申遺文本突出普遍價(jià)值

1、殷墟突出普遍價(jià)值簡要綜述殷墟位于中國中部國家級(jí)歷史文化名城安陽市西北洹河，始建于公元前 1300 年，包括宮殿宗廟遺址和王陵遺址兩部分，面積達(dá) 414 公頃，緩沖區(qū)面積 720 公頃,歷史上第一個(gè)有文獻(xiàn)可考、并為甲骨文和考古發(fā)掘所證實(shí)的中國商代晚期的古代都城遺址。公元前 1300 年前后第二十代商由奄遷都于殷（今安陽小屯一帶），在此建立了長期穩(wěn)定的都城，歷經(jīng)八代十二王，共計(jì) 255 年，創(chuàng)造了燦爛輝煌的殷商文明，具有極高的歷史、藝術(shù)和科學(xué)價(jià)值。殷墟是最早具備了文明要素的遺址，包括 80 多座夯土木質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)建筑基址，圍繞宗廟、祭壇的防御壕溝，也可起到防洪作用。在宮殿區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)的大量甲骨坑中帶有刻辭的甲

2、骨被認(rèn)為語言文字的最早。位于高地上的王陵區(qū)的祭祀坑中的馬車、人類遺骨是當(dāng)時(shí)祭祀的犧牲品。隨葬品包括裝飾精美的青銅禮器、玉器、骨器和陶器。殷墟現(xiàn)存最重要的早期都城遺址之一，其規(guī)劃布局都城以后的建設(shè)和發(fā)展具有重要的影響；殷墟王陵最早的大型王室墓地，墓葬王陵制度的；甲骨文已知最早的成熟文字，印證了中國商代歷史的性，使中國的信史上推了近千年；殷墟遺址是商代晚期社會(huì)形態(tài)的真實(shí)載體，反映出建筑、青銅鑄造、歷法等科學(xué)技術(shù)的高度發(fā)達(dá)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 殷墟是商代晚期的都城，它顯示了各種重要影響力的相互交流以及中國古代青銅文化發(fā)展的最高水平，包括文字體系。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)了獨(dú)特的殷墟的文化遺存為商代晚期的文化傳統(tǒng)提供，并且是諸如陽歷、

3、陰歷體系等許多科技成果和創(chuàng)造發(fā)明的。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)殷墟的宮殿、宗廟和陵墓最早建筑的杰出代表，它們具有重要的意義，樹立了早期中國宮殿建筑群和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)陵墓群的典范。殷墟的實(shí)物遺存為被視為具有杰出的全球性價(jià)值的中國文字和語言體系的早期歷史、古代信仰、社會(huì)體系以及完整性歷史事件提供了物質(zhì)。殷墟遺產(chǎn)區(qū)面積達(dá) 公頃，緩沖區(qū)面積 公頃，完整地保存了能夠體現(xiàn)殷墟突出普遍價(jià)值的保護(hù)區(qū)宮殿宗廟、王陵和緩沖區(qū)發(fā)掘的洹北商城等遺址。殷墟出土的甲骨文、青銅器、玉器、陶器、骨器等精美，通過遺址博物館向世人全面系統(tǒng)地展現(xiàn)出 年前中國商代都城風(fēng)貌和燦爛的殷商文明。經(jīng)過多年科學(xué)的考古發(fā)掘和保護(hù)工作，殷墟出土的遺址和得到了妥善的保護(hù)，避免了自

4、然和人為的和破壞，最大限度地保留了殷墟的歷史信息。遺產(chǎn)區(qū)和緩沖區(qū)內(nèi)的建設(shè)活動(dòng)得到了嚴(yán)格的控制和管理，殷墟遺址及其歷史環(huán)境得到了完整的保護(hù)。真實(shí)性殷墟遺址及發(fā)掘出土的都按照“不改變?cè)瓲?、保存歷史真實(shí)性”的原則，盡可能進(jìn)行原址保護(hù)。殷墟遺址考古發(fā)掘后，進(jìn)行了回填保護(hù)，并在地面用植被做出標(biāo)識(shí)展示；出土的甲骨進(jìn)行了原址展示。為了更好地保護(hù)出土，在殷墟宮殿宗廟遺址區(qū)建設(shè)了殷墟博物苑和博物館，并將重要出土放在博物館進(jìn)行保護(hù)。保護(hù)和修復(fù)的過程中注意采取傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)與現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)相結(jié)合的方法，遺產(chǎn)的真實(shí)性。同時(shí)通過對(duì)保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)村莊、道路、環(huán)境進(jìn)治理和改善，了殷墟歷史環(huán)境的真實(shí)性。保護(hù)和管理要求殷墟是重點(diǎn)保護(hù)，首批國

5、家考古遺址公園之一，多年來嚴(yán)格遵守中民保保辦法、河省安南省實(shí)施中民陽殷墟保護(hù)管理?xiàng)l例等相關(guān)保護(hù)總體規(guī)劃，不斷完善，制定安陽殷墟保護(hù)管理體制和制度，有效促進(jìn)了殷墟的保護(hù)工作。殷墟基本上保持了原有的風(fēng)貌，殷墟遺址及出土均得到了妥善完好的保存。遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)是一項(xiàng)長期工程，當(dāng)?shù)睾凸芾頇C(jī)構(gòu)將繼、制度等，嚴(yán)格續(xù)認(rèn)真好遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的控制發(fā)掘活動(dòng)，并履行更加嚴(yán)格的考古發(fā)掘手續(xù)。針對(duì)特有的脆弱性、游客人數(shù)的日益增多、城市建設(shè)的壓力等危及遺產(chǎn)安全的不利，相關(guān)部門嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測遺產(chǎn)本體及其環(huán)境，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)和解決殷墟保護(hù)和管理中存在；通過加強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)，增加保護(hù)管理隊(duì)伍的專業(yè)素質(zhì)，不斷加強(qiáng)保護(hù)管理水平；通過適時(shí)對(duì)安陽殷墟保護(hù)總體規(guī)劃進(jìn)行修

6、編，完善保護(hù)管理制度和體系，促進(jìn)殷墟文化遺產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。（批準(zhǔn)日期 年 月）Outstanding Universal Value OF YIN XU (CHINA)Brief synthesisSituated on both bs of the Huanhe River to the northwest of thenationally famous historic and cultural city An, in Henan Provinceof central China, the archaeological remains of Yin Xu dated from 1,300B

7、CE and comprise two sites: the Palace and Royal Antral Shrines Areaand the Royal Tombs Area covering a total 414 hectares win enclosingbuffer zone of 720 hectares. Yin Xu has been confirmed by historics, oracone inscriptions and archaeological excavations as thesite of a capital in Chihistory. The t

8、wentieth king of the ShangDynasty XiaotunlastingPan Geng, moved his capital from Yan to Yin (the area around Village of present An) around 1,300 BC, and established aand stable capital. It spanned 255 years with 12 kings and 8generations and created the splendid and brilliant Yin-Shang Civilization,

9、which is of priceless valueerms of history, art and science.Yin Xu was the earst site tosess the elements of civilization,including moren 80 house foundations of rammed earth with remains oftimber structures, antral shrines and altars enclosed within adefensive ditch which also functioned as a flood

10、-control system. Numerouspits withhe Palace area contained inscribed oracones consideredto carry the earst evidence of the Chiwritten language. The Royall pits containing chariotsTombs area on higher ground includes sacrifiand human remains considered to have been sacrifil victims. Burialgoods inclu

11、ded decorated bronze ritual veand ceramics.s, jade and bone carvingsBeing one of the most important capital sites in early China, its planningand layoud an important influence on the construction and developmentof subsequent capitals of China. The Royal Tomb Area of Yin Xu is theearst large-scale ro

12、yal graveyard in China and the source of Chinas system of royal and imperial mausoleums;oracone inscriptions arethethe Chiearst known mature writing in China and constitute evidence forhistory of the Shang Dynasty in China, helhistory nearly one thousand years earto track recordedr, and the Site of

13、YinXu conveys the sol life of the late Shang Dynasty, reflecting highlydeveloped science and architectural technology including bronze castingand a calendar system.Criterion (ii): Yin Xu, capital of the late Shang Dynasty, exhibits anexchange of important influenand the highest level of development

14、inChinas ancient bronze culture, including the system of writing.Criterion (iii): The cultural remains at Yin Xu provide exceptionalevidence of cultural traditionshe Late Shang Period, and aretestimony to many scientific and technical achievements and innovations,such as the solar andar calendar sys

15、tem, and the earst evidenceof systematic written ChiCriterion (iv): The palalanguage in oracones., antral shrines and the royal tombs of YinXu are outstanding exles of early Chiarchitecture. They have greatsignificance in establishing the early prototypes for Chiarchitecture and royal tomb complexes

16、.palaceCriterion (vi): The material remains discovered at Yin Xu provide tangibleevidence of the early history of the system of Chiwriting and language,ancient befs, sol systems, and major historical events, which areconsidered of outstanding universal significance. egrityThe nominated property of Y

17、in Xu has a property area of 414 hectares anda buffer zone of 720 hectares; it contains well pelements whichare sufficient to demonstrate the outstanding universal value of Yin Xu,including the sites of Palaand Antral Shrines, and Royal Tombswith withvehe property boundary and the unexcavated Huanbe

18、i Shang City sitehe buffer zone. The unearthed oracone inscriptions, bronzes, jade carvings, pottery and bone objects and other exquisitehistorical relics, which have comprehensively and systematicallyshownto the people throughout the world the features of the capital of the ShangDynasty of China 3,

19、300 years ago and the splendid Yin-Shang Civilization,are displayedhe site museums. Through years of scientificarchaeological excavation and conservation work in Yin Xu, the excavatedsites and unearthed historical relics have been protected properly fromboth natural and human threats and damage and

20、theal historicalhe heritageinformation of Yin Xu p. The construction activityarea and its buffer area has been controlled and managed strictly and theheritage site and its historical environmenve been pact.AuthenticityIn strict accordance with the heritage conservation principle of“retaining the his

21、toric conditions, respecting the authenticity”, the archaeological site of Yin Xu and all its excavated cultural relics havebeen as far assible conservedin situ. After excavation, the sitewas backfilled for its protection, using vegeion on the ground fordisplay; while the unearthed oracone inscripti

22、ons are presented inthe original site. To better conserve the excavated cultural relics, theYin Xu Garden-Museum and Museum-Exhibition Hall have been builtheYin Xu Palace and Antral Shrine area, sot the important culturalrelics could receive the best care in a museum environment. In carryingoonserva

23、tion and restoration work, spel effort is given to combinetraditional techniques and modern technologies, to maaheauthenticity of the heritage fabrics. Meanwhile, through carefultreatment and effective improvement of the villages, roads andenvironmenthe protected areas, the historic setting of Yin X

24、u retainsits authenticity.Protection and Yin Xu is a S ArchaeologicalPeoplesmanagement requirementse Priority Protected Site and one of the Site Parks in China. For many years, theNationalLaw of theon the Protection of Cultural Relics,theRegulations for the Implemenion of The Law of the Peopleson th

25、e Protection of Cultural Relics,theProtectionand Management Regulations of Yin Xu in Another related laws and regulations have been appof Henan Provinceandd strictly. The MasterPlan for the Conservation of Yin Xuhas been drawn up and the managementsystem and regulations for the protection of cultura

26、l relics have been improved constantly to enhance the protection of Yin Xu. The originalstyle and features of Yin Xu have basically been conserved; and the Siteof Yin Xu and its historical relics have been well p.Heritage protection is a long-term cause. Localernments and themanagement bodies will con