人教版高一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納總結(jié)

1、 高一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納總結(jié)-定語(yǔ)從句的歸納一幾種基本概念1.定語(yǔ)從句的定義：用作定語(yǔ)的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。2.先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。3.定語(yǔ)從句的位置：緊跟先行詞（名詞或代詞）之后。4.引導(dǎo)詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞（涉及關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞）。1關(guān)系代詞：that/who/whom/which/as2關(guān)系副詞：when/where/why5.引導(dǎo)詞的位置：位于定語(yǔ)從句之前（先行詞之后）?！綼s除外】6.引導(dǎo)詞的功能（作用）：1連接先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句。2在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分（關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，關(guān)系副詞充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)）。7.定語(yǔ)從句的類(lèi)型：1限定性定語(yǔ)從句（主句和定語(yǔ)從句之間無(wú)逗號(hào)）。 直接

2、由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句The man who youre talking to is my friend. 由介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom/which）引導(dǎo)The man to whom youre talking is my friend.I need a pen with which I can write a letter.=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.介詞的選用可根據(jù)從句中的有關(guān)詞組擬定，該介詞一般可以放在關(guān)系代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如：The man (who/whom/that) I talked ab

3、out at the meeting is from BeijingUniversity.=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from BeijingUniversity.The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.2非限定性定語(yǔ)從句（主句和定語(yǔ)從句之間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)）。 直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)

4、從句。 由介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom/which）引導(dǎo)。I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.This is the man to whom I gave the book. 由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名詞/代詞”(先行詞指人用whom,指物用which)引導(dǎo)。One, some, any, no

5、ne, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等詞、數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或比例與of whom或of which連用。He has five children, two of whom are abroad.(比較：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.(比較：We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)除wh

6、y和that不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句外，其他引導(dǎo)詞都可以，用法同限定性定語(yǔ)從句同樣。但要注意如下區(qū)別。1.在形式上非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。2.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的作用：它只是補(bǔ)充闡明先行詞的狀況，翻譯時(shí)可譯成兩個(gè)句子。The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.（那位工程師被不久送往醫(yī)院，其腿部受了重傷）The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital. （那位腿部受了重傷的工程師被不久送往醫(yī)院）3.在非限定性

7、定語(yǔ)從句中，任何引導(dǎo)詞都不能省略（涉及引導(dǎo)詞在此定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)在內(nèi)）。指人做主語(yǔ)時(shí)只能用who, 做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用whom; 指物做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)都用which; 關(guān)系副詞用when或where，也不能省略。The man, _ is sitting on the chair, is my father.The woman, _ I met yesterday, is my English teacher.The city, _ is far away, is very beautiful.He went to America, _ his parents live.He joined the Ar

8、my yesterday, _ I left, too.4.whose引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：The house, whose window faces south, is mine.=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.二.定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的基本用法。1.who/that指人是主格在定語(yǔ)從句中替代先行詞，又作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)，不能省略。Do you know the gentleman who/that is si

9、tting there?2.whom/who/that指人是賓格，在定語(yǔ)從句中替代先行詞，又作定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ)（動(dòng)賓或介賓）。 當(dāng)作動(dòng)賓（動(dòng)詞后接賓語(yǔ)）時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略。Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now? 當(dāng)作介賓（介詞后接賓語(yǔ)）時(shí)：介詞不提前時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略；介詞提前時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞whom(指人時(shí)介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用whom)。The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.The man with whom I spoke is my te

10、acher. 注：固定的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞+介詞）如look for, take care of等不能把動(dòng)詞與介詞拆開(kāi)，既介詞不能提至引導(dǎo)詞前。She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for. 3.whose: 指人或物，是所有格“的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)（動(dòng)賓或介賓）即先行詞的什么東西如何了，whose不能省略。Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.I didnt find the desk whose leg was

11、broken. （主語(yǔ)）He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. （動(dòng)賓）The boss in whose company I work is very kind. （介賓）4.which/that 指物，指代先行詞且在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)（動(dòng)賓或介賓）。 當(dāng)作動(dòng)賓時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略。 當(dāng)作介賓時(shí)：介詞不提前時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略；介詞提前時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞which(指物時(shí)介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用which)。The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak

12、. The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine. The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult. The games in which the young men competed were difficult. 注:介詞+關(guān)系代詞即介詞+whom/which(先行詞指人用whom，指物用which)。5.as指人或物，在定語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，不能省略。重要用于 “the same as；such as；so as；as as；as follo

13、ws”固定構(gòu)造中，形式固定此時(shí)的引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句。要用as替代who(m), which, 或that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句：Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest.Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest.My hometown is no longer the same as it was.Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.The child knows as much as grow-ups (know).Id like to have th

14、e same books as are used in your school.He is not such a person as I expected.He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.注：which和as可引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容，有時(shí)可以互換。因此，當(dāng)as/which指代前面的整個(gè)句子，或前句中的部分內(nèi)容作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the

15、 newspaper.She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.He married her, as/which was natural.區(qū)別： as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中間或放在主句末尾；而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句背面。He married her, as/which was natural. =As was natural, he married her.Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all.=As is k

16、nown to all, Mark Twin is a great writer.as引導(dǎo)的從句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which則無(wú)此意。常用句型有：as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all know等。如：As we all know, paper was first made in China.To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is fo

17、olish.主句和從句有因果關(guān)系時(shí)，用which.Our class has won the football match, which made us very happy. Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light. 從句含否認(rèn)意義時(shí)常用which.She didnt pass the exam, which we couldnt expect.She didnt pass the exam, as we expected.6.when關(guān)系副詞：指時(shí)間。在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，不能省略。此時(shí)的when還可用介詞+which替代（此時(shí)先行

18、詞一定是表時(shí)間的名詞）。I still remember the time when I joined the League.I still remember the time on which I joined the League.I still remember the time (which/that) I joined the League on.7.where關(guān)系副詞：指地點(diǎn)。在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，不能省略。此時(shí)的when還可用介詞+which替代（此時(shí)先行詞一定是表地點(diǎn)的名詞）。I still remember the school where I joined the Lea

19、gue.I still remember the school in which I joined the League.I still remember the school (which/that) I joined the League in.注：對(duì)關(guān)系副詞when, where的結(jié)識(shí)。. 先行詞是時(shí)間的名詞，并非都用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。Ill never forget the time (which/that) I spent in Beijing. 先行詞是地點(diǎn)的名詞，并非都用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。This is the factory (which/that)

20、he visited yesterday. 當(dāng)句型為It/This/That is(was) the first(secondlast) time引起的句子時(shí)用that連接其后的句子。此時(shí)的time是次數(shù)，不是時(shí)間。It/This is the first time that we travel.It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.8. why指因素，在定語(yǔ)從句中作因素狀語(yǔ)，先行詞一般為reason,不能省略。且why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只能是限定性定語(yǔ)從句。Why= for whichI dont know the rea

21、son why he was late yesterday.The reason why(for which) he was late is that he missed the bus.注：當(dāng)先行詞為reason時(shí)，關(guān)系副詞并非都用why。This is the reason (that/ which) he gave/ explained to us.【判斷用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞】從句缺少的是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)還是狀語(yǔ)是擬定用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞的核心。試比較：I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hongkong. ( spent

22、是及物動(dòng)詞，后缺賓語(yǔ)，因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略 )I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland. （ 從句主謂賓構(gòu)造完整，缺狀語(yǔ)，因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞 ）The reason （that/which）he gave for not coming to school yesterday isnt believable. ( gave是及物動(dòng)詞，后缺賓語(yǔ)，因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略 )The reason why he didnt come to school yesterday isnt

23、 believable.（ 從句主謂賓構(gòu)造完整，缺狀語(yǔ)，因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞 ）三. 值得注意的幾種問(wèn)題：第一. 當(dāng)先行詞是物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞(that/which)只用that的狀況。1.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高檔修飾時(shí)。This is the best film that has been shown this year.This is the first book (that) I borrow from the library. He is the first student that/who came to school today.2.當(dāng)先行詞為兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上分別指人和

24、物的名詞時(shí)。He talked about the teachers and the school (that) he had visited. 3.當(dāng)先行詞自身是all的，用that。(all that=what)All that (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.=All (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.Go over all that (what) we learned. =Go over all (what) we learned.（that在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)可以省略）4.先行詞

25、為something, anything, nothing, everything, thing時(shí)，用that. Ill tell you anything (that) I know.5.當(dāng)先行詞前有all, much, little, many, (a) few, every, some, any, no, only, the very, one of, the only, the last, the next等修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)。This is one of the books (that) Im very interesting in. This is one of the books in w

26、hich Im very interesting.This is the only book (that) I read.He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.All the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor.6.（人，物），當(dāng)先行詞在以who或which開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句中時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)以避免混淆Who is the man that is talking with the lady?Which of you that know th

27、e answer can come to the front?7.當(dāng)先行詞是在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，用thatHe likes the girl that she used to be.第二. 當(dāng)先行詞是物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞(that/which)只用which的狀況。1.作介賓且介詞置于引導(dǎo)詞之前時(shí)The room in which he lives is very large.2.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)（主，賓都用which,都不能省略）Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. The hou

28、se, which I visited yesterday, is very large.3.which指整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容或部分內(nèi)容，引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句He always makes fun of me, which upsets me.第三.其她特殊狀況1.先行詞是these, those指人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只用who.Those who are playing over there are my students.2.先行詞是人稱(chēng)代詞(he, she)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只用who.He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.3.不定代詞s

29、omeone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody作先行詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用who.Anybody who breaks the rules would be punished.4.先行詞是the only one of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式（由于此時(shí)的先行詞是the only one,而不是of 后的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)）He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.This is the only one of

30、the books that is borrowed.先行詞是one of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式（由于此時(shí)的先行詞是of 后的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),而不是one）This is one of the students who are late.5.當(dāng)主句缺先行詞時(shí)，用the one 替代，但須注意：the one只能替代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)如為不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，指什么用什么Is this school the one I visited yesterday?Is pop music the music he likes best?6. 當(dāng)先行詞是the way,在定語(yǔ)從

31、句中充當(dāng)方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí)（the way表以方式措施），引導(dǎo)詞一般用that或省略，也可用in whichI dont like the way (that) you speak.=I dont like the way in which you speak.=I dont like the way (which/that) you speak in.【“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”十種狀況】在定語(yǔ)從句中，介詞+關(guān)系代詞構(gòu)造是一種較為復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題?，F(xiàn)就幾種常用的介詞+關(guān)系代詞的構(gòu)造淺析如下：1介詞+which在定語(yǔ)從句中分別作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和因素狀語(yǔ)，替代相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞when, where和why。如：I stil

32、l remember the day on which (when) I first came to school.我仍然記得初來(lái)學(xué)校的那一天。The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工廠是一種大工廠。This is the reason for which (=why) he was late.這就是她為什么遲到的因素。2介詞+which（指物）/ whom（指人）在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，表達(dá)存在關(guān)系，定語(yǔ)從句主謂一般要倒置。They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which s

33、at a small boy.她來(lái)到一處農(nóng)舍，前邊坐著一種小男孩。I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看見(jiàn)一種人，她的頭上站著一只鳥(niǎo)。3介詞+ which（指物）/ whom（指人）在定語(yǔ)從句中作目的、方式或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。這種構(gòu)造中的介詞一般受動(dòng)詞或介詞后的名詞所制約。如：Could you tell me for whom youve bought this coat?你能告訴我這件衣服是給誰(shuí)買(mǎi)的嗎？The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.這人是一位工程師，我是從她那里得

34、到這消息的。4介詞+which/whom，用于被動(dòng)構(gòu)造的定語(yǔ)從句中，作狀語(yǔ)，闡明動(dòng)作的出發(fā)者。如：The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.傷害羊的那只狼被打死了。The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是個(gè)好獵手。5不定代詞+of+which/whom，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，闡明整體中的部分，常用的不定代詞有：both, all, any, some, each, none, most等。如：There are a lot of books here, none o

35、f which belongs to me.這兒有許多書(shū)，可一本也不屬于我。Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes, all of which were expensive.昨天瑪麗買(mǎi)了某些衣服，她們都很貴。6數(shù)詞+of+which/whom，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，闡明整體與部分的關(guān)系。數(shù)詞可以是基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)。如：In our class there are fifty-four students, twenty-five of whom are girls.我們班有54名學(xué)生，25人是女生。Two watches were stolen, one

36、 of which was mine.兩只手表被偷了，其中一只是我的。7名詞+of+which替代whose+名詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。如：I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves) were black with disease.我看見(jiàn)某些樹(shù)，她們的葉子因害病而發(fā)黑。I live in a house, the windows of which are all broken.我住在一所房子里，其窗都破了。8介詞+ which（指物）/ whose（指人）修飾后邊的名詞。如：It rained all night and all

37、day, during which time the ship was broken into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在這期間輪船撞碎了。The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司機(jī)就是那個(gè)人，她從她的房間偷走地圖。9形容詞最高檔+of+which/whom構(gòu)造，在定語(yǔ)從句中，作定語(yǔ)，表部分關(guān)系。如：China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中國(guó)有成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)島嶼，其中最大的是臺(tái)灣島。In our class ther

38、e are twenty girls, the cleverest of whom is Li Hua.我們班有20名女生，最聰穎的是李華。10介詞+which+不定式。此種用法多見(jiàn)于正式文體中，相稱(chēng)于一種定語(yǔ)從句。如：At last he had something about which to write home.她終于有了給家里寫(xiě)信的內(nèi)容了。He had no key with which to open the door.她沒(méi)有開(kāi)門(mén)的鑰匙。He has a small room in which to live.【運(yùn)用定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾種問(wèn)題】1 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)

39、從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)和先行詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)保持一致。This is one of the books which were written by Mark Twain.這是馬克吐溫所寫(xiě)的書(shū)中的一本。（先行詞是books，因此動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用were。）2 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當(dāng)一種句子成分，因此要注意避免從句中句子成分的反復(fù)浮現(xiàn)。This is the most beautiful place that I have visited it.This is the most beautiful place that I have visited. 這是我參觀過(guò)的最美的地方。（去掉it，因that替代先行

40、詞the most beautiful place在定語(yǔ)從句中作visit的賓語(yǔ)，再加it就多余了。） The school where I worked there is a big one.The school where I worked is a big one.我所工作過(guò)的學(xué)校是一所大學(xué)校。（去掉there，因where既引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，又在從句中替代in the school作狀語(yǔ)。）3 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略。The books were on the table were given to you.The books that were on the table w

41、ere given to you.桌上的那些書(shū)是給你的。（關(guān)系代詞that作主語(yǔ)不能?。? “one of the +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后的定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)狀況?！皁ne of the +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)，復(fù)數(shù)名詞是先行詞，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果“one of the +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”前面有the very /only等修飾語(yǔ)，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，由于先行詞是，而不是復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如：He is the only one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.她是我們班唯一說(shuō)日語(yǔ)的學(xué)生。（the only one是先行詞）He is

42、one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.她是我們班里說(shuō)日語(yǔ)的學(xué)生之一。（students是先行詞）5 定語(yǔ)從句中who和whom的選用。關(guān)系代詞who/whom引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，作主語(yǔ)用主格who，作賓語(yǔ)用賓格whom。在其引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句帶有插入語(yǔ)，而又不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)時(shí)，要用who。Mary is a girl who I think is clever.在定語(yǔ)從句who I think is clever中, I think是插入語(yǔ)，去掉后Mary is a girl who is clever是一種完整的句子，who是定語(yǔ)從句的

43、主語(yǔ)，不能用whom替代。但下面的句子，狀況就不同了：Mary is a girl whom I think to be clever.在定語(yǔ)從句whom I think to be clever中，如把I think看作插入語(yǔ)而去掉，則剩余的部分Mary is a girl whom to be clever很明顯不是一種完整的句子構(gòu)造，因此I think不能被看作是插入語(yǔ)，而是定語(yǔ)從句在的主謂構(gòu)造，whom作think的賓語(yǔ)，to be clever是whom的賓補(bǔ)。6 定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的選擇取決于它們?cè)趶木渲兴洚?dāng)?shù)木渥映煞?。如作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)用關(guān)系代詞；作狀語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系副詞。Il

44、l never forget the day when I went abroad myself.（when在從句中替代時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)on the day，此句可分解為Ill never forget the day. I went abroad myself on the day.）Ill never forget the days that we spent together.（that替代the days，在從句中作spent的賓語(yǔ)，該句可分解為Ill never forget the days. We spent the days together.）高一英語(yǔ)必修一語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)一 一般目前時(shí)1.

45、 表達(dá)主語(yǔ)目前所處的狀態(tài)及其所具有的特性、性格、能力等例如：I am a girl.2. 表達(dá)習(xí)慣性、常常性的動(dòng)作例如：I usually go to bed at 9:00.3. 標(biāo)志性的詞語(yǔ)Always often sometimes now and then 4. 若助于為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)（he she it）則動(dòng)詞要用單三現(xiàn)二 目邁進(jìn)行時(shí)1 說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作例如：I am reading.2.表達(dá)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，多用于go come start leave return arrive stay fly等詞語(yǔ)之中，句子中常常有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)例如：The plane is going to Be

46、ijing.3.當(dāng)句子中浮現(xiàn)了always 、forever 、constantly 、continually 、All the time等例如：I am always thinking of you.三 倍數(shù)比較1.A+系動(dòng)詞+倍數(shù)詞+as+ adj adv的原型+as+B例如：The class is twice as big as that one.2.A+系動(dòng)詞+倍數(shù)詞+adjadv的比較級(jí)+than+B例如：The class is twice bigger than that class.3.A+系動(dòng)詞+倍數(shù)詞+the sizeamount(數(shù)量)engthwidthheightd

47、epth+of+B例如：The class is twice the size of that class.四 With的復(fù)合構(gòu)造1 With+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)根據(jù)邏輯意義的不同可以是不同的詞語(yǔ)，如形容詞、目前分詞、過(guò)去分詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式等，with在復(fù)合構(gòu)造中常作狀語(yǔ)2.常用構(gòu)造1with+賓語(yǔ)+doing表積極與進(jìn)行例如：Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him.2with+賓語(yǔ)+done表被動(dòng)與完畢例如：With all things she need bought,she went home.3with+賓語(yǔ)+

48、to do表將來(lái)例如：With so many thing to deal with.五 目前完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)目前完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)1基本體現(xiàn)式（I have been doing ） I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth. he/ she/ it has been doing sth. 2表達(dá)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始始終持續(xù)到目前的動(dòng)作，并且還將持續(xù)下去。 The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中國(guó)有的造紙歷史。（動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去） I have been learning English since

49、 three years ago. 自從三年前以來(lái)我始終在學(xué)英語(yǔ)。（動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去） 3表達(dá)在說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)刻之前到目前正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我們已經(jīng)等你半個(gè)鐘頭了(人還沒(méi)到，猶如在電話(huà)里說(shuō)的，還會(huì)繼續(xù)等) 4有些目前完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子等同的句子。 例如：They have been living in this city for ten years. They have lived in this city for ten years. 她們?cè)谶@個(gè)都市已經(jīng)住了了。 I have been working her

50、e for five years. I have worked here for five years. 我在這里已經(jīng)工作五年了。 5大多數(shù)目前完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子不等同于目前完畢時(shí)的句子。 例如：I have been writing a book.（動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去） 我始終在寫(xiě)一本書(shū)。 I have written a book.（動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完畢） 我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了一本書(shū)。 They have been building a bridge. 她們始終在造一座橋。 They have built a bridge. 她們?cè)炝艘蛔鶚颉?6表達(dá)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞不能用于目前完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)。 例如：I have kno

51、wn him for years. 我結(jié)識(shí)她已經(jīng)好幾年了。 I have been knowing. 此類(lèi)不能用于目前完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞尚有：love愛(ài)，like喜歡， hate討厭，等。 注意：比較過(guò)去時(shí)與目前完畢時(shí)1過(guò)去時(shí)表達(dá)過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純論述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；目前完畢時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)目前的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而目前完畢時(shí)一般與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):

52、 this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 目前完畢時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 不擬定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 3目前完畢時(shí)可表達(dá)持續(xù)到目前的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, di

53、e, finish, become, get married等。 例如： I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。） I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)目前的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)懂得了。） Why did you get up so early? （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，也許為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。） She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來(lái)了。 He has bee

54、n in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has been a League member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -Hes already been sent for. 句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, i

55、n 1960）時(shí)，不能使用目前完畢時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。 （錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 六過(guò)去完畢時(shí)1 概念：表達(dá)過(guò)去的過(guò)去 其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。 那時(shí)此前 那時(shí) 目前 2 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 狀語(yǔ)從句 在過(guò)去不同步間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生

56、在先，用過(guò)去完畢時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表達(dá)意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完畢時(shí)表達(dá)原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 3過(guò)去完畢時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 例如：He said that he had learned some Eng

57、lish before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 七目前完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)1其構(gòu)成形式如下： I / we / they have been + 動(dòng)詞的目前分詞 He / she / it has been + 動(dòng)詞的目前分詞 功用如下： 2 表達(dá)一種在過(guò)去開(kāi)始而在近來(lái)剛剛結(jié)束的行動(dòng)，如： Ann is very t

58、ired. She has been working hard. Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? 3表達(dá)一種從過(guò)去開(kāi)始但仍在進(jìn)行的行動(dòng)，如： It has been raining for two hours. (目前還在下) Jack hasnt been feeling very well recently. 4 表達(dá)一種從過(guò)去開(kāi)始延續(xù)到目前，可以涉及目前在內(nèi)的一種階段內(nèi)，反復(fù)發(fā)生的行動(dòng)，如： She has been playing tennis since she was eight. 5 目前完畢時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)

59、作行為的成果、影響，而目前完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為自身，如： Toms hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car. The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it. 注意： 目前完畢時(shí)有否認(rèn)構(gòu)造、而目前完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)沒(méi)有否認(rèn)構(gòu)造。 目前完畢時(shí)態(tài)可表達(dá)做完的時(shí)期以及已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、但目前完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)不可以 目前完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)的否認(rèn)構(gòu)造 目前完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也可用否認(rèn)構(gòu)造。如： Since that unfortunate accident last week, I havent been sleepin

60、g at all well. 自從上周發(fā)生了那次不幸事故之后，我始終睡得很不好. He hasnt been working for me and I havent has that much contact with him. 她并沒(méi)有給我工作過(guò)，我和她沒(méi)有過(guò)那許多接觸。 6否認(rèn)句構(gòu)成： 主語(yǔ)+has/have+not+been+目前分詞 7一般疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成: Have/has+主語(yǔ)+been+目前分詞+其她 高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分。英語(yǔ)句子成分有主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)等。順序一般是主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，而表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)的位置要根據(jù)狀況而