商業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)英語(yǔ)名詞解析和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)年表

1、BUSINESSECONOMYRestaurants are clearly feeling the pinch from the economic crisis, said Tim Zagat, founder of the survey now in its 30th year which bases its food, decor and service ratings for some 2,000 restaurants on feedback from restaurant patrons. Crisis（pl. crises)Paraphrase : an unstable sit

2、uation of extreme danger or difficultySynonym: emergency a sudden unforeseen crisis (usually involving danger) that requires immediate actionEconomy (n.) e.g. Theeconomyseems tobe downshifting.Economic (adj.) e.g. Histheoryislinkedcloselywiththesuccessofoureconomicreform.Economical (adj.) e.g. Iwant

3、mosteconomicalpacking.Economics (n.) e.g. Wedo notcommentonnationaleconomics.Economic crisisTypesCauses and consequencesHistoryTypesBanking crisis Examples of bank runs include therun on the Bank of the United States in 1931and the run onNorthern Rockin 2007. Banking crises generally occur after per

4、iods of risky lending and resulting loan defaults.Currency crisisIn general, a currency crisis can be defined as a situation when the participants in an exchange market come to recognize that a pegged exchange rate is about to fail, causing speculation against the peg that hastens the failure and fo

5、rces a devaluation or appreciation, seeAl-Assaf et al. (2013)Speculative bubbles and crashes Well-known examples of bubbles (or purported bubbles) and crashes in stock prices and other asset prices include the Dutch tulip mania, the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the Japanese property bubble of the 1980

6、s, the crash of the dot-com bubble in 20002001, and the now-deflating United States housing bubble . The 2000s sparked a real estate bubble where housing prices were increasing significantly as an asset good.International financial crisesSeveral currencies that formed part of the European Exchange R

7、ate Mechanism suffered crises in 199293 and were forced to devalue or withdraw from the mechanism. Another round of currency crises took place in Asia in 199798. Many Latin American countries defaulted on their debt in the early 1980s. The 1998 Russian financial crisis resulted in a devaluation of t

8、he ruble and default on Russian government bonds.Wider economic crisisNegative GDP growth lasting two or more quarters is called a recession. An especially prolonged or severe recession may be called a depression, while a long period of slow but not necessarily negative growth is sometimes called ec

9、onomic stagnation.Causes and consequencesStrategic complementarities in financial marketsLeverageAsset-liability mismatchUncertainty and herd behaviorRegulatory failuresContagionRecessionary effectsSome financial crises have little effect outside of the financial sector, like the Wall Street crash o

10、f 1987, but other crises are believed to have played a role in decreasing growth in the rest of the economy. There are many theories why a financial crisis could have a recessionary effect on the rest of the economy. These theoretical ideas include the financial accelerator, flight to quality and fl

11、ight to liquidity, and the Kiyotaki-Moore model. Some third generation models of currency crises explore how currency crises and banking crises together can cause recessions.HistoryPrior to 19th century1637: Bursting of tulip mania in the Netherlands 1720: Bursting of South Sea Bubble (Great Britain

12、) and Mississippi Bubble (France) Crisis of 1772Panic of 1792Panic of 1796179719th centuryDanish state bankruptcy of 1813Panic of 1819 pervasive USA economic recession w/ bank failures; culmination of U.S.s 1st boom-to-bust economic cyclePanic of 1825 pervasive British economic recession in which ma

13、ny British banks failed, & Bank of England nearly failedPanic of 1837 pervasive USA economic recession w/ bank failures; a 5 yr depression ensuedPanic of 1847 a collapse of British financial markets associated with the end of the 1840s railroad boom.Panic of 1857 pervasive USA economic recession w/

14、bank failuresPanic of 1866 the Overend Gurney crisis (primarily British)Panic of 1873 pervasive USA economic recession w/ bank failures, known then as the 5 yr Great Depression & now as the Long DepressionPanic of 1884Panic of 1890Panic of 1893 a panic in the United States marked by the collapse of

15、railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failuresAustralian banking crisis of 1893Panic of 1896 an acute economic depression in the United States precipitated by a drop in silver reserves and market concerns on the effects it would have on the gold standard20

16、th centuryPanic of 1901 limited to crashing of the New York Stock ExchangePanic of 1907 pervasive USA economic recession w/ bank failuresPanic of 191019111910 Shanghai rubber stock market crisisWall Street Crash of 1929, followed by the Great Depression the largest and most important economic depres

17、sion in the 20th century1973 1973 oil crisis oil prices soared, causing the 19731974 stock market crashSecondary banking crisis of 19731975 United KingdomWall Street on the morning of May 14 during the Panic of 1884.1980s Latin American debt crisis beginning in Mexico in 1982 with the Mexican Weeken

18、dBank stock crisis (Israel 1983)1987 Black Monday (1987) the largest one-day percentage decline in stock market history198991 United States Savings & Loan crisis1990 Japanese asset price bubble collapsedearly 1990s Scandinavian banking crisis: Swedish banking crisis, Finnish banking crisis of 1990sE

19、arly 1990s recession199293 Black Wednesday speculative attacks on currencies in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism199495 1994 economic crisis in Mexico speculative attack and default on Mexican debt199798 1997 Asian Financial Crisis devaluations and banking crises across Asia21st century20002001 2

20、001 Turkish economic crisis2000 early 2000s recession1999-2002 Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002)2001 Bursting of dot-com bubble speculations concerning internet companies crashed2008-2011 Icelandic financial crisis200708 Global financial crisis2010 European sovereign debt crisis2014 Russian fina

21、ncial crisisZhouTing,directoroftheFortuneCharacterInstitute,whichstudiesconsumptionhabitsofthewealthy,saidagreatnumberofnon-officialsellersofinternationalluxurybrandsareexpectedtocollapsein2016ase-commercesitestoughentheirstanceonthesaleoff- akeproducts. Luxury: a thing that is expensive and enjoyab

22、le but not essential. Synonym: extravaganceCollapse: to decrease suddenly in amount or value.E-commerce: commerce conducted electronically (as on the internet).Synonym: Electronic Commerce/Electronic Commercial Affairs/e-businessToughen： make tough or tougher.Extension(E-commerce ) E-commerce (elect

23、ronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the Internet. These business transactions occur either business-to-business(B2B), business-to-consumer(B2C), consumer-to-consumer(C2C) or consumer-to-bus

24、iness(C2B).The termse-commerceand e-businessare often used interchangeably. The terme-tailis also sometimes used in reference to transactional processes around online retail.Extension(E-commerce ) B2B (Business to Business):is a business to establish business relationships with businesses such as Mc

25、Donalds, we are only able to buy McDonalds and Coca-Colabecause of the business partners. Businessmen to establish business partnership is the hope that through the what is offered to form a complementary development opportunities, our business can be profitable. Example: Alibaba.B2C (Business to Co

26、nsumer):is that we often see vendors sell goods directly to the user, for example you go to McDonalds to eat is B2C, because you just a customer. Example: Dangdang.C2C (Consumer to Consumer):similar to the retail market, the direct object is the end-user shopping. Example: Tducts1.cu產(chǎn)品；制品a

27、thing that is grown or produced, usually for saleDairy products meat products pharmaceutical products o2.c（自然、化學(xué)或工業(yè)過(guò)程的）產(chǎn)物，生成物，產(chǎn)品a thing produced during a natural, chemical or industrial process3. of sth產(chǎn)兒；產(chǎn)物；結(jié)果a person or thing that is the result of sth the child is the product of a broken home4.乘積；

28、積a quantity obtained by multiplying one number by anotherThe product of 21 and 16 is 336Collocation：1、adj.+n. finished product , same product , plastic product , electrical product , steel product2、v.+n. sell product , make product , launch product , develop product , promote productSynonyms For:man

29、ufactured article , creation , produce , invention , merchandiseWhat is the difference between product and produce?produce is used in agricultureproduct is used in manufacturingProducev. 1.生產(chǎn)；制造to make things to be sold, especially in large quantities2.生長(zhǎng)；出產(chǎn)；繁育to grow or make sth as part of a natura

30、l process; to have a baby or young animal3.（運(yùn)用技巧）制作，造出to create sth, especially when skill is needed4.引起；導(dǎo)致；使產(chǎn)生to cause a particular result or effect5. sth (from/out of sth)出示；展現(xiàn)；使出現(xiàn)to show sth or make sth appear from somewhere6.栽培；培養(yǎng)if a town, country, duces sb with a particular skill or qua

31、lity, the person comes from that town, country, etc.7.制作，拍攝（電影、戲劇等）；監(jiān)督to be in charge of preparing a film/movie, play, etc. for the public to seen. 1.u產(chǎn)品；（尤指）農(nóng)產(chǎn)品things that have been made or grown, especially things connected with farmingBankruptcyDefinition RelatedSynonyms Etymology（詞源） Cultural Ba

32、ckground RelatedTerms：Bankruptcy Fraud Definition: Bankruptcy is a legal status of a person or other entity that cannot repay the debts it owes to creditors.RelatedSynonyms: liquidation（清算）, administration（管理）In some countries, bankruptcy is limited to individuals, and other forms of insolvency proc

33、eedings (such as liquidation and administration) are applied to companies. faillite（失?。?French, failure Etymology（詞源）:The wordbankruptcyis derived from Italian“banca rotta” , meaning broken bank, which may stem from a custom of breaking a moneychangers bench or counter to signify his insolvency, or

34、which may be only a figure of speech.Cultural Background : Ancient Personal West East National ModernAcient:Personal:West: In Ancient Greece, bankruptcy did not exist. If a man owed and he could not pay, he and his wife, children or servants were forced into debt slavery for a certain time. Ps: An e

35、xception to this rule was Athens, which by the laws of Solon forbade enslavement for debt; as a consequence, most Athenian slaves were foreigners (Greek or otherwise). In 1542, a Statute of Bankrupts was the first statute under English law dealing with bankruptcy or insolvency.East: Bankruptcy is also documented in East Asia. Ghengis Khan contained a provision that mandated the death penalty for anyone who became bankrupt three times.Acient:National: A failure of a nation to meet bond repay