新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程第二版-練習(xí)題-參考答案

1、. . .新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教第版 練習(xí) 參答案Chapter 1 Introduction1. interpret following of linguistics: Linguistics scientific study language.答 Linguistics systematic investigation of linguistic with to theory of structure. In discover nature rules underlying linguists collect observe language facts first, which are f

2、ound display some similarities, andgeneralizations made formulates hypotheses about language structure. The againstthe to fully prove their validity. linguistics, as discipline,data theory dialectical complementation, support can validity, and without theory a of things.2. linguistics? What does stu

3、dy?答 linguistics phonetics: it studies linguistic communication;phonology: how in morphology: it studies linguistic sounds are words;syntax: studies rules which govern how words are combined to form.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .grammatically permissible sentences languages;semantics: meaning language;pragmatics: it stu

4、dies context use.3. ways from traditional grammar?答 traditionally formed study over years referred to traditional ” linguistics traditional in Firstly, while traditional grammar prescriptive.econd, linguistics language written.raditional grammarians, the other hand, tended to emphasize, over-emphasi

5、ze, written partly permanence.Then, linguistics from traditional grammar not languages Latin-based framework.4. or 答 In modem linguistics, synchronic seems to enjoy priority over diachronic Because that various different historical periods successfully studied, difficult describe changes in historic

6、al development.5. For reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather to writing?答 writing major of linguistic communication. Modemlinguistics spoken natural of .學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .language for obvious reasons. point of view of linguistic evolution,h writing. system language “invented users ari

7、ses. are manylanguages can written. Then in speech role writing of information conveyed.And also, speech every speaker his tongue, writing later he to For linguists, reveals features of while language nly “revised of data investigation and analysis mostly regard authentic.6. How Saussures distinctio

8、n between langue and parole similar to distinction 答 Saussures and similar, at least in Saussure a sociological language notion social conventions, looks psychological of and is individual.7. characteristics of language think should be included in good, comprehensive 答 First language is language to

9、rules.Second, arbitrary in is intrinsic connection a linguistic symbol and .學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .Third, vocal for all languages is Fourth, language human-specific, i. very from systems forms life 8. of human language that specified by to that it is essentially different 答 features language design include: 1) Ar

10、bitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary. This that there no logical connection betweenmeanings sounds. is fact different refer to different languages.2) Language or it construction interpretation of signals users. is an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never before.3) Lan

11、guage consists of structures, levels. lower level of sounds, meaningless But soundsof of which level 4) Language real .學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .imagined present, or or far-away In language removed the situations of speaker. ” 5) transmissionWhile capacity for language has genetic the ability language, details langu

12、age genetically transmitted, have learned.9. of language? of for illustration.答 Three functions often language: descriptive function, the function, social function. descriptive function is function to information, can asserted or denied, in even verified. example: “China a large country history. exp

13、ressive function supplies information about users feelings, preferences, prejudices, values. For example: “I never -shopping ” social and social relations between people. For Chapter 2 1. major of linguistic communication? is primary 答 Speech writing are major linguistic communication.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .Of la

14、nguage, speech is primary writing, for please answer fifth problem in last 2. is and is 答 Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and feature of all vowels and some consonants English. It vibration vocal 3. with transcription and transcription 答 transcription with letter-symbols only is transcription.

15、 This transcription normally used dictionaries textbooks for purposes. latter, i.e. transcription with letter-symbols together diacritics is callednarrow transcription. This transcription needed and phoneticians intheir of diacritics faithfully represent as of fine details as for purpose.In transcri

16、ption, the in four leaf bild, . fact, all four differs slightly. The in occurring before is a and diacritic is indicate it; bild, occurring atthe of consonant, is differently clear1 “l(fā)eaf called transcription the diacritic is indicate hel, is by Englishdental sound , its pronunciation is somewhat af

17、fected by the dental sound thatfollows called transcription the is to transcribed as .學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .Another is consonant p. We all that p pronounceddifferently In is with of but is In of the said and spit, sound unaspirated. This difference not in broad transcription, but in narrowtranscription, a raised

18、 aspiration, thus is as and is as 4. English classified?答 English classified in ways: is articulation other articulation. In of ofarticulation English classified the following types: stops,fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and of articulation, it classified following bilabial, labiodental, den

19、tal, alveolar, palatal, velar glottal.5. criteria classify English 答 Vowels distinguished central, and to of tongue To distinguish of apply another i.e. the openness of the Accordingly, we classify vowels four vowels, vowels, vowels, and vowels. criterion used classification the In English, all vowe

20、ls central are unfounded vowels, e., lips, with of a:, .學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .rounded. lips.6. the following descriptions:voiced affricatevoiceless labiodental fricativevoiced alveolar front, shortback, voiceless bilabial B. features of following 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 答A. (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) B. voiceless (2) alveolar (

21、3) palatal affricate (4) glide(5) close, (6) open7. differ in focus think interested difference between, say, phonetician or phonologist? Why?答 ： (1) Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with aspect language the related sounds, differ Phonetics general is in the in all languages: they how diff

22、er.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .from other, features possess, can classified, Phonology, discover how speech sounds patterns and these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.(2) interested in Because of of phonologists out that distribution of 8. is different from How allophones a 答 unit during l

23、inguistic communication all A is particular sound,but represented or by certain phone in phonetic different phones which represent a in different phonetic environmentsare the of English realized as ?, allophones 9. with sequential assimilation deletion 答 Rules govern particular language are sequenti

24、al rules.There sequential English. a next vowel. lbik impossiblecombinations in English. have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes. assimilation assimilates ” of .學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .sequential phones similar. Assimilation neighbouringsounds for caused articulatory or physiological processes

25、. speak, to increase articulation. ” regularized of language.We nasalization phonological feature in English, i.e., distinguish does that English nasalizedin actual pronunciation; in fact they are nasalized in certain phonetic contexts. example, sound nasalized bean, scream. because these sound foll

26、owed n assimilation also varying pronunciation of alveolarnasal n sound combinations. The rule that the nasal assumes of articulation consonant follows English prefix in- adjective to negative, indiscreet, incorrect. n prefix in-is alveolar because consonant follows is alveolar but sound incorrect i

27、s actually pronounced as nasal, ?; is consonantthat it which velar that pronouncing sound “copying of that follows it.Deletion rule tells us sound deleted although it is orthographicallyrepresented. We noticed in pronunciation of words sign, and is sound represented in spelling by letter.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .g.

28、 in corresponding designation, paradigmatic, represented g pronounced. can as: it final consonant. rule, ofthe in signature, resign resignation, phlegm paradigm paradigmatic will include the /g/, which will be deleted according to regular if suffix 10. suprasegmental features? How suprasegmental fea

29、tures of English meaning?答 that above level are suprasegmental features stress, and of stress in English distinguishes meaning. are kinds stress: stress sentence For of of from its remains Tones variations can distinguish meaning just phonemes.Intonation an role of language, especially in a like dif

30、ferent sequence different meanings.Chapter 3 1. following into separate ” each and a. microfile e. .學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .bedraggled forefatherannouncement g. predigestion h. 答a. + c. d. e. f. g. h. 2. of meaning, specify they suffixed to. least Model: suffix: meaning: performing stem added examples: who in moti

31、on etc. translator,“one translates答(1) suffix: -ablemeaning: something possiblestemadded examples: acceptable, ”respectable, ”(2) suffix: -lytype:.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .meaning: functionalstem added adjectivesexamples: freely. “adverbial quickly, quick ”.(3) suffix: -eemeaning: receiving stem added examples: emp

32、loyee, interviewee, who interviewed3. of their meaning, and specify they prefixed least Model: prefix: meaning: hout; notstem added adjectivesexamples: ” asexual, “without ” 答(1) dis-meaning: showing stem added examples disapprove, dishonesty, of (2) anti-.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .meaning: against, tostem added adj

33、ectivesexamples antinuclear, ”antisocial, or harmful to laws and of organized (3) counter-meaning: ofstem added adjectives.examples: counterproductive, “producing results ”counteract, against force of 4. italicized following is inflectional morpheme.Study inflectional carefully and out grammatical m

34、eaning. Sue in high-society circles London.A traffic warden asked to move his February are 答(1) singularthe tensethe the progressive5. following related another inflection or derivation.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .go, going, discover, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityinventor, s, inventors, inventorsdemocracy,

35、 democrat, democratic, democratize答略)6. following contain derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all derivational circle inflectional s It raining.Those are inexpensive.Jim strongest continued. closed alphabetization went well.答略)Chapter 4 1. is Syntax linguistics how and rules govern of s

36、entences.2. is rule?.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . . regulates specifiers, heads, that called a structure structural as follows:NP (Det) .VP (Qual) AP (Deg) (Deg) phrasal rule for rule: (specifier) X 3. is How Category to linguistic items fulfill or similar functions in particular language sentence, a determine a words c

37、ategory, three criteria are usually employed, namelymeaning, inflection and distribution. A words distributional facts together withinformation about its meaning inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.4. is structure does formed two with a conjunction is coordinate Conjunctio

38、n four properties:1) is limit on of categories to conjunction.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .A (a entire coordinated.Coordinated must is identical category elements conjoined.5. elements a and does element A phrase usually contains following elements: head, specifier and contains element modifier. Head: a Specifier:Speci

39、fier special roles. to precise the meaning of head. Syntactically, typically a boundary. are themselves phrases provide information about entities and locations existence Modifier:Modifiers optionally properties of 6. is structure and structure?There of syntactic structure. first, formed by in with

40、subcategorization properties, called structure D-structure).學(xué)習(xí)參考. . . corresponding to final form sentence results appropriate transformations, called structure S-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) old lady got off the carefully.Det V Det Advb) car sudden

41、ly crashed the river Det V Det Nc) blinding snowstorm might delay opening of the schools.Det Aux V Det N P Det Nd) cloth feels quite soft.Det V A（以 題作初步的成分劃，未畫樹形, 僅參8. following phrases include head, a and a specifier. appropriate for a) in XP(AP) (in minerals) PPb) storiesXP(VP) specifier Qual (rea

42、d) (detective stories) NPc) against XP(NP) specifier (the) Det + head (argument) N + complement (against proposals) .學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .d) above XP(VP) specifier 9. following contain modifiers of types. firstidentify modifier(s), then tree 劃底線的為動詞的修飾語斜的為名詞的修飾）A passenger airplane caution.A black examined care

43、fully yesterday.A lake in 10. following sentences all conjoined categories. Draw structure for each sentences. 劃底線的為并列的范）Jim dirty Helen and literature of statistics.11. following sentences all that as of adjective, a preposition or structure （劃線的為補(bǔ)語從句You war.Gerry the that flunked English Chris fat

44、her bought him Rolls-Royce. argued 12. of following contains relative the structure.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .and surface trees sentences. 劃底線的為關(guān)系從 a) essay excellent.Herbert bought a she girl linguistics.13. derivations of following involve inversion transformation. the structure surface of sentences.a) tomorrow? s

45、tructure)you (deep b) did to (surface structure)Helen party (deep c) (surface structure)who (deep Chapter 5 Semantics1. concerning 答(1) ancient Greek scholar According this linguistic or words, languageare labels of they just or for things.(2) conceptualist philosophers linguists ancient view there

46、link linguistic andwhat to e., between language real rather, in interpretation.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .of are of mind.(3) contextualist that be in of situation,use, closely language The representative this Firth, British linguist.(4) Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of language form as “situation it th

47、e calls in hearer. theory, somewhat close contextualism, is psychological 2. of English?答 of dialectal synonyms, stylistic or evaluative synonyms, collocational synonyms, and semantically different synonyms. （略3. with 答(1) Homonymy refers different have different words identical in spelling, or When

48、 identical When identical spelling, When identical sound spelling, they homonyms(2) different may the or similar meaning, may is we polysemy, called word. are polysemic English, acquired meaning.(3) refers sense relation between general, inclusive .學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .and specific is general called superordina

49、te, specific words are its Hyponyms of superordinate other. Hyponymy is relation of inclusion; in superordinate includes all 略4. classified? category each following of north/south vacant/occupied literate/illiterate above/belowdoctor/patient wide/narrow poor/rich father/daughter答 antonyms, antonyms

50、and relational opposite Gradable literate/illiterate wide poor/rich vacant/occupiedRelational north/south, doctor/patient, father/daughter, above/below5. Identify relations between following sentences: pregnant. My will divorced wife. My sister is He seafood, going He crabs. They a child.答 presuppos

51、es will ” is likes entailed by likes “They ” “They ”.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .6. In what way componential analysis similar the analysis of into distinctive 答 base belief dissected meaning 7. is grammaticality? grammatically meaningful sentence semantically 答 Grammaticality refers to grammatical well-formedness of s

52、entence. violation selectional restrictions, on items what meaningless.8. the following sentences in predication sells Is It snowing. well.答 sells MAN, (SELL)Is BABY It snowing. well. Chapter 6 .學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .1. does How it differ traditional semantics?答 Generally pragmatics is study context. It meaning

53、dynamic way as a process. In order have a successfulcommunication, into considerationso effect intention. The and establishmentpragmatics in resulted mainly from the expansion of studysemantics. different traditional semantics. differencebetween lies studies while studies meaning in static way. Prag

54、matics takes context into consideration whilesemantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that not accounted semantics.2. Why is the notion of context essential in the pragmatic study of linguistic communication?答 The notion of context is essential the pragmatic study of langua

55、ge. generally as constituted hearer. continents of identified, knowledge the of has before, world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in linguisticcommunication is place, knowledge each determinesthe use language also interpretation of is Without knowledge, linguistic communication po

56、ssible, considering such knowledge, linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .accounted sense. at following How It It Christmas went to afternoon a surfing.Sentence in conversation between talking examination, talking or (2)might by speaker to hearer heater, or place,or put on cloth

57、es, or to apologize for poor condition of room,depending the situation of context; (3) makes sense only ii the hearer the knowledge Christmas in hemisphere.3. meaning utterance how differ?答 A is concept, studied abstract, of sentence in predication.But if we think of a sentence as what actually utte

58、r in course communication, it in situation which actually uttered (or So impossible to if dog ” a or utterance. It either. It depends we we going unit consider self-contained in isolation treating it sentence. If take utters in certain situation with purpose, we treating utterance.學(xué)習(xí)參考. . .Therefore

59、, is and decontextualized, that utterance and context-dependent. The utterance is sentence realization of meaning in situation or Now, sentence isheavy Semantic results one-place BAG a analysis meaning .sentence with uttered. could straightforward statement, that his heavy. It also indirect, asking

60、carry possibility is declining request for are interpretations of rance ”. understood depends on context in it and for the While utterances sentences, utterances and sentences.4. Try think of contexts in which the following sentences be used for other purposes just facts: is Oh, raining! movie You k