熱能動力工程專業(yè)英語課件

1、2022/9/21Specialized English for Thermal Energy and Power Engineering熱能動力工程專業(yè)英語 開始上課生命多少用時間計算，生命的價值用奉獻計算。 裴多菲學生自主學習，教師輔導為輔！ 課堂，按學號順序每個同學翻譯一段，并不時抽查翻譯； 學完每章，交書面翻譯手寫。各個學校英語名稱1.清華大學： Tsinghua University2.上海交通大學: Shanghai Jiaotong University3.安徽工業(yè)大學： Anhui University of Technology 4.山東大學： Shandong Univer

2、sity 5.華中科技大學: Huazhong University of Science and Technology6.安徽師范大學： Anhui Normal University7.南京理工大學 Nanjing University of Science and Technology8.河海大學： Hehai University9.西北工業(yè)大學: Northwestern Polytechnical University10.中國科學院工程熱物理研究所： Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Scienc

3、es各學科英語名稱熱能工程 Thermal Engineering制冷與低溫工程 Refrigeration & Cryogenics傳熱學 Heat Transfer流體力學 Fluid Dynamics 工程熱力學 Engineering Thermodynam研究生入學、求職英語面試1.開場白Good morning. I am very glad to be here for this interview.2.姓名，英文名，畢業(yè)院校，畢業(yè)專業(yè)，畢業(yè)學院First let me introduce myself. My name is LiShuai, and my English na

4、me is Jacky Lee. Ive finished my undergraduate education in Xidian University, Majoring in Electronic Science and Technology in the college of Technical Physics.3.性格，愛好，實踐經(jīng)驗I am open-minded, willing and have broad interests like basketball, reading and especially in engineering such as software prog

5、ramming, website design, hardware design. For example, during the past four years, I have accomplished two websites: one is the website of our school, and the other is the website of the doctor forum of china 2007. Furthermore, I am interested in C plus plus programming language and have written som

6、e application programs. In July in the last year,I finished my graduate project with flying colors,which was a software application about Image Process . In addition, I have also finished some projects about embedded system by using MCU when I was a junior.4.為什么想讀研,將來愿意從事的方向,讀研時的打算Although I have br

7、oad interests in many aspects and grasp the essential knowledge of the major, but I think at present, I can do many things in a superficial level, but not be competent to do things professionally owing to lack of ample knowledge and ability. So I think further study is still urgent for me to realize

8、 self-value.The major that I hope pursue for my further education is IC design. Because I find integrated circuits are playing a more and more important role in our modern society. And nowadays in China, with the recognition by the government, our domestic integrated circuits industry is growing rap

9、idly and that may provide a lot of chances to us.I plan to concentrate on study and research in this field in my graduate time. And I hope I can form a systematic view of micro electronics and IC design technology and make a solid foundation for future profession after three years study here.5.結(jié)束語OK

10、, thats all. Thank you very much.英文文獻閱讀翻譯工具1.Google翻譯2.有道詞典3. 愛詞霸翻譯2022/9/21Lecture 1 Introduction引言 2022/9/211.1 什么是專業(yè)英語 普通英語（Common English, Ordinary English）科技英語（English for Science and Technology） 專業(yè)英語 （English for Special Science and Technology） 是結(jié)合各自專業(yè)的科技英語 有很強的專業(yè)性，涉及的面更加狹窄，與專業(yè)內(nèi)容配合更為密切。 隸屬于科技英

11、語 是科技英語的一局部，以表達科技概念、理論與事實為主要目的。遵守科技英語的語法體系和翻譯方法;特別注重客觀事實和真理，表達準確、精練和正式。 專業(yè)英語與科技英語既有區(qū)別又有聯(lián)系。專業(yè)英語的學習需要有一個良好的科技英語根底，同時也要注意其自身的詞匯特點、語法特點、修辭特點和翻譯特點等等。2022/9/211.2 學習專業(yè)英語的重要性 (1) 科研信息獲取 (2) 研究成果展示 (3) 國際交流合作 當前大局部資料都可以通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)傳播，而這些資料中90以上都是英語。 世界上科技情報資料的交流主要靠使用英語,對子熱能動力工程、制冷與空調(diào)等專業(yè)來說，絕大局部專業(yè)資料和信息都是以英語形式出現(xiàn)。 專業(yè)英

12、語閱讀能力申報國家獎項申請專利發(fā)表學術(shù)論文： 85以上的科技資料都是以英語形式出版的 專業(yè)英語寫作能力專業(yè)英語表達、聽說、應(yīng)變能力2022/9/21Lecture 2 Features of Specialized English專業(yè)英語的特點2022/9/212.1 Grammar Features 客觀性O(shè)bjective、準確性accuracy和精練性(conciseness)。(1) 廣泛使用被動語態(tài)(2) 廣泛使用非謂語形式 (3) 省略句使用頻繁 (4) It句型和祈使句使用頻繁(5) 復雜長句使用頻繁(6) 后置形容詞短語作定語多 語法特點2022/9/21(1) 廣泛使用被動語

13、態(tài)2.1 Grammar Features 主體多為客觀的事物、現(xiàn)象和過程，在表達推理過程中切忌加進作者個人的主觀臆斷； 中心是客觀現(xiàn)象及事物本身，而非動作的發(fā)出者，把論證說明的對象置于句子主語的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引讀者的注意。 (客觀性)1) Utility boilers are used primarily to generate electricity in large central power stations. 大型中心電站的電站鍋爐主要用來發(fā)電2No work can be done without energy沒有能量不能做功。2022/9/212.1 Grammar

14、 Features 3) Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants. 電能是在發(fā)電站或發(fā)電廠產(chǎn)生的 4) The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.這些儀表可以被校準并且設(shè)計了不同的量程 ，以便讀出期望的數(shù)值。 2022/9/212.1 Grammar Features (2)廣泛使用非謂語形式 非謂語動詞在句子中可以起到名詞，形容詞或副詞作用，動詞的非謂語形式分為動

15、名詞,分詞,動詞不定式。 動名詞 用動名詞短語取代時間從句或簡化時間陳述句 The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.2) An object becomes hot. It is placed in the sun.Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot.物體放置在太陽下會變熱。 The signal should be filtered before being amplified. 放大信號前，應(yīng)先對其進行濾波(精煉)2022/9/212.1 Grammar F

16、eatures 3) We must do various experiments before a new air-conditioning product is designed. Before designing a new air-conditioning product we must do various experiments.在設(shè)計一個新的空調(diào)產(chǎn)品之前，我們必須做各種實驗 用動名詞短語做主語 4) Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current. 改變電阻是控制電流的一種方法 5)

17、Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object. 傳導電流意味著電子在物體內(nèi)的流動 2022/9/212.1 Grammar Features 分詞 過去分詞短語替代從句中的被動語態(tài) 現(xiàn)在分詞短語替代從句中的主動語態(tài) The power supply, which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1, is a single-phase inverter. The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a sing

18、le-phase inverter.圖1中用框圖表示的電源是一個單相逆變器。 2022/9/212.1 Grammar Features 2) A thermodynamic system , as it was pointed out above, is a fixed quantity of matter contained within some enclosure.A thermodynamic system, as pointed out above, is a fixed quantity of matter contained within some enclosure. 如上所

19、述，熱力系統(tǒng)是一包圍在某一封閉邊界內(nèi)的具有固定質(zhì)量的物質(zhì)。3) Matter is anything having weight and occupying space.任何具有重量并占有空間的東西都是物質(zhì)。2022/9/212.1 Grammar Features 不定式 用不定式短語來替代表示目的和功能的從句或語句 (1) The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied. The capacity o

20、f individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.單臺發(fā)電機的容量越來越大，目的就是滿足不斷增長的用電需求。(2) What does a fuse do? It protects a circuit. The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit. 保險的作用就是保護電路。2022/9/212.1 Grammar Features (3) 省略句使用頻繁省略成分：狀語從句中的主語、全部或局部謂語；定語從句

21、中的關(guān)系代詞which和that、從句中的助詞等；還常用介詞短語替代從句。 1) If it is possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system. If possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system. 2) As illustrated in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system. As in Fig.1, there i

22、s a feedback element in the closed-loop system.就像圖1所示的那樣，這個閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)中有一個反響元件。 可能的話，這個系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該使用開環(huán)控制方法。 (精煉)2022/9/212.1 Grammar Features As already discussed 前已討論As explained before 前已解釋As described above 如上所示If possible (necessary)如果可能必要其他常用的省略形式：If so 倘假設(shè)如此As previously mentioned 前已提到When needed (necessary

23、, feasible)必要時Where feasible 在實際可行的場合Where possible 在可能的情況下2022/9/212.1 Grammar Features (4) It句型和祈使句使用頻繁 It句型：it 充當形式主語，防止句子“頭重腳輕 It is very important (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) to It takes very much time learning It is clear (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) that It happen

24、ed that It must be admitted that祈使句: 無主語，精煉。Let A be equal to B.設(shè)A等于B。 Consider a high-pressure chamber. 假設(shè)有一個高氣壓氣候室。 準確、精煉2022/9/212.1 Grammar Features (5) 復雜長句使用頻繁1) In the description of a flow field, it is convenient to think of individual particles each of which is considered to be a small mass

25、 of fluid, consisting of a large number of molecules, that occupies a small volume that moves with the flow.描述流場時，將著眼點放在流體獨立質(zhì)點上是非常方便的。每個質(zhì)點都包含了微小質(zhì)量的流體，它由大量分子組成。質(zhì)點占據(jù)很小的體積，并隨流體流動而移動。準確、精煉為了完整、準確地表達事物內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，使用大量從句2022/9/212.1 Grammar Features (6) 后置形容詞短語作定語多代替定語從句作后置定語，使句子簡潔、緊湊，不至于累贅。 1) All radiant energ

26、ies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to those of waves moving through water. All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water. 2) The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs The instruments present

27、include some digital ones relative to DSPs 所有的輻射能都具有波的特性，與水中移動的波的特征相似。 到場的儀器中還有一些與DSP有關(guān)的數(shù)字儀器 精煉2022/9/212.2 Rhetoric Features 注重科學技術(shù)方面的觀察、試驗和客觀規(guī)律、事物特征 涉及的內(nèi)容(如概念、原理、定理或定律、規(guī)那么、方法等)大多沒有特定的時間關(guān)系和時效性 (1) 廣泛使用一般現(xiàn)在時(2)較多地使用圖、表和公式 常使用數(shù)據(jù)、圖、表和公式等非語言因素來說明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、規(guī)那么、方法等。 (3) 邏輯語法使用多修辭特點 進行條件論述、理論分析和公式推導時，

28、多使用邏輯語法，即表示條件、原因、語氣轉(zhuǎn)折、限制、假設(shè)和邏輯順序等詞匯 although, because, but, if, once, only, suppose, as a result, because of, due to, so, therefore, thus, without等。2022/9/212.3 Vocabulary Features(1) 詞匯分類專業(yè)或技術(shù)詞匯 次技術(shù)詞匯 isentropic refrigerant superheater turbine很多專業(yè)和學科所共有的詞匯,不同專業(yè)和學科往往具有不同詞義 某個專業(yè)所特有的詞匯，其專業(yè)性強，詞義狹窄和單一。p

29、ower :冪，乘方動力，功率，效率 電源，電力，功率，電能 Condenser：電容器，補償機 冷凝器 power plant:發(fā)電廠 動力裝置 ：專業(yè)或技術(shù)詞匯，次技術(shù)詞匯，非技術(shù)詞匯(等熵的)制冷劑(過熱器)(汽輪機)2022/9/212.3 Vocabulary Features 非技術(shù)詞匯 在普通英語或非專業(yè)英語中使用較少，但實際卻屬于非專業(yè)英語的詞匯 take in - absorb, Look into - examine, find out - discover turn round - rotate make good use of - utilize, change - c

30、onvert 2022/9/212.3 Vocabulary Features(1) 詞匯構(gòu)成1) 合成法由相互獨立的兩個或更多的詞合成得到新詞 名詞+名詞n.+n.n. : Carnot cycle, phase change, heat pump名詞+形容詞(n+adj.) adj.： ice-cold名詞+副詞(n+adv.)n.，adj.: feedback形容詞名詞adj+nn.，adj.： Forced convection, thermal conductivity, 形容詞+名詞+ed (adj.+n.+ed)adj.: small-sized介詞+名詞(prep.+n.)ad

31、j., n.： bypass, on-line, overheat2022/9/212.3 Vocabulary Features2)派生法通過對詞根加上各種前綴或后綴來構(gòu)成新詞 專業(yè)英語詞匯大局部都是用派生法構(gòu)成的，thermo-：thermo-dynamics，thermo-electricaliso- :isothermal;micro- 300個以上:auto- 260個以上:前綴prefix：詞義變化，詞類不變后綴suffix：詞義可能變化可能不變，詞類一定會變常用的前綴和后綴卻多達百個，可見派生法的構(gòu)詞能力是非常強的。作為一個專業(yè)技術(shù)人員，至少應(yīng)掌握50個常用前綴和后綴。2022/

32、9/21名詞前綴2022/9/21名詞后綴2022/9/21形容詞后綴副詞后綴2022/9/21動詞后綴詞根2022/9/213) 詞匯縮略2.3 Vocabulary Features只由詞匯中的局部字母或由詞組中每個詞匯的首字母。CFDCOPODPReLMTDGWPCFB Computational fluid dynamics;Coefficient of Performanceozone depletion potential Reynolds numberLog mean temperature differenceGlobal-warming potentialcirculatin

33、g fluidized bed2022/9/212.4 Symbol and Formula國際單位制中的前綴2022/9/212)小數(shù)，分數(shù)，百分數(shù)2.4 Symbol and Formula0.1: zero point one, point one, o point one, one tenth, decimal one0.01: point zero one, 10.35: ten point three five1/2: a (one) half 1/3: a third1/4: one quarter 1/8: a eighth2/3: two-thirds, two over t

34、hree, two divided by three3/4: three-fourths, three quarters3%: three percent0.2% : point two percent5: five per mill2022/9/213)冪power根rootx to the second power 2.4 Symbol and Formula: x square,x squared ,the square of x,the second power of x,y to the third power :y cube,y cubed,the cube of y,the th

35、ird power of y, :the nth power of a , a to the n power : the square root o f three : the cube (third ) root of a :the nth root of a 2022/9/212.4 Symbol and Formula4)數(shù)學運算符號2022/9/212.4 Symbol and Formula2022/9/212.4 Symbol and Formula2022/9/21Lecture 3 English translation英文翻譯2022/9/213.1 Introduction

36、 of translation翻譯是把一種語言的信息用另一種語言表達出來；翻譯的目的是使譯文的讀者能得到原作者所表達的思想，得到與原文讀者大致相同的感受。翻譯涉及到兩種語言，而不同的語言名有不同的表達方式，翻譯決不是從一種語言到一種語言的簡單轉(zhuǎn)換，它要求譯者進行創(chuàng)造性的實踐活動。2022/9/213.1 The standard of translation準確明白(True)“準確，就是說譯文要準確無誤地表達原文含義，不得有錯。“明白，即要求譯文不僅要忠實于原文，而且應(yīng)清楚明白地轉(zhuǎn)達原文的意思。通順嚴密(Smooth)“通順，是指譯文符合漢語的語法要求、修辭規(guī)那么和通常習慣，使讀者易看易懂易速。“嚴密，是說譯文語言既要通暢又應(yīng)嚴密，不要因為通順而犧牲了原文的嚴密性。 簡練全面(Simple+General=Professional)“簡練，就是譯文要簡潔、精練，沒有冗詞贅語，不重復羅嗦。“全面，是說譯文不但要盡可能簡練還應(yīng)該力求全