初中英語語法講座(一)

1、初中英語語法講座（一）姓名_一、名詞關(guān)于名詞，我們必須掌握名詞的數(shù)，名詞的格。單數(shù)-可用a、an來修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，在元音發(fā)音開頭的單詞前用an，而不是a可數(shù)名詞名詞的根據(jù)數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞1.復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成方法：(1)一般在復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加s，如：dog-dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的名詞加es，如：watch-watches。(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加es，如：country-countries。請(qǐng)區(qū)別：如果是元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，則只須加s如：monkey-monkeys。(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西紅柿)加es 構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。(5)

2、以f、fe結(jié)尾的名詞，變f、fe為v再加es，如：knife-knives。2.單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的詞：sheep-sheep，fishfish, Chinese-Chinese，Japanese-Japanese3.特殊變化的單詞有：(1)tooth-teeth，foot- feet(2)man-men，woman-women，policeman-policemen, Frenchman-Frenchmen請(qǐng)區(qū)別：German(德國人)-Germans(3)childchildren4.常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(褲子) glasses(

3、眼鏡) ,這些名詞作主語時(shí)，同學(xué)們應(yīng)特別注意它們的謂語，用復(fù)數(shù)。如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours.5.有些名詞看似復(fù)數(shù)形式，實(shí)際上是單數(shù)。這一點(diǎn)是同學(xué)不易掌握的，應(yīng)特別加以記憶。如：news(消息)，maths(數(shù)學(xué))，physics(物理)No news is good news.6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等來修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。How many are there in your pencil-box? (knife)不可數(shù)名詞：1.常見的不可數(shù)名詞有：water，ri

4、ce，fish，meat，等。應(yīng)特別記medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.2.不可數(shù)名詞無復(fù)數(shù)，作主語時(shí)?？闯蓡螖?shù)。如：Some bread over there. (be)3.常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of ,some, any等來修飾不可數(shù)名詞。4.常用a piece of, a cup of等來表示不可數(shù)名詞的量。如要表達(dá)“兩片面包”這樣的意義，bread仍為不可數(shù)名詞，不加s，而piece則可加s。即：two pieces o

5、f bread請(qǐng)區(qū)別：可數(shù)名詞也可用量來表示，如：三箱蘋果three boxes of apples例： 1、These two pieces of bread are over there.(be)2、Could I have three ,please？A. piece of bread B. .piece of breads C. pieces of bread D .pieces of breads名詞的格名詞所有格的構(gòu)成方法，在名詞后加“ s”。如：Tom Toms譯為“的”，若遇上以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，則在s后加“ ”即可。如：Teachers Day , two weeks hol

6、iday，而不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格，仍按慣例加s 。如：Childrens Day關(guān)于名詞所有格，應(yīng)掌握以下幾點(diǎn)：1.可用名詞所有格表示地點(diǎn)。如：my aunts 我姑姑家。 go to the doctors 去醫(yī)生家。2.表示兩人共同擁有，在最后一個(gè)名詞后加s如：Lucy and Lilys 露西和莉莉的3.掌握詞組：a girl of five 一個(gè)五歲的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一個(gè)朋友eg ; The white shirt is and blue one isA、Kate ,my B .Kates ,mine C .Kate ,mine D .Kates,

7、my二、冠詞冠詞是詞匯中的基礎(chǔ)的，也是簡單的部分，所以同學(xué)們有必要掌握其基本用法，中考也會(huì)體現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。歸納起來，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該掌握以下幾點(diǎn)：1.冠詞指不定冠詞a, an和定冠詞the2.不定冠詞an常用于元音發(fā)音開頭的詞前，如：an hour, an English car. 請(qǐng)區(qū)別：a useful machine3.指上文提到過的人或物，用定冠詞the4.在世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前用定冠詞the.如：the sun ,the moon, the earth5.定冠詞the用于序數(shù)詞前，表示方位的名詞和形容詞最高級(jí)前。如：the first, the best ,in the south6.在復(fù)數(shù)

8、姓氏前加the，表示一家人，?？闯蓮?fù)數(shù)。如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.7.在介詞短語中常用定冠詞the，如：in the box ,behind the chair8.特別注意不能用定冠詞the的幾個(gè)方面：(1)在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不用冠詞。如：in summer, in August 請(qǐng)區(qū)別：in the spring of 1945. (這里表示特指，故加the)(2)一日三餐和球類運(yùn)動(dòng)名不用冠詞。 如：have breakfast ,play football(3)一些固定詞組中，如

9、：go to bed ,go to school ,by bus ,at night.9.在有些詞組中，有冠詞和無冠詞意思不同，請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別： in front of 在前面 in the hospital 在醫(yī)院里 in the front of 在范圍內(nèi)的前部 in hospital (生病)住院 Theres 800-metre-long road behind hospital. A. an, an B .a, a C .an, the D. a, the初中英語語法講座(二)姓名_三、數(shù)詞同學(xué)們首先應(yīng)會(huì)讀會(huì)寫所有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞，以及與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點(diǎn)表達(dá)法。對(duì)數(shù)詞的考查，中考常采用單選題

10、及聽力題，這些題型歸納起來，應(yīng)掌握以下幾點(diǎn)特別容易出錯(cuò)的地方。1.基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞。其規(guī)律為：1,2,3特殊記，加th 從4起 (first, second, third, fourth)8少t，9去e，千萬別忘記 (eighth ,ninth)逢5逢12，ve變f (fifth ,twelfth)20到90，y要變ie (twentieth ,ninetieth)若是幾十幾，前基后序別倒位 (ninety-first)2.hundred,thousand,million 在構(gòu)成具體的數(shù)字時(shí)用單數(shù)形式。 如：five hundred people.只有在表達(dá)籠統(tǒng)的多數(shù)時(shí)才加s，構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式。hu

11、ndreds of 數(shù)以百計(jì)的，成百上千的thousands of 數(shù)以千計(jì)的，成千上萬的millions of 數(shù)百萬的這些詞組前不能用具體數(shù)字。3.序數(shù)詞常與定冠詞the 連用。eg: Henry has learned eight French words this year.A. hundred B. hundreds C .hundred of D .hundreds ofThe lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)另外，同學(xué)們還應(yīng)掌握與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點(diǎn)表達(dá)法。順讀法(鐘點(diǎn)分鐘) 如：4:30 four thirt

12、y 4:45 four forty-five4:15 four fifteen倒讀法(分鐘topast鐘點(diǎn)) 如：4:30 half past four4:15 fifteen past foura quarter past four4:45 fifteen to fivea quarter to five練習(xí)題1.At the beginning of the_(twenty) century, the worlds population was about 1700 million.2.Are these_(watch)yours? Yes.3.You dont look well. Yo

13、ud better go to the_(doctor) at once.4.Would you give me _, please?A. two papers B .two piece of paper C. two pieces of paper D .two pieces of papers5.There are three _and seven _in the picture.A. monkeys , sheeps B. monkeys, sheep C. monkies, sheep D. monkies, sheeps6.A lot of_ are talking with two

14、_.A. Germans, Frenchmans B. Germen, Frenchmans C. German, Frenchmen D. Germans, Frenchmen7.June 1 is _.A. the Childrens Day B. the C hildrens Day C .Childrens Day D. Childrens Day思考題1._people went out to see what had happened.A. Thousands of B. Three thousand of C. Thousand of D. Three thousands2.We

15、 have been in the school for_.A. three and a half month B .three and a half monthsC. three month and a half D .three months and half3._English is_ useful language.A.A, an B./, a C. The, an D. A, /初中英語語法講座（三）姓名_四、代詞(一)人稱代詞主格Iyouheshe it we youthey賓格me youhimherit us youthem物主代詞形容詞性my yourhis her its

16、our your their名詞性mineyourshis hersits oursyours theirs反身代詞myselfyourself himself herselfitself ourselves yourselves themselves1.形容詞性物主代詞在句中只能作定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，名詞性物主代詞在句中可作表語、主語和賓語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞。2.注意名詞性物主代詞在句中所指代的關(guān)系,是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。如：These books arent ours. Ours are new. (這里ours=our books) This is not our room. Ours is

17、 over there. (這里ours=our room)3.of+名詞性物主代詞表示所屬如：a sister of his 他的一個(gè)妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一個(gè)朋友4.人稱代詞在并列使用時(shí)的順序?yàn)椋骸暗诙朔Q，第三人稱，第一人稱”。如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.5.關(guān)于反身代詞，同學(xué)們須掌握其固定結(jié)構(gòu)：enjoy oneself=have a good time (過得很愉快) by oneself=alone (單獨(dú)、獨(dú)自)help oneself to (隨便吃/喝 些.)learn sth. by oneself =te

18、ach oneself sth. (自學(xué))練習(xí)題1.-Whose trousers are these? -_, I think.A. They B. Their C. Theirs D. Them2. Nobody taught_ English. He taught_.A. him, himself B. his, himself C .him, by himself D. his, his（二）修飾可數(shù)詞manyfew 表否定意義a few 表肯定意義修飾不數(shù)名詞muchlittle 表否定意義a little 表肯定意義few 和 little 與 quite 或 only 連用時(shí)，常

19、加不定冠詞 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.用little, a little, few, a few填空:1.I often stay at home because I have _ friends here.2.Jim,dont go and get some water. There is _ water in the glass.3.Though he learned French only _ weeks. He can speak very well.4.Lily had _ bread because she

20、 was hungry yesterday.（三）不定代詞: something, anything, nothing.當(dāng)形容詞修飾這三個(gè)不定代詞時(shí)，常后置。 如：something newTheres _ in todays newspaper. 中考題A. important anything B. important somethingC. anything important D. something important(四)另外，代詞some, every, all, both, either, another1.some（一些，某） 一般用于肯定句中 注：some有時(shí)也可用于表示請(qǐng)

21、求的疑問句中。any（任何） 多用于疑問句和否定句 Will you give me some water? Would you like some meat? May I ask some questions? Could I have some apples?2.every單數(shù)名詞 “每一個(gè)” 強(qiáng)調(diào)共性，作定語,形式上為單數(shù)。 each “每一個(gè)” 強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性，作定語、主語、賓語和同位語，常與of連用。如：Each student was asked to try again.Each of them has a nice skirt. Every child likes playing g

22、ames.3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位語時(shí)，一般放在連系、助動(dòng)詞之后，行為動(dòng)詞之前。 none “沒有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介詞of如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（單、復(fù)數(shù)均可）4.both “（兩者）都” 作主語時(shí)，看作復(fù)數(shù)；作定語時(shí)，后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)。either “兩者中任何一個(gè)” , 作主語時(shí)，謂語用第三人稱單數(shù);作定語時(shí)，后跟名詞單數(shù)。neither “(兩者)都不”,含有否定意義，用法同either。如：T

23、hey both swim well. Both of them swim well.There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street.Neither of us is going to Beijing next week Neither answer is right.5. another +單數(shù)名詞, “另一個(gè)” one the other “一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞= the others “其他的人或物” （指確定范圍內(nèi)剩下的全部）o

24、thers “別人”(五)疑問代詞 5個(gè)“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which這里，which是同學(xué)們不易掌握的內(nèi)容，其實(shí)，同學(xué)們只須記住，對(duì)作定語的內(nèi)容提問，常用which.Im going to take the skirt on the right. (97中考題)_ _ are you going to take?初中英語語法講座（四）姓名_五、形容詞 副詞大多數(shù)的形容詞、副詞都有三個(gè)等級(jí)：原級(jí)：比較級(jí)： 比較.，更.一些最高級(jí)： 最.（A）1.構(gòu)成：(規(guī)則情況)情 況變 化 方 法例 詞單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞:一般情況加er, estclever-c

25、leverer-cleverest以字母e結(jié)尾加r, stnice-nicer-nicest重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí)雙寫加er, est big-bigger-biggest以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾 變y為i加er, estearly-earlier-earliest部分雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞在詞前加more, mostslowly-more slowly-most slowly2.不規(guī)則變化，須熟記：good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthestbad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-les

26、s-least(B)常見的使用情況1.as as 和.一樣（中間用原級(jí)）2.not as(so) as 和.不一樣（中間用原級(jí)）3 than . .比.（用比較級(jí)）4.有范圍修飾的用最高級(jí) 如:in, of, among或用從句修飾的eg. Winter is the coldest season of the year.This is the best film that I have ever seen .5.比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí) 意為“越來越.”eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful6. The+比較級(jí)，the+比較級(jí) 越.就越.eg

27、:The more, the better. 越多越好(C)注意點(diǎn)：1.形容詞最高級(jí)前一定要用the,副詞最高級(jí)前可省略。2.可用much, a little, even, still等修飾比較級(jí)。3.在比較級(jí)中為了避免重復(fù)，在than后常用one, that, those等詞來替代前面提到過的名詞。eg: The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.(D)掌握三種同義句轉(zhuǎn)換：1.He is taller than any other student in his class.=He is the tallest (student)in h

28、is class.2.This film is less interesting than that one.=This film isnt as interesting as that one.=That film is more interesting than this one.3.I prefer maths to English.=I like maths better than English.96中考題：Which do you like _, fish, meat _ eggs?A .best, or B .better, or C .best, and D. better,

29、and此外，關(guān)于形容詞、副詞的內(nèi)容同學(xué)們還須掌握：1.形容詞修飾名詞作定語，跟在連系動(dòng)詞之后作表語。2.副詞修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其它副詞enough屬例外詞：形/副+enough to do enough+名詞 eg; she is old enough to go to school. 她夠上學(xué)的年齡了。3.區(qū)別幾組易混淆的副詞:也too用于肯定、疑問句also 較為正式書面語either 用于否定句已經(jīng)already 常用于肯定句、疑問句yet 常用于否定句、疑問句不再no (not any) longer 從時(shí)間上講no (not any) more 從動(dòng)作上講如此這樣such 修飾名詞

30、eg: such a big boxso 修飾形容詞、副詞 eg: so big單獨(dú)、獨(dú)自alone 作表語 =by oneself孤獨(dú)的lonely 可作表語、定語eg: A group of girls are singing and dancing _ over there. (happy)練習(xí)題1.The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing the hill.A. Others B. Other C. Another D. The other2

31、.There isnt _ in todays newspaper.A. important something B. important anythingC. anything important D. nothing important3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sisters? -No ,Mum. Its not _. Its _.A. hers, my B. her, my C. Mine, hers D. hers, mine思考題1.The Changjiang River is the third _ river in the

32、 world.A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest2. An elephant is _ than a horse.A. more strong B. much stronger C. the most strong D. much more strong3. Which do you like _, tea, orange or water?A. good B .Well C. Better D. Best初中英語語法講座（五）姓名_六、介詞1與形容詞搭配的詞組有：be afraid of （怕）be angry with （生某人的氣）be

33、 away from （不在某地）be different from （與不同）be good at （善于）be good/ bad for (對(duì)有益/有害)be interested in （對(duì)感興趣）be late for （遲到）be/get ready for （為作好準(zhǔn)備）be sure of (對(duì)有把握)be worried about （為感到擔(dān)憂）2介詞后常用人稱代詞賓格和動(dòng)詞-ing形式1)You must take good care of her.2)Thank you for teaching us so well.3幾組易混淆的介詞A“在.之后”in + 一段時(shí)間（

34、用于一般將來時(shí)）after + 一段時(shí)間（用于一般過去時(shí)）after + 一點(diǎn)時(shí)間（常用于一般將來時(shí)）如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.The baby will stop crying in half an hour.They will visit their teacher after Friday.Bfor +一段時(shí)間since +過去的一點(diǎn)時(shí)間這兩者均用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，具體在時(shí)態(tài)部分，我會(huì)繼續(xù)向同學(xué)們講解。Cbe made of 用制成be made in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人制成”Din,

35、 on, at表時(shí)間in “在某月(季節(jié)、年)等”eg: in 1996, in January, in summer固定詞組：in the morning, in a week, in a minute, in time, in the endon 用于指具體的某一天或?qū)Ｖ改骋惶焐衔?、下午或晚上等eg: on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16at “用于具體時(shí)刻前和某些固定詞組中”固定詞組：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at

36、once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time注意：在表時(shí)間里，下列情況下一般不用介詞。詞組里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介詞 。 如:不能說 in tomorrow ,只能說 tomorrow 在明天E.except +賓格/doing someth

37、ing 除之外” （不包括本身）Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)=Only Lin Tao isnt at school today.F“用” 通過交通工具 by plane用語言 in English通過媒介 on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV用工具手段 with a pen, with ones handsGbetween “在和（兩者）之間”between.and.,between the two.among 在.之間(三者或三者以上)eg. Sue sp

38、ent over two hours _ her homework yesterday evening.A. on B. with C. at D. over語法補(bǔ)充資料介詞I 要點(diǎn)1、介詞和種類（1） 簡單介詞，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。（2） 復(fù)合介詞，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。2、介詞和其他詞類的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系（1） 和動(dòng)詞的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong

39、 to, break away from, care about等。（2） 和形容詞的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at（3） 和名詞的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.3、介詞短語可以有自己的修飾語，這種修飾語通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少數(shù)幾個(gè)副詞。如：He came right after dinner.He lives directly opposite the

40、school.4、 某些介詞的意義與用法舉例（1） at, on, in（表時(shí)間）表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at,如at four oclock, at midnight等；表示不確定的時(shí)間或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。指長于或短于一天的時(shí)段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 199

41、9等。（2） between, among（表位置）between僅用于二者之間，但說三者或三者以上中的每兩個(gè)之間的相互關(guān)系時(shí)，也用between, 如Im sitting between Tom and Alice.The village lies between three hills.among用于三者或三者以上之間。如：He is the best among the students.（3） beside, besidesbeside意為在旁邊，而besides意為除之外。如：He sat beside me.What do you want besides this?（4）in t

42、he tree, on the treein the tree 指動(dòng)物或人在樹上，而on the tree 指果實(shí)、樹葉長在樹上（5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this wayon the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道by the way 指順便問一句 in this way 用這樣的方法（6）in the corner, at the cornerin the corner 指在拐角內(nèi) at the corner 指在拐角外（7）in the morning, on the morningin the morning 是一

43、般說法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨（8）by bus, on the busby bus 是一般說法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車II 例題 例1 Do you know any other foreign language_ English?A except B but C beside D besides例2 He suddenly returned _ a rainy night.A on B at C in D during例3 Im looking forward _your letter.A to B in C at D on初中英語語法講座（六）姓名_

44、七、連詞1并列連詞bothand 既又謂語用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞neithernor 既不也不含否定意義，（就近原則）謂語動(dòng)詞由靠近它的那個(gè)主語來決定單復(fù)數(shù)。eitheror “或者 或者”“不是就是”and“和” 連接兩個(gè)并列成分,連接謂語時(shí),兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)一致。but “但是” 表轉(zhuǎn)折，不能與 though 同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句中。or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列舉常用 or，而不用 and。eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否)I dont have brothers or sisters.= I have no brothers and no sisters.2引導(dǎo)賓

45、語從句的連詞陳述句：that 可省略一般疑問句：if /whether “是否”特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞3引導(dǎo)原因狀從的有：because (不能與so同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句中)4引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞：A.when（當(dāng)時(shí)候），as soon as（一就），notuntil（直到才），after（在之后），引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，主句為一般將來時(shí)，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來代替一般將來時(shí)。eg: I wont leave until he comes back.B.since（自從以來）引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，主句為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。eg：We havent met each other since she l

46、eft here last year.C.while（當(dāng)時(shí)候，一邊一邊）它引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句常用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework.5引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞：if “如果”，引導(dǎo)條件狀從，主句用一般將來時(shí)，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。請(qǐng)區(qū)別于if“是否”相當(dāng)于 whether，引導(dǎo)賓語從句，時(shí)態(tài)根據(jù)語境確定eg:1)I dont know if it (rain) tomorrow.2)If it _ (rain) tomorrow, I _ (not climb) the hills.3)Joan and Mary hav

47、ent seen each other _they left school five years ago. A. as B. before C .after D. since語法補(bǔ)充資料連詞I 要點(diǎn)1、 連詞的種類（1） 并列連詞用來連接并列關(guān)系的詞、短語或分句，如and, for, or, bothand, eitheror, neithernor等。（2） 從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)從句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。除了從屬連詞（引導(dǎo)狀語從句）外，還有其它可以用來引導(dǎo)從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞（引導(dǎo)名詞性從句），關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副

48、詞（引導(dǎo)定語從句）。 2、 常用連詞舉例(1)and 和，并且 They drank and sang all night.(2) bothand 和， 既也Both my parents and I went there.(3) but 但是，而Im sad, but he is happy.(4) eitheror 或或， 要么要么Either youre wrong, or I am.(5) for因?yàn)镮 asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.(6) however 然而，可是Af first, he didnt want

49、to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.(7) neithernor 既不也不Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.(8) not onlybut(also) 不但而且He not only sings well, but also dances well.(9) or 或者，否則Hurry up, or youll be late.Are you a worker or a doctor?(10) so 因此，所以Its getting late, so I must go.(11)

50、although 雖然Although it was late, they went on working.(12) as soon as 一 就Ill tell him as soon as I see him.(13) because 因?yàn)镠e didnt go to school, because he was ill.（14）unless 除非，如果不I wont go unless it is fine tomorrow.（15）until 直到He didnt leave until eleven. (瞬間動(dòng)詞用于not until 結(jié)構(gòu)) He stayed there unti

51、l eleven.（16）while 當(dāng)時(shí)候，而 (表示對(duì)比)While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬間動(dòng)詞)My pen is red while his is blue. （17）for 因?yàn)镠e was ill, for he didnt come. (結(jié)論是推斷出來的)（18）since自從I have lived here since my uncle left.（19）hardly when 一 就I had hardly got to the station when the train left.（20）

52、as far as 就 來說As far as I know, that country is very small.You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)II 例題例1 John plays football _, if not better than, David.A as well B as well as C so well D so well as例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.A wh

53、en B where C which D while例3 Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise初中英語語法講座（七）姓名_八、動(dòng)詞可以分為四類：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（或稱行為動(dòng)詞）連系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞以及助動(dòng)詞。（一）實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 （行為動(dòng)詞）1.不及物動(dòng)詞:不能直接跟賓語,常須加了介詞后方能加賓語如:look at (for, after), get to (on), operate on, hear of, hear from, p

54、oint to (at), worry about, knock at, play with, think about等2.及物動(dòng)詞:后面必須跟賓語,意義才完整在及物動(dòng)詞+副詞 構(gòu)成動(dòng)副搭配時(shí),代詞放中間這一點(diǎn)同學(xué)們常易忘記,故應(yīng)特別加以記憶。如:turn on() turn on the radio() turn the radio on()turn on it() turn it on()常見的動(dòng)副搭配的詞組有：put on, pick up, look up, wake up, try on, write down, move away, take away等3.注意行為動(dòng)詞的幾種變化形

55、式原形 enjoy第三人稱單數(shù)enjoys過去式enjoyed過去分詞enjoyed現(xiàn)在分詞enjoying象過去式，過去分詞，同學(xué)們須熟記初中所學(xué)的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表?，F(xiàn)在分詞的變化方法，一般是直接在動(dòng)詞后加ing，有幾個(gè)特殊的可加以記憶：lie-lying, die-dying要雙寫的單詞有：一個(gè)m(swim-swimming)一個(gè)g(dig-digging)三個(gè)n(run-running, win-winning, begin-beginning)三個(gè)p(stop-stopping, shop-shopping ,drop-dropping)還有六個(gè)t(sit-sitting, hit-h

56、itting，get-getting, let-letting, put-putting, forget-forgetting)同學(xué)們特別應(yīng)注意forget, begin這種雙音節(jié)單詞。另外，eat, wait這兩個(gè)詞不是重讀閉音節(jié)，故不能雙寫加ing，這也是同學(xué)們易犯的錯(cuò)誤。4.請(qǐng)區(qū)別幾組易混淆的同義動(dòng)詞第一組look-see-watch-readlook看 look at the birdsee看見 see a filmwatch觀看、注視 watch TV， watch a football matchread讀 ，閱讀 read a book， read newspapers第二組sa

57、y-speak-talk-tellsay 說（不及物動(dòng)詞）say to sb. , (后跟引語) say it again (后常跟it)speak講，發(fā)言（不及物動(dòng)詞）speak at the meeting learn to speak speak Englishtalk 談話（不及物動(dòng)詞）talk about sth.(談?wù)撃呈? talk with sb.(和某人交談)tell 告訴，講（及物動(dòng)詞）tell sb. to do sth. / tell sb. not to do sth.tell sb. about sth. (后常跟某人) tell the time “報(bào)時(shí)”/ te

58、ll a story “講故事”用say, speak, talk,tell的適當(dāng)形式填空：1.Can you Japanese?2.The teacher us not to play in the street.3.Would you please it in English?4.What are you about?第三組 borrow-lendborrow借進(jìn)（短暫動(dòng)詞）borrow sth. (借某物) borrow sth. from sb. (向某人借某物）如May I borrow your bike? Mine is broken.lend借出（短暫動(dòng)詞）lend sb. s

59、th. = lend sth. to sb.(把某物借給某人)如:You mustnt lend it to others.keep借（一段時(shí)間），常與一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用，為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如: How long may I keep it?第四組 bring-takebring帶來（表示從遠(yuǎn)處拿到說話的地點(diǎn)來），常與here, me 搭配如：Please bring my hat to me tomorrow.take帶走（表示從說話地點(diǎn)拿到遠(yuǎn)處去），常與there, away搭配如：Take your raincoat with you. Its going to rain.第五組list

60、en-hearlisten聽 不及物，常與介詞to連用如:I listened carefully, but heard nothing.Hear聽到 及物 后直接跟賓語hear from sb收到某人的來信如:Jims mother havent heard from him for a long time.hear of聽說如:Have you heard of the news?第六組look for-find-find outlook for尋找 （強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作）find找到 發(fā)現(xiàn)（強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果）如:We looked for him everywhere but didnt find him