說明文和議論文寫作講座+說明文的思路與結(jié)構(gòu)+說明方法在寫作中的運用課件

1、說明文與議論文寫作講座(Exposition &Argumentation)說明文與議論文寫作講座(Exposition &Argum2Exposition 說明文一、什么是說明文？ 說明文是客觀闡釋，是對客觀事物的性質(zhì)、形態(tài)、特征、結(jié)構(gòu)、功能、成因、結(jié)果或發(fā)生發(fā)展過程的解釋說明，以便讓讀者對事物的本質(zhì)獲得完整而清晰、客觀準(zhǔn)確的認(rèn)識和了解。 說明文的目的是告知（to inform）。 2Exposition 說明文一、什么是說明文？3 Exposition 二、英語說明文的結(jié)構(gòu)： 引入段 + 主體段 + 結(jié)尾段3 Exposition 4Exposition引入段。主要是提示文章的主題，向讀者

2、說明文章的主要內(nèi)容、事物和對象。主體段。一般由一段或若干段組成，主要是對文章的主題、論點、主要說明的事物或事理等諸方面，從不同的側(cè)面、角度對說明對象進(jìn)行分項具體的闡述、解說。結(jié)尾段。主要是對說明對象進(jìn)行總的概括性說明，以達(dá)到歸納文章重點和深化主題的作用。4Exposition引入段。主要是提示文章的主題，向讀者說5Exposition三、說明文的寫作要求 說明文的重要特點是清晰。為達(dá)到這一目的， 需要做到以下幾點：1、限制說明的事物和范圍，因為不可能在一篇短文中解 釋太多的事物。2、準(zhǔn)備足夠多的，確切的例子，進(jìn)行闡述、例證。3、用正確、恰當(dāng)?shù)捻樞驍[出事實、觀點。4、注意用詞和句子的準(zhǔn)確性。最后

3、，盡可能使說明的內(nèi) 容生動，有趣。 5Exposition三、說明文的寫作要求6Exposition 四、說明文的采用的方法 舉例 分類 比較與對照 因果分析 過程敘述 6Exposition 7Exposition一）舉例說明文 舉例說明文使用例子闡明觀點，這是最常見，往往也是最有效的闡釋模式。不用例子確實難以寫好任何文章。好的例子有助于作者清楚地表達(dá)思想，從而避免泛泛而談。實例能使抽象的問題具體化，這樣不但能引起讀者的興趣，還可以增強文章的說服力。一篇好的舉例說明文應(yīng)該做到以下2點： 7Exposition一）舉例說明文8Exposition 1）精心地挑選一些具體、典型、有趣，與題目密切

4、相關(guān)的例子，例子可以是作者的親身經(jīng)歷，也可以來自可靠的第二手資； 2）妥貼地編排例子。類似的、相關(guān)的例子應(yīng)歸在一起，并按照逐步推向高潮的遞進(jìn)順序排列。 8Exposition9 例如： Elements and CompoundsAluminum (AL), water (H2O), oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are substances. Some substances are elements and some are compounds. Elements have only one type of atom whereas compoun

5、ds have more than one type.Aluminum is an element: it has only one type of atom (i.e. it has only aluminum atoms). Oxygen has only one type of atom, so it is also an element. Carbon dioxide has two types of atom (carbon and oxygen), so it is a compound. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is also a compound: it

6、has three types of atom (hydrogen, sulphur and oxygen), water is also a compound.9 例如： Elements and10Exposition (這篇短文通過舉例的方法，對鋁、氧、水、二氧化碳、硫酸等例子進(jìn)行分析,通過鋁元素、氧元素分別是由鋁原子和氧原子組成的，而水是由氫和氧、二氧化碳是由碳和氧、硫酸是由氫、硫、氧組成的這種現(xiàn)象，最終說明了“元素是由一種原子組成的，而混合物則是由一種以上的原子組成”這一主題。文章短小清楚，使讀者易于理解。)10Exposition 11Exposition二）分類說明文 分類說明文

7、是把復(fù)雜的說明對象,按一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，分成若干類,然后再分別說明或描述各事物的特點和差異。在撰寫分類說明文時應(yīng)注意： 1）被說明的對象必須是同屬不同類或同類不同種的事物，不同屬，不同類的事物不能用分類法說明； 2）分類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)必須統(tǒng)一，不可同時用兩種不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類，也不可以中途變更標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 11Exposition二）分類說明文12Exposition例 1 Musical InstrumentsThere are many different kinds of musical instruments. They are divided into three main classes accordin

8、g to the way that they are played. For example, some instruments are played by blowing air into them. These are called wind instruments（管樂）. In some of these the air is made to vibrate inside a wooden tube, and these are said to be the wood wind family. Examples of wood wind instruments are the flut

9、e, the clarinet（單簧管）and the bassoon（低音管）. Other instruments are made of brass, the trumpet and the horn, for example. There are also various other wind instruments such as the mouth-organ（口琴） and the bag pipes（風(fēng)笛）. 12Exposition例 1 13Exposition Some instruments are played by banging or striking them.

10、 One obvious example is the drum, of which there are various kinds. Instruments like this are called percussion instruments（打擊樂器）. The last big group of musical instruments is the ones which have strings. There are two main kinds of stringed instruments（弦樂）: those in which the music is made by pluck

11、ing（彈或撥） the strings, and those where the player draws a bow(琴弓）across the strings. Examples of the former are the harp and the guitar. Examples of the latter are the violin and the cello (大提琴）. 13Exposition Some instrumen14(這是一篇分類說明文。在對說明對象進(jìn)行分類時總要有一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，就是說我們是根據(jù)什么來分類的，比如在這篇例文中將樂器分類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是演奏方式，然后根據(jù)這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將

12、樂器分為均等的三類：管樂器、打擊樂器和弦樂器。如果任何一類還有次類，那么可以根據(jù)新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)繼續(xù)分類，比如以上例文中管樂器根據(jù)其制作材料還可以分為木管、銅管以及其它材質(zhì)的。)1415Exposition 例2： Plants and trees are provided by nature with four means of dispersing their seeds. The first is wind dispersal. The seeds of some plants are too light that the wind may transport them easily. Seco

13、ndly, seeds are dispersed by birds and animals. Some seeds adhere to the fur of animals, and are shed as the animals move about. Others are transported by birds. （to be continued)15Exposition 例2： Plants and tr16 The third method is self-dispersal. The plant itself twists and breaks the walls of the

14、fruit so that the seeds are thrown or shaken out, e.g. the pea, the bean, etc. Finally there is water dispersal. The seeds float on the water either because they are very light, or because they contain air. The coconut may be transported to land hundreds of miles across the ocean in this way.16 The

15、third method is s17Exposition （這篇文章短小，精練卻很能說明問題。文章的引言段一句話就點明了主題：“大自然給植物提供了四種傳播種子的方式。”后面的四段依次分別講述了：風(fēng)傳播、鳥傳播、自我傳播和水傳播。通過此文可以看出，運用分類的方式可使文章脈絡(luò)清晰層次分明，使讀者更加清楚地了解并記住文章所要說明的事物。）17Exposition （這篇文章短小，精練卻很能說明問題18Exposition三）比較和對比說明文比較對照是寫說明文的常用方式。在大多數(shù)情況下，比較與對照是不能分開的。一篇文章中既可以比較對照兩個或兩個以上的事物，闡明它們所存在的相同點，也可以用同樣的方法闡

16、明它們的不同點。寫這類文章時應(yīng)牢記以下原則：18Exposition三）比較和對比說明文191) 比較對照只能在同類的(通常是兩個)事物之間進(jìn)行；2) 比較對照說明文有兩種模式：同時比較： A1/B1, A2/B2, A3/B3 先后比較: A1,A2,A3/B1,B2,B33) 比較對照的事物各自占的篇幅應(yīng)大致相同，比較對照的項目也應(yīng)一致；4) 比較對照必須以有關(guān)的具體實例為依據(jù)；5) 比較對照說明文通過指出兩者的異同來闡明具體問題。191) 比較對照只能在同類的(通常是兩個)事物之間進(jìn)行；20Exposition The Elderly Although old people in the

17、 United States and in Japan are treated the same in some way, in other ways they are treated differently. In both countries the elderly are shown respect. Young people will give them a seat on a bus or train or will open a door for them. In both countries older people may ride the bus or go to a sho

18、w for less money than the young have to pay.20Exposition 21Exposition Nevertheless, in Japan the elderly have the highest respect. Grandparents live with their families all their lives. They help to raise the grandchildren. If any one need advice, the first person to be asked is the grandfather, bec

19、ause he is the wisest. In the United States, the grandparents live with other old people in “Senior citizen” places. They see their grandchildren only on holidays or special times. I think it is better for families to live together in companionship.21Exposition Neverthele22Exposition四）因果分析說明文 所謂因果關(guān)系

20、說明文包含有兩個方面，一個是看到一種現(xiàn)象推斷某成因，一個是根據(jù)某一現(xiàn)象的特點推測它可能的發(fā)展或者是它在某種條件變化下的可能結(jié)果。 分析原因和結(jié)果是個復(fù)雜的過程。寫因果說明文時，切記以下幾點：22Exposition四）因果分析說明文23Exposition1）分析原因時切不可過于簡單化；2）尤其要注意不要犯邏輯錯誤；3）要區(qū)分直接原因與間接原因,直接后果與間接后果以及主要原因與次要原因,主要結(jié)果與次要結(jié)果；4）不要遺漏一系列原因和結(jié)果中的任何一個環(huán)節(jié)；5）語言要客觀,分析要有根據(jù),事實要確鑿。23Exposition24Exposition例如：Deserts are spreading ve

21、ry rapidly mainly for two reasons.First, in some regions there are too many cattle, goats and sheep. These animals eat the plant which would keep the top soil from washing or blowing away. Next, in areas where people depend on wood for heating and cooking, trees are cut down. If these areas are over

22、populated, every piece of burnable wood may disappear. Consequently, the deserts move in.24Exposition例如：Deserts are spr25Exposition (這篇短文先指出結(jié)果Deserts are spreading very rapidly，后分析原因，如牛羊過多導(dǎo)致綠草減少。人為亂砍濫伐，森林遭到破壞。原因分析真實可信，重點突出，給人留下深刻印象。)25Exposition (這篇短文先指出結(jié)果Deserts26Exposition五）過程分析說明文這一類型的說明文主要是分析具體的

23、操作步驟，采用的順序通常都是時間順序，一些表示時間推移的詞和短語是常用的，如：first, second, third, then, soon, now, next, at last, consequently, while, in ten minutes 等等。例如：26Exposition五）過程分析說明文27Exposition How to Build a Camp Fire There are several steps to build a camp fire. First, collect a good supply of wood, small branches and lar

24、ger logs. Second, twist newspaper into small knots. Third, make a pile on the ground of several paper knots. Fourth, cover this pile with a few small branches. Lay the larger pieces of wood on the camp fire from different directions. Fifth, place logs and larger pieces of wood over the branches. Fin

25、ally strike a match and ignite the paper at the bottom of the camp fire, lighting it in several paces, you will be rewarded with a roaring blaze.27Exposition 28Exposition五、如何寫說明文的引言段 寫說明文通常要有一個概述用來提出主題。這個概述就是引言段的內(nèi)容。其寫法是： ）概述某一現(xiàn)象或事物、事理的基本特征 + 主題）概要介紹事物、事理的總貌或局部特征以引起讀者求知的興趣和積極性 + 主題）提供正確獲取知識所必需的背景材料 +

26、 主題）指出使對方認(rèn)識事物，了解有關(guān)信息的目的、要求或依據(jù)等 + 主題28Exposition五、如何寫說明文的引言段29ExpositionExample1: How to Eliminate Stress (如何消除緊張） As the pace of living continues to increase, more and more people are in the habit of rushing through life, especially in big cities. We know too much stress in not good to our health. S

27、ometimes it can lead to poor performance and illness. Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following may be most effective.29Exposition30ExpositionExample 2 Why Do Many Tourists Like Visiting Museums? Many people visit museums when they travel in an unfamiliar place. Eve

28、n if they do not have enough time, they would rather visit a museum than any other scenic sports. There are many reasons for this phenomenon, but in general, they come down to three major ones. 30ExpositionExample 2 31ExpositionExample 3 Now, when a person is hunting for a job, there will always be

29、a job interview, and the job interview has a lot of advantages. The interviewer and interviewee can know about each other through it. 31ExpositionExample 332ExpositionExample 4 If there is an essay which tells the customer how to complain to the boss of a store when he bought a faulty item in the st

30、ore, the beginning can be written as follows: 32ExpositionExample 4 33ExpositionWhen a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturers claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保單) or any other records which might help a

31、t the store of purchase. In some cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction. 緊接著,作者按先后順序介紹了簡單的、比較有效的、有效的和最有效的措施。說明的內(nèi)容層層深入。因為有開頭段總述，所以文章的過渡顯得非常自然。33ExpositionWhen a consumer 34Exposition六、如何寫主體段 在這個階段，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)用足夠的細(xì)節(jié)、

32、實例、事實來支撐文章的主題。采用的方法有：列舉法、例證法、因果法、比較對照法、分類法、程序法等。寫作的順序有： ）以時間為順序，用于重點寫事物變化過程的文章。 ）按空間順序，用于介紹自然景物、名勝古跡的文章。 ）按主次輕重的順序，用于重點解說事物效能、用途或全面介紹事物特點的文章。 ）按事理邏輯次序以及必須反映事物自身邏輯順序的文章。34Exposition六、如何寫主體段 35 How to Eliminate Stress (The body para.) First of all, we must know ourselves well to lower our goal. The hi

33、gh goal is the main cause of stress. So we cannot set out our goal too high. Besides, we can slow down the pace of living to adjust our life and enjoy our leisure time, such as having some physical exercises, taking a walk and listening to music. All in all, relaxation is essential for a healthy min

34、d and body. Finally, keeping in touch with your friends is also a good way, because when we are in the stress, well feel upset. Thus, we should find friends to talk with. Then we will feel better. 35 How to Eliminat36 Why Do Tourists Like Visiting Museums? For one thing, these people are very intere

35、sted in history. They can learn lots of things that happened in ancient time. Moreover, they can see with their own eyes many products made thousands of years ago. Perhaps the prime reason is that a museum is full of all kinds of culture knowledge and people can learn many things and will feel proud

36、 of mans civilization. (按主次輕重的順序)36 Why Do Tourists Like Visiti37七、如何寫結(jié)尾段結(jié)尾段主要是對說明對象進(jìn)行總的概括性說明，以達(dá)到歸納文章重點和深化主題的作用。其具體內(nèi)容可分為以下幾項：）解釋說明事物按邏輯順序達(dá)到的終結(jié)點。）強調(diào)掌握有關(guān)知識或信息的重要性。）介紹當(dāng)前對該對象的總體認(rèn)識水平，展望研究前景。）說明或重申使對方掌握該知識或信息的目的、要求或依據(jù)。）總括或重申對象的全貌或基本特征等。37七、如何寫結(jié)尾段38 How to Eliminate Stress (concluding para.) These are not

37、the best and the only three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take strong actions to prevent ourselves from having too much stress. (說明或重申使對方掌握該知識或信息的目的。)38 How to Eliminate Stress (39 Why Do Tourists Like Visiting Museums? (concluding para.) From the forgoing (綜上所述）, many

38、people like visiting museums. This is a very popular phenomenon nowadays. I also belong to this group. If you dont, please join us. (總括或重申對象的全貌或基本特征)More examples:39 Why Do Tourists Like Visiti40Exposition e.g. 1Female Roles in Todays China The role of women in todays china has changed a lot. Women

39、are regarded as “half of the sky”-that is, they are as equally important as men.（概述） When more and more women begin to work, thousands of them have obtained great achievements in different fields as farmers, workers, scientists, and leaders. Therefore, their social position has greatly improved.40Ex

40、position e.g. 1Female Ro41ExpositionWomen have become more and more equal to men. Besides the same opportunity of employment, for example, they also have the right to vote, the right to get equal pay for equal work. Even in a family, husband and wife are more and more equal when it comes to housewor

41、k. （舉例） With the improvement of their roles, women will lead a happier and happier life. （強調(diào)婦女社會地位的改善及展望婦女的美好未來）41ExpositionWomen have becom42ExpositionE.g. 2 Benefits of Early Rising We can get many benefits from early rising.（指出使對方認(rèn)識事物，了解有關(guān)信息的目的） First of all, it can be helpful to our health. The

42、air in the early morning is quite fresh. If we get up early and go to do some exercises, we can breathe fresh air, which cleans our mind and strengthens our lungs and hearts. Then it gives us a good beginning of a day.42ExpositionE.g. 2 Benefits 43Exposition Second, early rising can supply us enough

43、 time to prepare for study or work. Many students or workers go to their classroom or offices without breakfast for fear of being late. If we get up early, we will not do things in a hurry but get everything ready for a new days study or work.（舉例） For some other people, there might be more benefits,

44、 but the above mentioned two benefits are the most common ones. （用不同的詞語表達(dá)既避免了文章的冗余又強調(diào)了早起的好處）43Exposition Second, 44Exposition E.g. 3 Benefits of a Good Breakfast Nowadays more and more people have realized the importance of a good breakfast. No matter how busy they are, they dont want to skip it. Th

45、ey begin to pay great attention to its variety as well as the quality. (概述) 44Exposition E.g. 3 B45Exposition A good breakfast can help us to develop a good habit of going to bed early and getting up early. Most of the people skipping breakfast are those who tend to oversleep. They dont have time to

46、 get breakfast. In order to prepare for breakfast, we have to get up early, and then it is also possible for us to go out to take some exercise.45Exposition A good brea46Exposition A good breakfast is also good to our study or work. Without breakfast, hunger will certainly divert our concentration,

47、Dieters can benefit from a good breakfast, too. With breakfast, they can avoid eating too much at noon and thus avoid gathering too much fat at one time. (舉例) With so many benefits, we should remember to take breakfast everyday. (說明或重申使對方掌握該知識)46Exposition A good brea47ExpositionExposition Exercises

48、： 1. How to improve the ability of self-learning a)知識在不斷更新， 要跟上時代的步伐，就要培養(yǎng)自學(xué)能力。 b) 培養(yǎng)自學(xué)能力的方法。 2. How to learn English a) 英語正成為世界性語言。 b) 舉例說明學(xué)習(xí)英語的方法。47ExpositionExposition Exercis48ExpositionSample 1. How to Improve the Ability of Self-Learning With the development of society, knowledge is continually

49、 being updated. As we know, you cannot always acquire knowledge from teachers. If you want to keep pace with the latest development of society, you need to I,prove your ability of self-learning. Many ways can contribute to improving this ability, but the following ways may be most effective.48Exposi

50、tionSample 1. 49Exposition First of all, when you find a new theory in a book, you should think it over carefully and ask yourself whether it is true or not. If you disagree with it, you had better compare this theory with yours or someone elses closely. Besides, with the aid of reference books or d

51、ictionaries, you can have a deeper knowledge of a certain theory from diferent sources. Last but not least, you should select the proper books which are closely relevant to your study, work or interests so as to enhance yourself directly and rapidly.49Exposition First of all50Exposition These are no

52、t the best and the only three measures to improve the ability of self-learning. But it should be noted that we should prize this learning ability so that we can become useful people in rapidly develioping society.50Exposition These are n51ExpositionSample 2. How to Learn English English is becoming

53、a world language, but how to lear it is a problem to most Chinese. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.51ExpositionSample 2.52Exposition For example, we ought to know something about the country where the foreigners come from. In this way, w

54、e can know about the customs of their country. It is beneficial for us to choose the topic when we talk with the foreigners. Second, we should enlarge our vocabulary of English, for we cannot make a dialogue without words. Finally, in my view, we had better always talk with English native speakers t

55、o improve our oral English.52Exposition For example,53Exposition These are not the best and the only three ways we can take. But it should be noted that if we have a good command of English, we will have more chance in every field.53Exposition These are no54Argumentation 議論文 1) Definition of argumen

56、tation An argumentative is an essay which tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior.The purpose of argumentation is to convince.54Argumentation 議論文 55Argumentation2) Comparison between exposition and argumentation:(1) Exposit

57、ion: Benefits of a Good Breakfast Nowadays more and more people have realized the importance of a good breakfast. No matter how busy they are, they dont want to skip it. They begin to pay great attention to its variety as well as the quality. 55Argumentation2) Comparison b56Argumentation A good brea

58、kfast can help us to develop a good habit of going to bed early and getting up early. Most of the people skipping breakfast are those who tend to oversleep. They dont have time to get breakfast. In order to prepare for breakfast, we have to get up early, and then it is also possible for us to go out

59、 to take some exercise.56Argumentation A good57Argumentation A good breakfast is also good to our study or work. Without breakfast, hunger will certainly divert our concentration, Dieters can benefit from a good breakfast, too. With breakfast, they can avoid eating too much at noon and thus avoid ga

60、thering too much fat at one time. With so many benefits, we should remember to take breakfast everyday.57Argumentation A good58Argumentation(2) Argumentation Benefits of a Good Breakfast As for the importance of a good breakfast, different people have different views. Some people think that it is ne