to about 1450 BC. It is descended from the older Linear A.Linear B consists of ar

10、ound 87 syllabic signs and over 100 ideographic signs. These ideograms or signifying signs symbolize objects or commodities. They have no phonetic value and are never used as word signs in writing a sentence.Linear BLinear B is a syllabicLinear BLinear BA tale of three citiesWealthy CorinthMartial S

11、partaDemocratic Athens A tale of three citiesWealthy Corinth privileged sitesocial tensions CypselusPerinader the tyrantoligarchyCorinth privileged siteSpartamilitarized managementMesseniaLycurgusgovernment systemthe growth of SpartanSpartamilitarized managementAthensSocial tensions (tyrant vs arist

12、ocracy vs citizens)Reforms of Draco and SolonTyranny (like Peisistratus and his son)DemocracyAthensSocial tensions (tyrant Acropolis of Athens, with the Roman-era Odeon of Herodes Atticus seen on bottom leftAcropolis of Athens, with the Classical and Hellenistic Greece 500100B.C.E Classical and Hell

13、enistic Delian LeagueThe Delian League, founded in 477 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, members numbering between 150 to 330 under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Gree

14、ce. Shortly after its inception, Athens began to use the Leagues navy for its own purposes. This behavior frequently led to conflict between Athens and the less powerful members of the League. By 431 BC, Athens heavy-handed control of the Delian League prompted the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War;

15、 the League was dissolved upon the wars conclusion in 404 BC under the direction of Lysander, the Spartan commander.Delian LeagueThe Delian League西方文明史(英語)Lecture-4-Greece-Chapters-2-3Periclea great orator and statesmana successful military commandera democrat whomade Athens democracy reached its ze

16、nithabolished the last property requirements for officeholdingprovided lucrative income to poorer citizensalso led to the Peloponnesion WarPericlea great orator and statSocrates KNOW THYSELFHe was a classical Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. He is an enigmatic

17、 figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Through his portrayal in Platos dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics.Meanwhile, Socrates also

18、made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology(認識論）,which have proven a strong foundation for much Western philosophy that has followed.The Death of Socrates, by Jacques-Louis David (1787)Socrates KNOW THYSELFHe wasPlato a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the

19、 Academy in Athens(the first institution of higher learning in the Western world) the innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy, which originate with him.the founder of Western political philosophy, with his Republic, and Laws among other dialogues.Plato a philosopher in Cl

20、assicAristotle A Greek philosopher and scientist born in Classical Greece.His writings cover many subjects including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Alexander the Greats teacherHis ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals and revered as The First Teacher Aristotle A Greek