科技英語閱讀課后練習答案

1、文檔來源為：從網(wǎng)絡收集整理,word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持科技英語閱讀(EST Reading課后習題答案 (2011-12-13 18:37:16)標簽：分類：Unit 1 MathematicsPart I EST Reading 1. Who is Bertrand Russell? Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 - d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical

2、 logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of

3、(the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of and . Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important

4、 logicians of the twentieth century.2. What is Russell s Paradox?Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists,

5、will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russells discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathemat

6、ics.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russell s paradoxPart 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russell s paradox on Gottlob Frege s system.Para. 2: Russell s paradox dealt a hea

7、vy blow to Frege s attempts to devedla foundationof mathematics using symbolic logic.Para. 3: An illustration of Russell s paradox in terms of setsPara. 4: Contradiction found in the set.Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russell s paradox on his system and inability tosolve it.(Paras.

8、 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russels paradoxPara. 6: Russell s own response to the paradox with his theory of types. Para. 7: Zermelos solution to Russells paradoxPara. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation for all of mathematics?(Para. 9): Correspondence betw

9、een Russell and Frege on the paradox Vocabulary and StructureDirections: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities1文檔收集于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，如有不妥請聯(lián)系刪除.文檔來源為：從網(wǎng)絡收集整理,word版本

10、可編輯.歡迎下載支持(initial meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base)Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of weak in the OALD, with a distinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of

11、 solutions (definition)The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to

12、deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow)Singapores continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in our pool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as

13、 the worlds best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term)In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead)If there is no allowable string which spans the whole grap

14、h, then we can search in the same way as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way)During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly found particles; in engineeri

15、ng, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form)A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as the discovery of numerical relations between the quantities that can be

16、measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. (serve)Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal current

17、s which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become)The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace)Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence t

18、o make a complete sentence.A simple way to describe topology is as a rubber sheet geometry - topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed.Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities,

19、whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead.As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under the assumption that the brain reduces activity as

20、it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented.That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary computers in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal sense.Such a device wou

21、ld be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways.Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones.The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars.The full proof of Fermats Last Theorem is contained in thes

22、e two papers.2文檔收集于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，如有不妥請聯(lián)系刪除文檔來源為：從網(wǎng)絡收集整理,word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period.There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red.The importance of accurate data in quantitati

23、ve modeling is central to using Bayess theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse UnderstandingC. A 3 percent margin of error means that there is a 95 percent chance that the survey result will be within 3 percent of the population value.E. How is it that a survey of only

24、 1,000 people can reach this level of accuracy?G. The margin of error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size.A. The margin of error is a mathematical abstraction, and there are a number of reasons why actual errors in surveys are larger.F. Finally, the 3 percent margin of error is a

25、n understatement because opinions change. Section A Pre-reading TaskWho discovered the Mandelbrot set?This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery.Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot?The set is named after Benoit B.

26、Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because he coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales.Why has there been so much controversy about who disco

27、vered the Mandelbrot set?Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim.What did the challengers say about Mandelbrot s claim of discovery?Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and described

28、the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrots efforts but also helped to guide them 5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrot s claim?Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because hi

29、s efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community.Section C Post-reading TaskLanguage in UseMatch the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.迭代函數(shù) iterative function優(yōu)先權之爭 priority battle分形特征 fractal properties有意義make sense以越來越

30、/J、的規(guī)模重復同模式patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales混沌理論chaos theory季刊 a quarterly journal數(shù)學界 the mathematics community波紋線 crisp lines3文檔收集于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，如有不妥請聯(lián)系刪除文檔來源為：從網(wǎng)絡收集整理,word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持會議公報 proceedings of a conferenceJoin the following short sentences into longer ones.e.g. a. A fractal

31、is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape .The shape can be subdivided in parts.each part is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called d. each part has a property of self-similarity.e.g. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can

32、 be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called self-similarity.In addition to coining the term fractal to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as frac

33、tal dimensions and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z - z2 + c.It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lessons supplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysi

34、s, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated byJust as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraic problems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the perfected shape, he here realized t

35、here was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns.But the beauty in Mandelbrots models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena 。

36、But despite being the inspiration for such metaphysics, Mandelbrot, when asked if fractals dont point to a single rule underlying reality, has simply stated, There is no single rule that governs the use of geometry. I dont think one exists.Translate the sentences into Chinese.He is best known for co

37、ining the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales.他主要是因為用分形這個概念來描述(海岸線，雪花，山脈和樹木)等不規(guī)則形狀等現(xiàn)象而聞名于世，這些不規(guī)則形狀在越來越小的規(guī)模上不斷重復同一模式。A closer look reveals that the borders of the set do not form crisp

38、lines but seem to shimmer like flames.如果再仔細觀察，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)集的邊界并沒有呈波紋線，而是像火焰一樣閃光。Krantz introduced a new element into the debate, however, by stating that the Mandelbrot set was not invented by Mandelbrot but occurs explicitly in the literature a couple of years before the term Mandelbrot set was coined.但是，

39、克朗茲在這場辯論中引入了一個新東西，他說曼德布洛特集不是曼德布洛特發(fā)明的， 而是早在 曼德布洛特集”這個術語出現(xiàn)幾年以前就已經(jīng)明確地在數(shù)學文獻中出現(xiàn)了。Mandelbrot also suggested that even if Brooks and Matelskis publication had preceded his, they still could not be considered discoverers of the set, because they did not appreciate its significance.曼德布洛特同時也暗示即使布魯克斯和馬特爾斯基的論文先

40、于他發(fā)表，但因為他們沒有領會4文檔收集于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，如有不妥請聯(lián)系刪除.文檔來源為：從網(wǎng)絡收集整理,word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持.到其價值，仍然不能將他們看作是曼德布洛特集的發(fā)現(xiàn)者。. In response to Hubbard and Douadys charge that he is stingy in granting credit, Mandelbrot says he has also been accused of overcitation.對胡巴德和杜阿迪指責他對論文中材料來源的說明上做得非常少，曼德布洛特回應說也有人也指責過他過分引用別人的成果。Translate the s

41、entences into English.1)他的生活和工作過程正如使他成名的幾何學一樣，既不是線性的，也不具備簡單的形狀。Like the geometry that made him famous, neither his life nor the course of his work was linear or simplistic in shape and form2)曼德布洛特說在隨后的的兩年里他在多個領域中摸索，卻沒有明顯的相聯(lián)系的線索。Mandelbrot says he spent the next two years groping, exploring first one

42、 field and then another, without any clear sense of the connecting thread.3)更奇怪的是，他發(fā)現(xiàn)噪音周期與清晰傳送周期的比率是恒定的，與用于繪制這個現(xiàn)象的 時間大小無關。Stranger still, he found that the ratio of periods of noise to periods of clean transmission remained constant, regardless of the scale of time used to plot the phenomenon.4)通過查詢

43、一直到1900年的記錄，他開始發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個令人驚異的模式，這個模式使他明白了他10年前有關線路噪聲的研究工作。Using records dating back to 1900, he began to perceive an astonishing pattern one that hearkened back to his work on line noise a decade earlier.5)盡管就正常銷售而言，價格變化是無序的，而且沒有人能夠預測價格變化的準確數(shù)值， 但變化本身卻遵循著與變化幅度相關的對稱模式。Although price changes were erratic i

44、n terms of normal distribution and no one could predict the exact amount of any particular price change, the changes themselves followed a symmetrical pattern with regards to scalingUnit 2 PhysicsSection A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.What is q

45、uantum physics?Quantum physics is the study of the behavior of matter and energy at the molecular, atomic, nuclear, and even smaller microscopic levels. In the early 20th century, it was discovered that the laws that govern macroscopic objects do not function the same in such small realms./quantumph

46、ysics/p/quantumphysics.htmDo you know anything about dark matter?Dark matter is a hypothesized form of matter particle that does not reflect or emit electromagnetic radiation. The existence of dark matter is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, such as stars and galaxies.A small pe

47、rcentage of the gravitational effects observed are from visible matter (some estimates are as low as 4% of total gravitational effects). The remaining 96% is presumed to result from dark matter or dark energy, though these terms are somewhat indicative of our ignorance of the exact nature of these u

48、nknown quantities, as they have never been directly observed.One possible candidate for dark matter are theoretical particles known as weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), which are being searched for by the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) experiment.5文檔收集于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，如有不妥請聯(lián)系刪除文檔來源為：從網(wǎng)絡收集整理,wor

49、d版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持What is dark energy?Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates space and exerts a negative pressure, which would have gravitational effects to account for the differences between the theoretical and observational results of gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark

50、energy is not directly observed, but rather inferred from observations of gravitational interactions between astronomical objects, along with dark matter.The term dark energy was coined by the theoretical cosmologist Michael S. Turner.Have you ever heard of the big bang theory? Can you give an accou

51、nt of it?The Big Bang is the dominant (and highly supported) theory of the origin of the universe. In essence, this theory states that the universe began from an initial point or singularity which has expanded over billions of years to form the universe as we now know it.In 1927, Roman Catholic prie

52、st and physicist Georges Lemaitre independently calculated the Friedman solution and again suggested that the universe must be expanding. This theory was supported by Hubble when, in 1929, he found that there was a correlation between the distance of the galaxies and the amount of redshift in that g

53、alaxys light. The distant galaxies were moving away faster, which was exactly what was predicted by Lemaitres solutions.In 1931, Lemaitre went further with his predictions, extrapolating backwards in time find that the matter of the universe would reach an infinite density and temperature at a finit

54、e time in the past. This means the universe must have begun in an incredibly small, dense point of matter - a primeval atom.How do you understand string theory?String theory is a mathematical theory that tries to explain certain phenomena which is not currently explainable under the standard model o

55、f quantum physics.String theory was initially developed in the 1970s in an attempt to explain some inconsistencies with the energy behavior of hadrons and other fundamental particles of physics.As with much of quantum physics, the mathematics that applies to string theory cannot be uniquely solved.

56、Physicists must apply perturbation theory to obtain a series of approximated solutions. Such solutions, of course, include assumptions which may or may not be true.The driving hope behind this work is that it will result in a theory of everything, including a solution to the problem of quantum gravi

57、ty, to reconcile quantum physics with general relativity, thus reconciling the fundamental forces of physics.Section C Post-reading TaskReading ComprehensionDirections: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.(Paras. 1-3): Brief introduction to dark energyPara. 1: Dark energy is a

58、n unexplained force which tugs galaxies away from each other.Para. 2: Dark energy is somewhat like anti-gravity.Para. 3: Dark energy is scientists hypothetic form of energy to explain the universe(Paras. 4-9): The discovery of dark energy: confounding expectationsPara. 4: The discovery of dark energ

59、y is a case of science confounding expectations.Para. 5: Experts expected that gravity had slowed down the universe e of expansion. s ratPara. 6: The universe s rate of expansion was speeding up.Para. 7: The result was beyond experts expectations which caused much nervous laughter.Para. 8: The measu

60、rements of supernovae provided the evidence that the universe Vat of6文檔收集于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，如有不妥請聯(lián)系刪除文檔來源為：從網(wǎng)絡收集整理,word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持ballooning was speeding up.Para. 9: The scientists observed many supernovae at different distances to determine how fast they are speeding away from us.(Paras. 10-13): The rate of the