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1、第 PAGE22 頁(yè) 共 NUMPAGES22 頁(yè)2023年最新的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義(1)動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式由to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。這里的to是不定式標(biāo)志,沒(méi)有詞義。不定式具有名詞、形容詞或副詞的某些語(yǔ)法功能,又有動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的特點(diǎn)及作用。 常見(jiàn)的形式如表所示(以及物動(dòng)詞do為例),不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 一般式 to do to be done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing / 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing / 一、不定式作賓語(yǔ),大致上有三種情況。 1、有些及物動(dòng)詞用不定式作賓語(yǔ)
2、,結(jié)構(gòu)為動(dòng)詞+不定式。例如: afford aim agree arrange ask decide bother care choose demand desire determine elect endeavor hope fail help learn long 渴望 mean manage offer plan pretend refuse tend undertake expect hate intend 例如: The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒(méi)能及時(shí)看見(jiàn)另一輛車(chē)。 He offered to help me. 他
3、表示愿意幫助我。 2、有些動(dòng)詞除了可以用不定式作賓語(yǔ),還用不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),即有動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如: ask choose expect help beg intend like/love need prefer prepare want wish 例如: I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話(huà)。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談
4、話(huà)。 3、 些動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組可以用動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)。例如: decide know consider forget learn remember show, wonder find out tell inquire explain 例如: Please show us how to do that. 請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy. 有這么多的錄音機(jī),我都拿不定主意買(mǎi)哪一種。 二、不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 1、有些有動(dòng)
5、詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如: advise allow cause challenge command compel drive 驅(qū)使 enable encourage forbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 例如; Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠!?The officer ordere
6、d his men to fire. 長(zhǎng)官命令士兵開(kāi)火。 注意:有些動(dòng)詞如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做賓補(bǔ),也可用分詞作賓補(bǔ)。現(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng),也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。 2、 些有動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu),不定式的動(dòng)詞往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。例如: consider find believe think declare(聲稱(chēng)) appoint guess fancy(設(shè)想) guess judge imagine know 例如: We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。 We know him to be a f
7、ool. 我們知道他是個(gè)笨蛋。(to be 不能省去) 典型例題 Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案:C. 一般沒(méi)有consider+賓語(yǔ)+be以外不定式的結(jié)構(gòu),也沒(méi)有consider+賓語(yǔ)+doing的結(jié)構(gòu),排除A、B、D。consider用動(dòng)詞be以外的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),一般要求用不定式的完成式,故選C。 3、 有些動(dòng)詞可以跟there +to be的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如: bel
8、ieve expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 例如: We didnt expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在那里。 You wouldnt want there to be another war. 你不至于想讓另外一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)發(fā)生吧。 三、不定式作主語(yǔ) 1、不定式作主語(yǔ),往往用it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)不定式放至句子的后面。 例如:Its so nice to hear your voice. 聽(tīng)到你的聲音真高興。 Its necessary for
9、 you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用車(chē)的時(shí)候,鎖車(chē)是有必要的。 Its very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們,他真好。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西,這顯得太自私了。 2、但是,用不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中還有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不能用It is to的句型。另外,這樣的句子,不能用動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)。例如: (對(duì))To teach is to learn. (錯(cuò))It is to learn to teach. (錯(cuò))To
10、 teach is learning. (錯(cuò))Teaching is to learn. 典型例題 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案:B. 如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞,其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí),常位于形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。 3、Its for sb. to do和 Its of sb. to do句型的區(qū)別 這樣的句子中,由于表語(yǔ)形容詞性質(zhì)的不同,導(dǎo)致了不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)標(biāo)志用for或of
11、的區(qū)別。 1)for sb. 句型中的形容詞一般為表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀(guān)形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如: Its very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很難的。 2)of sb.句型中的形容詞一般為表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主觀(guān)感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如: Its very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我,你真是太好了。 3)
12、用for還是用of 的另一種辨別方法: 用介詞for或of后面的邏輯主語(yǔ)作句子的主語(yǔ),用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ),造個(gè)句子。如果通順用of,不通則用for。例如: You are nice. (通順,所以應(yīng)用of)。 He is hard. (非所表達(dá)的意思,不通,因此用for。) 四、不定式作表語(yǔ) 不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面,形成表語(yǔ)。例如: My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清掃房間。 His dream is to be a doctor. 他的夢(mèng)想是成為一名醫(yī)生。 五、不定式作定語(yǔ) 不定式作定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后,往往表示未發(fā)
13、生的動(dòng)作。例如: I have a lot of work to do. 我有許多事要做。 There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家時(shí))兩手空空。 六、不定式作狀語(yǔ) 1、作目的狀語(yǔ) 常用結(jié)構(gòu)為to do , only to do(僅僅為了), in order to do, so as to do, so(such) as to(如此以便)。例如: He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車(chē)。 I come here only to say good-bye
14、to you. 我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。 2、作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),可以表示沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果,不定式要放在句子后面。 I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見(jiàn)了。 He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房間,沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。 3、作原因狀語(yǔ) Im glad to see you. 見(jiàn)到你很高興。 She wept to see the sight. 她一看到這情形就哭了。 4、表示理由和條件 He must be a fool to say so. You will do well to speak mo
15、re carefully. 七、用作介詞的to to 可以用作介詞,也可用作不定式的標(biāo)示。下面的to 都用作介詞,后面要跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式: admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to開(kāi)始 look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to 八、省去to 的動(dòng)詞不定式 1、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外) 后。 2、使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make后,感官動(dòng)詞 see, w
16、atch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)。 注意:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不能省去to。例如: I saw him dance. 我看見(jiàn)他跳舞。 =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. 老板讓他們整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night. 3、would rather,had better句型后。 4、Why / why not句型后 5、help 后可帶to,也可
17、不帶to, help sb (to) do sth: 6、but和except后。but前是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí),后面出現(xiàn)的不定式不帶to。 比較:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃這藥,他什么都信。 7、由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式,第二個(gè)to 可以省去: 8、通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等詞后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),可以省去to be。例如: He is supposed (to be)
18、 nice. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。 典型例題 1) I usually go there by train. Why not _ by boat for a change A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 答案:D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式,因此選D。 2) Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案:B. make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不
19、定式,當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí),to 不可省略。 九、動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式 在不定式標(biāo)志to前加上not。例如: Tell him not to shut the window。讓他別關(guān)窗。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過(guò)的時(shí)候,她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。 典型例題 1)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案:A。warn sb to do sth.
20、的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never. 2) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 答案:A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個(gè)詞,而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有賓語(yǔ),因此也B,D不對(duì)。 十、不定式的特殊句型 1、tooto 1)tooto 太以至于。例如: He is too excit
21、ed to speak. 他太激動(dòng)了,說(shuō)不出話(huà)來(lái)。 Can I help you 需要我?guī)兔?Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。這箱子太重,恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝。 2)如在too前有否定詞,則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定,too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義,意 為不太。例如: Its never too late to mend. 改過(guò)不嫌晚。(諺語(yǔ)) 3)當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí),意思是:非常 等于very。例如: Im only
22、too pleased to be able to help you. 能幫助你我非常高興。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。 2、so as to 1)表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。例如: Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去,別驚醒了嬰兒。 2)表示結(jié)果。例如: Would you be so kind
23、as to tell me the time 勞駕,現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。 3、Why not Why not +動(dòng)詞原形表達(dá)向某人提出建議,翻譯為:為什么不 干嗎不。例如: Why not take a holiday 干嗎不去度假 十一、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 1、一般式表示的動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后,例如 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道這事。 I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again. 我希望再見(jiàn)到你。 2、完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如:
24、Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉,給你添了那么多的麻煩。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已經(jīng)得了感冒。 3、進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如: He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么東西。 4、完成進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始并延續(xù)至說(shuō)話(huà)的時(shí)候。例如: She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我們知道她研究這問(wèn)題有好幾年了。 5、動(dòng)形式表示
25、被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如: The book is said to have been translated into English. 據(jù)說(shuō)這本書(shū)已被翻譯成英文了。 十二、動(dòng)名詞與不定式 1、動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別: 動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是: 狀態(tài),性質(zhì),心境,抽象,經(jīng)常性,已發(fā)生的 不定式表達(dá)的是: 目的,結(jié)果,原因,具體,一次性,將發(fā)生的 2、有些動(dòng)詞如continue接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),意義基本相同。 3、有些動(dòng)詞如forget接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),意義大相徑庭。常見(jiàn)的,下面有專(zhuān)門(mén)討論。 十三、特殊詞精講 1、stop doing/to do stop to do停止,中斷做某事后去做另一件事,sto
26、p doing停止做某事。例如: They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來(lái),抽了根煙。 I must stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。 典型例題 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 答案:C。由題意可知,她到了山頂,停下來(lái)在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此,應(yīng)選擇stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)去做另一件事。而不僅僅是爬山
27、動(dòng)作的終止,所以stop doing sth.不正確。 2、forget doing/to do forget to do 忘記要去做某事,forget doing 忘記做過(guò)某事。例如: The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 辦公室的燈還在亮著,他忘記關(guān)了。(沒(méi)有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作) He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。(已做過(guò)關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作) 典型例題 The light in the office is still on. Oh,I forgot_. A. tur
28、ning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案:C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著,即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生,因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了,而忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合題意。 3、remember doing/to do remember to do 記得去做某事,remember doing 記得做過(guò)某事。例如: Remember to go to the post office after school. 記著放
29、學(xué)后去趟郵局。 Dont you remember seeing the man before 你不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)人嗎 4、regret doing/to do regret to do 對(duì)將要做的事遺憾,regret doing 對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔。例如: I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實(shí)在沒(méi)有辦法。 I dont regret telling her what I thought. 我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。 典型例題 You were brave enough to raise obje
30、ctions at the meeting. Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 答案:D。regret having done sth. 對(duì)已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth. 對(duì)將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對(duì)已說(shuō)的話(huà)感到后悔,因此選D。 5、cease doing/to do cease to do長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事,cease doing短時(shí)停止做某事,以后還會(huì)接著做。例如: That department has ceased to ex
31、ist forever. 那個(gè)系已不復(fù)存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘們?cè)诶蠋熥哌^(guò)時(shí),停了會(huì)聊天。 6、try doing/to do try to do 努力,企圖做某事,try doing 試驗(yàn),試著做某事。例如: You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。 I tried gardening but didnt succeed. 我試著種果木花卉,但未成功。 7、go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事
32、后,接著做另一件事,go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。例如: After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics. 做完數(shù)學(xué)后,他接著去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完這個(gè)練習(xí)后,接著做其他的練習(xí) 8、be afraid of doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢,膽怯去做某事,是主觀(guān)上的原因不去做,意為怕,be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。doi
33、ng 是客觀(guān)上造成的,意為生怕,恐怕。例如: She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬著,不敢在草叢中再走一步。 She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。 She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。 9、be interested in doing/to do interested to do對(duì)做某事感興趣,想了解某事,interested in doing對(duì)某種想法感興趣,doing 通常為想法。例如: I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。(想了解) Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that 我對(duì)在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過(guò)這事嗎 (一種想法) 10、mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想,mean doing 意味著。例如: I mean to go, but
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