德國國家概況英文版德國國家英文德國簡介

1、Germany CONTENT TOC o 1-3 h z u HYPERLINK l _Toc399858182 Profile PAGEREF _Toc399858182 h 2 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858183 1.History PAGEREF _Toc399858183 h 2 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858184 1.1 Germanic tribes and Frankish Empire PAGEREF _Toc399858184 h 2 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858185 1.2 German Confederation and

2、 Empire PAGEREF _Toc399858185 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858186 1.3 Weimar Republic and the Third Reich PAGEREF _Toc399858186 h 4 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858187 1.4 East and West Germany PAGEREF _Toc399858187 h 7 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858188 1.5 German reunification and the EU PAGEREF _Toc399858188 h 9 HYPERLIN

3、K l _Toc399858189 2 Geography PAGEREF _Toc399858189 h 10 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858190 2.1 Climate PAGEREF _Toc399858190 h 10 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858193 3 Politics PAGEREF _Toc399858193 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858195 3.1 Constituent states PAGEREF _Toc399858195 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858196 4 Economy PA

4、GEREF _Toc399858196 h 12 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858197 4.1 Urbanization PAGEREF _Toc399858197 h 14 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858198 5 Clture PAGEREF _Toc399858198 h 15 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858199 5.1 Art PAGEREF _Toc399858199 h 16 HYPERLINK l _Toc399858200 5.2 Music PAGEREF _Toc399858200 h 16 HYPERLINK l _Toc399

5、858201 5.3 Literature and philosophy PAGEREF _Toc399858201 h 17ProfileGermany,(officially theFederal Republic of Germany),is afederal parliamentary republicinwestern-central Europeconsisting of 16constituent states, which retain limited sovereignty. Itscapital cityandlargest cityisBerlin. Germany co

6、vers an area of 357,021 square kilometres and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 80.6million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state in theEuropean Union. Germany is a major economic and political power of the European continent and a historic leader in many cultural, theoretic

7、al and technical fields.1.History1.1 Germanic tribes and Frankish EmpireTheGermanic tribesarethought to date fromtheNordic Bronze Ageor thePre-Roman Iron Age. From southern Scandinavia and north Germany, they expanded south, east and west from the 1st centuryBC, coming into contact with theCeltic tr

8、ibes ofGaulas well asIranian,Baltic, andSlavictribes inCentralandEaster Europe.UnderAugustus, Rome began to invade Germania (an area extending roughly from theRhineto theUral Mountains). In AD9, threeRoman legions led byPublius Quinctilius Varusweredefeatedby theCheruscanleaderArminius. By AD100, wh

9、enTacituswroteGermania, Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (Limes Germanicus), occupying most of the area of modern Germany; Austria, southernBavariaand the westernRhineland, however, were Roman provinces.In the 3rd century a number of large West Germanic tribes emerged: Alem

10、anni,Franks,Chatti,Saxons,Frisii,Sicambri, andThuringii. Around 260, the Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands.After an invasion by theHunsin 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved further south-west. Simultaneously several large tribes formed in what is now G

11、ermany and displaced the smaller Germanic tribes. Large areas (known since theMerovingianperiod asAustrasia) wereoccupied by the Franks, and Northern Germany was ruled by the Saxons and Slavs.1.2 German Confederation and EmpireFollowing the fall ofNapoleon, theCongress of Viennaconvened in 1814 and

12、founded the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund), a loose league of39 sovereign states. Disagreement withrestorationpolitics partly led to the rise of liberalmovement, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Metternich. The Zollverein, a tariff union, furthered economic unity i

13、n the German states.Nationaland liberal ideals of theFrench Revolutiongained increasing support among many, especially young, Germans. TheHambach Festivalin May 1832 was a main event in support ofGerman unity, freedom and democracy. In the light of aseries of revolutionary movements in Europe, which

14、 established a republicin France, intellectuals and commoners started theRevolutions of 1848 in the German states. KingFrederick William IV of Prussiawas offered the title of Emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, leading to a temporary setback for th

15、e movement.Conflict between KingWilliam Iof Prussia and the increasingly liberal parliament erupted over military reforms in 1862, and the king appointedOtto von Bismarckthe newMinister President of Prussia. Bismarck successfully wagedwar on Denmarkin 1864. Prussian victory in theAustro-Prussian War

16、of 1866 enabled him to create theNorth German Confederation(Norddeutscher Bund) and to exclude Austria, formerly the leading German state, from the federations affairs. After the French defeat in theFranco-Prussian War, the German Empire was proclaimed in 1871 inVersailles, uniting all scattered par

17、ts of Germany except Austria (Kleindeutschland, or Lesser Germany).With almost two-thirds of its territory and population, Prussia was the dominating constituent of the new state; theHohenzollernKing of Prussia ruled as its concurrent Emperor, and Berlin became its capital.In theGrnderzeitperiod fol

18、lowing theunification of Germany, Bismarcks foreign policy asChancellor of Germanyunder Emperor William I secured Germanys position as a great nation by forging alliances, isolatingFranceby diplomatic means, and avoiding war. As a result of theBerlin Conferencein 1884 Germany claimed severalcolonies

19、includingGerman East Africa,German South-West Africa,Togo, andCameroon.UnderWilhelm II, however, Germany, like other European powers, took animperialisticcourse leading to friction with neighbouring countries. Most alliances in which Germany had previously been involved were not renewed, and new all

20、iances excluded the country.TheassassinationofAustrias crown princeon 28 June 1914 triggeredWorld War I. Germany, as part of theCentral Powers, suffered defeat against the Allies in one of the bloodiestconflicts of all time. In total, approximately two million German soldiers were killed in World Wa

21、r I.TheGerman Revolutionbroke out in November 1918, and Emperor Wilhelm II and all German ruling princesabdicated. An armisticeended the war on 11 November, and Germany signed theTreaty of Versaillesin June 1919. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating and unjust and it was later seen by histori

22、ans as influential in the rise of Hitler.1.3 Weimar Republic and the Third ReichAt the beginning of theGerman Revolutionin November 1918, Germany was declared arepublic. However, the struggle for power continued, with radical-leftCommunistsseizing power in Bavaria. The revolution came to an end on 1

23、1 August 1919, when the democraticWeimar Constitutionwas signed by PresidentFriedrich Ebert. After a tumultuous period seeing theoccupation of the Ruhrby Belgian and French troops and the rise of inflation culminating in thehyperinflation of 1922-23, a debt restructuring plan (theDawes Plan) and the

24、 creation of anew currencyin 1924 ushered in theGolden Twenties, an era of increasing national confidence, artistic innovation, liberal cultural life and economic prosperity. This ended with theGreat Depressionof 1929.In September 1930 theNazi Partywon just under 18% of the votes in thefederal elect

25、ion of 1930. Forming a coalition government proved impossible and ChancellorHeinrich Brnings government askedPresident Paul von Hindenburgto grant himArticle 48 powersso that he could enact emergency policies without parliamentary approval. Hindenburg approved the request and Brnings government purs

26、ued a HYPERLINK ://wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression l Leave-it-alone_liquidationism_.281929.E2.80.931933.29 o Causes of the Great Depression policy of fiscal austerityand HYPERLINK ://wiki/Weimar_Republic l Br.C3.BCning.27s_policy_of_deflation_.281930.E2.80.931932.

27、29 o Weimar Republic deflationwhich caused higher unemployment and left Germans, especially the unemployed, with fewer social services.By 1932 nearly 30% of Germanys workforce was unemployedand inthe special federal election of 1932theNazi Partywon 37% of the vote but could not form a coalition gove

28、rnment. After a series of unsuccessful cabinets, PresidentPaul von HindenburgappointedAdolf Hitleras Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. On 27 February 1933 theReichstagbuilding went up in flames, theReichstag Fire Decreewas passed abrogating basic civil rights and the Enabling Act of 1933gave

29、 Hitler unrestricted legislative power. Hitler established a centralised totalitarian stateand opened Germanys firstconcentration campsin February 1933. In September 1933 Germans voted towithdraw from the League of Nations. Hitler began to pursue military rearmamentand used deficit spending to emplo

30、y millions of Germans in public works projects and industry.In August 1934 the cabinet enacted the Law Concerning the Highest State Office of the Reich which altered the traditional loyalty oath ofservicemenso that theyaffirmed loyalty to Hitler personallyrather than to the office of supreme command

31、er or the stateand in aspecial referendum90 per cent of the electorate approved merging the presidency with the chancellorship.In 1935 the Nazi regime reintroduced compulsory military service, withdrew from theTreaty of Versaillesand introduced theNuremberg Lawswhich targetedJewsand other groups.Ger

32、many reacquired control of theSaarin 1935 and in 1936 sent troops into theRhineland, which had been forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles. Austria was annexedin 1938 and despite theMunich Agreementin September 1938,Germany occupied Czechoslovakiaon 15 March 1939. Hitlers government then prepared for

33、 theinvasion of Polandby signing theMolotovRibbentrop pactandplanning a fake Polish attack. On 1 September 1939 the GermanWehrmachtlaunched theirInvasion of Poland, and swiftly occupied the country along with the SovietRed Army. As a result of the invasion theUnited KingdomandFrancedeclared war on G

34、ermany, marking the beginning ofWorld War II.As the war progressed, Germany and the otherAxis powersquickly gained control of most ofcontinental EuropeandNorth Africa, though plans toforce the United Kingdomto an armistice or surrender failed. On 22 June 1941, Germany broke the MolotovRibbentrop pac

35、t andinvaded the Soviet Union.Japansattack on Pearl Harborled Germany to declare war on the United Statesin December 1941. TheBattle of Stalingradwas a turning point in the war and forced the German army to retreat on theEastern front.In September 1943, Germanys allyItalysurrendered, and additional

36、German troops were needed to defend againstAllied forces in Italy. TheD-Dayinvasion of France opened aWestern frontin the war and despite a German counter offensive Allied forces had entered Germany by 1945. FollowingHilters suicideand theBattle of Berlin,the German armed forces surrenderedon 8 May

37、1945.The war was humanitys bloodiest conflict and caused the deaths of around40million people in Europealone.German armywar casualtieswere between 3.25 million and 5.3 million soldiers,and between 1 and 3 millionGerman civilians were killed. In what later became known asThe Holocaust, the Nazi regim

38、e enacted policies which targeted minorities as well as political and religious opposition. Over 10 million civilians were murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust, including six millionJews, between 220,000 and 1,500,000Romani people, 275,000persons with mental and/or physical disabilities, thous

39、ands ofJehovahs Witnesses, thousands ofhomosexuals, and hundreds of thousands of HYPERLINK ://wiki/The_Holocaust l The_political_left o The Holocaust members of the political and religious opposition. Six millionUkrainiansandPolesand an estimated 2.8 millionSoviet war prisonerswere a

40、lso killed by the Nazi regime.Losing the war resulted interritorial lossesfor Germany,the expulsion of millions of ethnic Germansfrom theformer eastern territories of Germanyand formerly occupied countries. Germany, like many of the countries it had occupied,sufferedmass rapeand thedestruction of nu

41、merous major cities due to bombingand fighting during the war. After World War II, Nazis, former Nazis and others were tried for war crimes, including crimes related to theHolocaust, at theNuremberg trials. 1.4 East and West GermanyAfter the surrender of Germany, the remaining German territory and B

42、erlin were partitioned by theAlliesinto four military occupation zones. Together, these zones accepted more than 6.5 million of the ethnic Germans expelled from eastern areas.The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the

43、Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic(Deutsche Demokratische Republik, or DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany. East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germa

44、ny choseBonnas a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was an artificial and temporarystatus quo.TheFederal Republic of Germanybecame a major recipient of reconstruction aid under theMarshall Plan.West Germany, established as a federal parliamentary republic with a

45、 social market economy, was allied with the United States, the UK and France.Konrad Adenauerwas elected the firstFederal Chancellor(Bundeskanzler) of Germany in 1949 and remained in office until 1963. Under his andLudwig Erhards leadership, the country enjoyed prolonged economic growth beginning in

46、the early 1950s, that became famous as the economic miracle (German:Wirtschaftswunder). West Germany joinedNATOin 1955 and was a founding member of theEuropean Economic Communityin 1957.East Germany was anEastern Blocstate under political and military control by theUSSRvia the latters occupation for

47、ces and theWarsaw Pact. Though East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members (Politbro) of the communist-controlledSocialist Unity Party of Germany, supported by theStasi, an immense secret service,and a variety of sub-organisations controlling every

48、 aspect of society. A Soviet-stylecommand economywas set up; the GDR later became aComeconstate.WhileEast German propagandawas based on the benefits of the GDRs social programmes and the alleged constant threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prospe

49、rity. TheBerlin Wall, built in 1961 to stop East Germans from escaping to West Germany, became a symbol of theCold War,hence its fall in 1989, following democratic reforms in Poland and Hungary, became a symbol of theFall of Communism,German ReunificationandDie Wende.Tensions between East and West G

50、ermany were reduced in the early 1970s byChancellorWilly BrandtsOstpolitik. In summer 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle theIron Curtainand open the borders, causing the emigration of thousands ofEast Germansto West Germany via Hungary. This had devastating effects on theGDR, where regularmass demon

51、strationsreceived increasing support. The East German authorities unexpectedly eased the border restrictions, allowing East German citizens to travel to the West; originally intended to help retain East Germany as a state, the opening of the border actually led to an acceleration of theWendereform p

52、rocess. This culminated in theTwo Plus Four Treatya year later on 12 September 1990, under which the four occupying powers renounced their rights under the Instrument of Surrender, and Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunificationon 3 October 1990, with the accession of the

53、five re-established states of the former GDR (new statesor neue Lnder).1.5 German reunification and the EUBased on theBerlin/Bonn Act, adopted on 10 March 1994,Berlinonce again became the capital of the reunified Germany, whileBonnobtained the unique status of aBundesstadt(federal city) retaining so

54、me federal ministries. The relocation of the government was completed in 1999.Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in theEuropean Unionand NATO. Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in theBalkansand sent a force ofGerman troopstoAfghanistanas part of a NATO effo

55、rt to providesecurity in that countryafter the ousting of theTaliban.These deployments were controversial since, after the war, Germany was bound by domestic law only to deploy troops for defence roles.In 2005,Angela Merkelbecame the first female Chancellor of Germany as the leader of agrand coaliti

56、on.Germany hosted the2007 G8 summitinHeiligendamm,Mecklenburg. In 2021, aliberal-conservativecoalition underMerkelassumed leadership of the country. In 2021, another grand coalition was established in aThird Merkel cabinet.2 GeographyGermany is inWesternandCentral Europe, withDenmarkbordering to the

57、 north,Polandand theCzech Republicto the east,AustriaandSwitzerlandto the south,FranceandLuxembourgto the southwest, andBelgiumand theNetherlandsto the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes47and55 N(the tip ofSyltis just north of 55), and longitudes5and16 E. The territory covers 357,021km2(137

58、,847sqmi), consisting of 349,223km2(134,836sqmi) of land and 7,798km2(3,011sqmi) of water. It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the62nd largest in the world.Elevation ranges from the mountains of theAlps(highest point: theZugspitzeat 2,962 metres or 9,718 feet) in the south to the

59、 shores of theNorth Sea(Nordsee) in the northwest and theBaltic Sea(Ostsee) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany are traversed by such major rivers as theRhine,DanubeandElbe. Glaciers are found in the Alpine region, but are experiencing degla

60、ciation. Significant natural resources are iron ore, coal, potash, timber,lignite,uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel,arable landand water.2.1 ClimateMost of Germany has atemperate seasonal climatein which humid westerly winds predominate. The country is situated in between theoceanicWestern