膜分離基礎(chǔ)圖部分

1、11. Introduction1.1 Application examples(1) Oxygen-Nitrogen SeparationCompressed AirN2-enriched airO2-enriched airMembrane21. Introduction1.1 Application examples(2) Desalination of seawaterHigh pressure SeawaterPotable waterConcentrated seawaterMembrane3復(fù)合膜橫截面Cross section of composite membraneSkin

2、 layer(1m)表層Micro pore微孔Support layer (100m)支撐層4Classification of membrane/ by shapeHollow fiber中空纖維Tubular管式Sheet平板56umARELATIVESIZE OFCOMMONMATERIAL過濾對(duì)象MOLECULARWEIGHT分子量0.001100.011000.110001.01041010510010001061071002005,00020,000150,000500,000Aqueous salts中水鹽份Metal ions金屬離子Sugars蔗糖FILTRATIONTEC

3、HNO-LOGY過濾方法Pyrogens熱源Virus病毒Colloidal silica膠體硅Albumin protein白蛋白Bacteria細(xì)菌Carbon black碳黑Paint pigment顏料色素Yeast cells酵母Milled flour面粉Beach sand海灘沙礫Pollens花粉RO反滲透Ultrafiltration 超濾Microfiltration微濾Particle filtration一般過濾THE FILTRATION SPECTRUM 過濾譜圖NF 納濾7RO, NF, UF, MF8納濾軟化水流程法國巴黎Mery-Sur-Oise納濾飲用水處理

4、廠 9陶瓷膜過濾凈化器的基本結(jié)構(gòu)圖 病 房病毒空氣電爐絲溫度：100200陶瓷膜過濾管引風(fēng)機(jī)潔凈空氣10凈化后空氣陶瓷膜管（繞有加熱電阻絲）爐內(nèi)溫度：120-200度病毒被濾除在陶瓷膜內(nèi)壁或孔內(nèi)- 然后高溫殺除病毒空氣11高分子膜擴(kuò)散解吸溶解氣體分子高壓側(cè)高分壓P1端原料側(cè)氣體分子低壓側(cè)低分壓P2端滲透側(cè)3.2氣體膜分離原理溶解擴(kuò)散機(jī)理124. 滲透蒸發(fā)4.1 基本原理膜液相滲透相 (汽相)料液滲余物冷凝器真空系統(tǒng)冷凝物135. Liquid Membrane 5.1 Emulsion LM (w/o/w; o/w/o)Internal phaseLiquid membrane phaseEx

5、ternal phaseSurfactant146. 控制釋放157. 電滲析+-1612. 液流儲(chǔ)能電池充電放電充電放電正極：VO2+ H2O-e VO2+ +2H+ E0=1.00V負(fù)極：V3+e V2+ E0=-0.26V充電過程： 正極失電子，發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)；負(fù)極得電子，發(fā)生還原反應(yīng)放電過程： 正負(fù)電極表面活性物質(zhì)離子價(jià)態(tài)變化方向相反 研究最多的全釩液流電池1712. 液流儲(chǔ)能電池18Symmetric membraneAsymmetric membrane19Symmetry membraneAsymmetry membrane20The cross-sections of compo

6、site membranes21Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)Pore sizePore distributionLayer thickness Material composition22Membrane surfaceAFM23AFMSEMMembrane surfacePlate-and-Frame Modules24Tubular Modules25Spiral-Wound Modules2627進(jìn)水口耐壓容器連接器膜組件密封圈端蓋透過液濃縮液2829進(jìn)水濃水透過水多孔進(jìn)水管濃水出口淡水出口密封中空纖維膜外徑50200內(nèi)徑2542密封耐壓容器303

7、1CoolingEvaporative 動(dòng)力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)Kinetic data熱力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)Thermodynamic data一、結(jié)晶介穩(wěn)區(qū)結(jié)晶過程的操作區(qū)間（Operating Window）32Crystal size distribution (CSD)： Mean Size，MS； Coefficient of variation， CV平均粒徑 變異系數(shù)二、結(jié)晶中的關(guān)鍵問題Figure 6-8The principle diagram of electrodialysis濃溶液稀溶液電極沖洗液原料液陽極陰極CACA Concentrated water Room （濃室）Fresh wat

8、er room（淡室）33Anion Exchange MembraneCation Exchange MembraneFig. 6-21 comparison of RO and electro-osmotic process34慢氣邊界層（難滲透組分） 快氣邊界層(易滲透組分)原料側(cè)滲透側(cè)快慢組分濃度極化的示意圖推動(dòng)力Concentration polarization modelDriving forceFast componentSlow component4.4 Concentration Polarization36Single-stage and single-section c

9、ontinuous processRequires a high solute rejection ratio, high operating pressure. Otherwise, the recovery of water is very low. Rarely used in industry produciton.37Single-stage and single-section circulating processHigher water recovery ratio, lower quality of the penetrate water38Fig 4-16 (a) Doub

10、le-stage processMulti-stage process3940414.6 Basic flowsheet of RO process Fig. 4-11 Schematic diagram of RO desalinization process.42在穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下，被脫除（截留）組分濃度分布和易滲透組分的濃度分布情況。（a）截留組分的濃度分布（salt in desalination of water by reverse osmosis)（b）易滲透組分的濃度分布（water in dehydration of ethanol by pervaporation)增加湍流，減小邊界層厚度以減小濃差極化膜通量加大，濃差極化加大膜濃縮加大，濃差極化加大溶質(zhì)擴(kuò)散系數(shù)增大，濃差極化減少45O2 removal in semiconductor industry for the production of ultrapure water8.25 mg/L