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1、2021屆高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)備考專項(xiàng)沖刺專題10非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含解析2021屆高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)備考專項(xiàng)沖刺專題10非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含解析2021屆高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)備考專項(xiàng)沖刺專題10非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含解析專題10 【非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞】解題指導(dǎo)觸類旁通尋方法,求策略,掌握“套路”一、如何解答非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞類題目1分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),辨別“謂語(yǔ)和非謂語(yǔ)”首先判定所給動(dòng)詞是否充當(dāng)句子的謂語(yǔ),如果是,就用謂語(yǔ)形式;如果句子中并不缺少謂語(yǔ),則用非謂語(yǔ)形式。所以在解題過(guò)程中,首先必須明白非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞雖然與動(dòng)詞有關(guān),但它們都不是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。其次,必須培養(yǎng)識(shí)別英語(yǔ)句子謂語(yǔ)的能力,因?yàn)槊}人經(jīng)常就一些多義詞、多性(詞性)詞,尤其是熟詞生義設(shè)置題目,
2、增加句式結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性和干擾性,從而導(dǎo)致考生理解失誤,不能正確地劃分句子主干,繼而造成失分?!纠?】(全國(guó)卷)A study of travelers _(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world?!痉治觥縞onducted本題存在一詞多義、一詞多性的特征,由于不能找到正確的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,考生容易誤填was conducted或were conducted.因name的常見詞性為名詞,考生會(huì)將題干中的“names誤認(rèn)為是名詞name的復(fù)數(shù)形式。其實(shí)
3、,在本題中,name為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,意為“選定;指定”,因主語(yǔ)“A study of travelers(一項(xiàng)關(guān)于游客的研究)”是第三人稱單數(shù),故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式names。找到謂語(yǔ)之后,可輕松推知此處應(yīng)填非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,再由“study”與“conduct之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,可知應(yīng)填過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)。2尋找邏輯主語(yǔ),確定邏輯主語(yǔ)與所給動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞雖然不能作謂語(yǔ),但仍具有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn),其邏輯上的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者就是邏輯主語(yǔ)。分析非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)(邏輯上的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系(也就是看其邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者還是承受者).如果邏輯主語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間是主謂關(guān)系,則用現(xiàn)
4、在分詞.如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,則用過(guò)去分詞。但是當(dāng)含有被動(dòng)意義時(shí),如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生,則用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式;如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,則用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式。【例2】(重慶卷)The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras _(return) to our shop for quality problems.【分析】returned句意:生產(chǎn)廠商定期來(lái)收集因質(zhì)量問(wèn)題而被退回到我們商店的相機(jī)。句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞comes,因此設(shè)空處應(yīng)為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;且動(dòng)詞return與其邏輯主語(yǔ)the cameras之
5、間是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以用過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ),故填returned。3分析所給動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所發(fā)生的時(shí)間是一個(gè)相對(duì)時(shí)間,即相對(duì)應(yīng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間而言。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式不同,所指時(shí)間的含義也不同.根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序確定用一般式還是完成式。如to have done, having done表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前;to be doing, doing表示該動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生.【例3】_(work) for two days, Steve managed to finish his repo
6、rt on schedule。【分析】Having worked考生容易誤認(rèn)為在句首設(shè)題,應(yīng)填To work表示目的。然而,本題考查的是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞存在時(shí)間先后順序時(shí)的用法。并且句中的主語(yǔ)Steve與work之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式having done。二、“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”的功能1非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)句中缺少主語(yǔ),找到句子的謂語(yǔ)部分,確定應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞的ing形式/不定式作主語(yǔ)。表一般的動(dòng)作用動(dòng)詞的。ing形式,表具體的動(dòng)作用不定式。掌握用動(dòng)詞的。ing形式/不定式作主語(yǔ)的句型:aIts adj。(hard/difficult/easy/possible/kind等)(for/o
7、f sb。)to do sth。bIts no use/no good/fun/a pleasure/no pleasure/a waste of time doing sth。 cIt takes sb。 some time/money to do sth.dIts worthwhile doing/to do sth.2非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作表語(yǔ)設(shè)空前是系動(dòng)詞(be、 get、 feel、 seem等)時(shí),根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)確定用不定式或分詞作表語(yǔ)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)提示詞是動(dòng)詞,且句中已有謂語(yǔ),根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系確定用何種形式作定語(yǔ)。若表將來(lái)的動(dòng)作,用不定式to do;如表將來(lái)的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,用
8、to be done。另外一些抽象名詞如plan、ability、chance、right、desire、opportunity、 patience、 promise、 right、hope、wish、fact、excuse、way等,常用動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語(yǔ);另外,當(dāng)中心詞為序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)、the last、the only等或中心詞被這類詞所修飾時(shí),多用不定式作后置定語(yǔ).該結(jié)構(gòu)中主語(yǔ)與不定式應(yīng)是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系.若與邏輯主語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞(v.ing);若與邏輯主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,用過(guò)去分詞(v.ed)。若表被動(dòng)且為正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用being done.非謂語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ) 提示詞是動(dòng)詞,若句
9、中已有謂語(yǔ),且設(shè)空處不是作并列謂語(yǔ)而是作介詞或動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞doing/to do;利用邏輯主語(yǔ)和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系確定形式(主謂關(guān)系:doing/to do;動(dòng)賓關(guān)系:being done/to be done)。介詞(如by、 for、 of、 with、 without、 after等)之后加動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ).若非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做如下動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))的賓語(yǔ),則應(yīng)填不定式:agree、 afford、 choose、 decide、 expect、 fail、 hope、 manage、 offer、 pretend、 plan、 promise、 refuse、 want、 wis
10、h、 would like、 determine等。若非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做如下動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))的賓語(yǔ),則應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞的ing形式:avoid、 admit、 allow、 advise、 consider、escape、 enjoy、 keep、 finish、 include、 mind、 miss、 practice、 recommend、 suggest、 feel like、 get down to等。go on、 mean、 forget、 regret、 remember、 stop、 try等可接動(dòng)詞的。ing形式或不定式作賓語(yǔ),應(yīng)結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))用法確定填動(dòng)詞的eq avs4al(。in
11、g)形式或不定式作賓語(yǔ).believe/consider/find/feel/make/thinkit adj.to do sth。, it是形式賓語(yǔ),真正的賓語(yǔ)是后面的不定式。三、分析邏輯關(guān)系 辨別不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞(1)作狀語(yǔ):表目的、出乎意料的結(jié)果或在形容詞后作狀語(yǔ),用不定式;表伴隨、時(shí)間或條件等要用現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞;表自然而然的結(jié)果用現(xiàn)在分詞。(2)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ):根據(jù)具體結(jié)構(gòu)用(to) do/doing/done如邏輯主語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間是主謂關(guān)系,且表正在進(jìn)行,用doing。如邏輯主語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且表完成,用done。四、牢記6種用法,看牢一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單單詞-to該有的
12、不能少,不該有的不能多。動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),to不能省略;help to do 中的to可省略。不定式作賓補(bǔ):allow、 ask、 beg、 command、 encourage、 expect、 forbid、 invite、 persuade、 tell等sb。 to do sth.。注意用省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的兩類詞:一是使役動(dòng)詞;二是感官動(dòng)詞,其后接作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞的不定式,不定式符號(hào)to要省略.“五”看;“三”使;“兩”聽;“一感覺。“l(fā)ook at/see/watch/notice/observe; make/let/have; hear/listen to; feel”
13、sb.do sth。注意:但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)要還原to,如be made to do。have sb。/sth.doing “讓某人/某物一直做”; have sb./sth。done “讓某人/某物被做”。主語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞形容詞(easy、 hard、 impossible、 important等)to dotooadj。/adv。to do或adj./adv.enoughto do考點(diǎn)突破針對(duì)提能明考點(diǎn),攻重難,有效提升考點(diǎn)一 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式及意義非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)意義不定式一般式to doto be done其表示的動(dòng)作與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生進(jìn)行式to be
14、 doing其表示的動(dòng)作與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式to have doneto have been done其表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前現(xiàn)在分詞/動(dòng)名詞一般式doingbeing done其表示的動(dòng)作與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,或基本上同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式having donehaving been done其表示的動(dòng)作先于句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)去分詞一般式done與句中主語(yǔ)為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,表完成(江蘇卷)Many Chinese brands, having developed their reputations over centuries, are facing n
15、ew challenges from the modern market.很多中國(guó)品牌歷經(jīng)幾個(gè)世紀(jì)樹立了聲譽(yù),它們正面臨著當(dāng)代市場(chǎng)帶來(lái)的新挑戰(zhàn)。(北京卷)There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我們準(zhǔn)備在月球上長(zhǎng)住之前,還有很多問(wèn)題仍需要解決。考點(diǎn)二 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)(一)不定式作狀語(yǔ)1作目的狀語(yǔ)??捎胹o as to/in order to替換,但 so as to一般不可置于句首,意為“為了;想要”。(2019江蘇卷)To enjoy the co
16、nvenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.為了享受數(shù)字支付的便利,很多老年人開始使用智能手機(jī).Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year in order to/so as to/to visit her。她母親計(jì)劃每年至少四次飛到北京去看她.2作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ).常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中:only to do(表示意想不到的結(jié)果);enough to do(足夠做);too。to do。.(太而不能做);so/su
17、ch.。as to.(如此以至于)等。(四川卷)Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky。湯姆乘出租車去了機(jī)場(chǎng),結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)他要乘坐的飛機(jī)已飛入高空。3作原因狀語(yǔ).常用在“主語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞形容詞to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中。這類形容詞有easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous, surprised, astonished, delighted
18、, disappointed 等。(遼寧卷)This machine is very easy to operate。Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes。這臺(tái)機(jī)器很容易操作。只需幾分鐘,任何人都能學(xué)會(huì)使用它?!久麕燑c(diǎn)津】語(yǔ)法填空和短文改錯(cuò)中??疾椤爸髡Z(yǔ)be形容詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),句子的主語(yǔ)和不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,且此時(shí)不定式通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。另外需注意的是在該結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式中的動(dòng)詞必須是及物動(dòng)詞,若為不及物動(dòng)詞,則要在其后加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~,使之構(gòu)成及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。(二)分詞作狀語(yǔ)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),可以表時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、伴隨
19、狀況等。為了強(qiáng)調(diào),還可與while, when, once, if, unless等連用。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)通常要與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致?,F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語(yǔ)之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系。過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語(yǔ)之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系.(2019江蘇卷)A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflecting mans intelligence and creativity.一座城市是人類的手與大腦的產(chǎn)物,這反映了人類的智慧與創(chuàng)造性。(2018北京卷) Ordinary
20、soap, used correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively。如果正確使用的話,普通肥皂可以有效地消滅細(xì)菌。Generally speaking, if taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect。一般來(lái)說(shuō),如果按照說(shuō)明服用,這種藥沒(méi)有副作用?!久麕燑c(diǎn)津】某些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化,且常用于一些系表結(jié)構(gòu)中,此時(shí)這些過(guò)去分詞只表示一種狀態(tài),作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)不表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系,其前不用being.常見的有l(wèi)ocated(坐落于), lost(迷路的), seated(坐著的
21、), hidden(躲著的), lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿著), tired of(厭煩的), faced with(面對(duì)著)等,無(wú)論它們?cè)诰渲凶骱畏N成分都不用其。ing形式.(天津卷)Absorbed in painting, John didnt notice evening approaching.由于專心繪畫,約翰沒(méi)有注意到夜幕正在降臨。(三)獨(dú)立成分作狀語(yǔ)有些分詞或不定式短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響,稱作獨(dú)立成分。??嫉莫?dú)立成分有:獨(dú)立成分意義generally speaking (to be general)一般
22、來(lái)說(shuō)honestly/roughly/strictly speaking老實(shí)說(shuō)/大體說(shuō)/嚴(yán)格說(shuō)frankly speaking/to be frank坦白說(shuō)judging from/by根據(jù)來(lái)判斷taking。into consideration/account考慮到considering/seeing/given??紤]到to tell the truth/to be honest說(shuō)實(shí)話compared with/by與相比to make things worse更糟糕的是(浙江卷)To be honest, the pay isnt attractive enough, though the
23、 job itself is quite interesting。說(shuō)實(shí)話,盡管這份工作本身很有趣,但是這個(gè)報(bào)酬不是很吸引人.(四)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由名詞或代詞加上名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等構(gòu)成,用于修飾整個(gè)句子。該結(jié)構(gòu)位置相當(dāng)靈活,可置于句首、句末或句中,常由逗號(hào)將其與句子主體分開,在句中通常作狀語(yǔ),表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨、目的等,還可以作定語(yǔ).其構(gòu)成形式主要有:1名詞/代詞形容詞/副詞/名詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/不定式(主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)) (江蘇卷)Much time spent sitting at a desk, office workers ar
24、e generally troubled by health problems.因?yàn)樵谧狼熬米?辦公室工作人員一般都被健康問(wèn)題所困擾。Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow。如果天氣允許的話,他們將在明天組織一次海濱郊游。2with/without名詞/代詞賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/不定式/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ))With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newlyelected president is having a hard tim
25、e。有許多的難題要解決,這位新選的總統(tǒng)正過(guò)著一段艱難的日子.(安徽卷)John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.約翰收到了一張宴會(huì)的請(qǐng)柬,由于作業(yè)做完了,他很樂(lè)意地接受了.(北京卷)I couldnt do my homework with all that noise going on.噪音不絕于耳,我沒(méi)法做作業(yè)??键c(diǎn)三 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)(一)不定式作定語(yǔ)1不定式作定語(yǔ)通常放在所修飾詞之后,表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作.(2017天津卷)I was watching th
26、e clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch。我在會(huì)議期間一直看表,因?yàn)槲乙s火車.【名師點(diǎn)津】不定式與其所修飾的詞之間往往是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,若該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞,其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。Suddenly a good idea occurred to her, but she couldnt find any paper to write on。突然她想到了一個(gè)好主意,但是她找不到紙把它寫下來(lái)。2序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級(jí),the last, the only 等后或被這些詞修飾的名詞或代詞后,常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。注意:該名詞或代詞是作
27、定語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school。他總是第一個(gè)到校,最后一個(gè)離校。3被修飾詞是抽象名詞時(shí),常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。如ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。(遼寧卷)And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增強(qiáng)意志力最好的方法就是讓意志力成為一種習(xí)慣。
28、(湖南卷)The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的能力與觀點(diǎn)本身同等重要?!久麕燑c(diǎn)津】不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式使用主動(dòng)式;當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)不是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)且不定式與所修飾的名詞或代詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí),不定式使用被動(dòng)式。I have a letter to post, so I cant go swimming with you.我有一封信(需要我)要寄出,因此我不能和你一起去游泳了.I have a letter to be posted。 Can you he
29、lp me?我有一封信想(讓別人替我)寄出去,你能幫我一下嗎?(二)分詞作定語(yǔ)1作定語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞的分詞形式有:現(xiàn)在分詞、“being過(guò)去分詞”、過(guò)去分詞.當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí),用現(xiàn)在分詞;當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示正在進(jìn)行時(shí),用“being過(guò)去分詞;當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示完成時(shí),用過(guò)去分詞。(2019天津卷)Most colleges now offer first.year students a course specially designed to help them succeed academically and personally。
30、大多數(shù)大學(xué)現(xiàn)在為大一的學(xué)生提供一門專門為他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的課程,以幫助他們?cè)趯W(xué)術(shù)和個(gè)人事務(wù)上取得成功.(北京卷)Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV。昨天晚上,有幾百萬(wàn)人觀看了開幕式的電視直播.2作定語(yǔ)的不及物動(dòng)詞的分詞形式有:現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞?,F(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行;過(guò)去分詞只表示動(dòng)作已完成,不表被動(dòng)。falling leaves正在落下的葉子(表正在進(jìn)行)fallen leaves 落葉(表完成)【名師點(diǎn)津】 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)的解題思路表示被動(dòng)、完成用過(guò)去分詞(don
31、e);表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行用現(xiàn)在分詞(doing);表示被動(dòng)、進(jìn)行用being done;表示主動(dòng)、尚未進(jìn)行用to do;表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作尚未進(jìn)行用to be done.試比較:Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.The bridge built in 2019 was designed by a local company.The bridge being built now was designed by a local company。The bridge to be
32、built next year was designed by a local company??键c(diǎn)四 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)1只接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞:決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望,拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse,manage, care, pretend主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃,同意請(qǐng)求幫一幫offer, promise, choose, plan;agree, ask/beg, help(2017江蘇卷)A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year wi
33、ll help (to) shape your year ahead。在年底對(duì)成功和失敗進(jìn)行快速的回顧會(huì)有助于你下一年的發(fā)展?!久麕燑c(diǎn)津】(1)此外afford, happen(碰巧), wait, threaten等也要用不定式作賓語(yǔ).(2)動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))learn, decide, know, wonder, show, tell, understand, explain, teach, advise, find out等常接“疑問(wèn)詞動(dòng)詞不定式”作賓語(yǔ)。2只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ):考慮建議盼原諒,承認(rèn)推遲沒(méi)得想consider, suggest/advise, look forward
34、to, excuse/pardon;admit, delay/put off, fancy避免錯(cuò)過(guò)繼續(xù)練,否認(rèn)完成就欣賞avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/ appreciate禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn),不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡forbid/avoid, imagine, risk;cant help(禁不?。? mind, allow/permit, escapeHe got wellprepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk losing the good opportun
35、ity。他為這次工作面試做了充分準(zhǔn)備,因?yàn)樗荒苊笆ミ@次好機(jī)會(huì)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn).【名師點(diǎn)津】allow, permit, forbid, advise后需加動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),但如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ),則用不定式作賓補(bǔ)。即allow/permit/forbid/advise doing/sb. to do sth。接不定式與動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)意義不同的動(dòng)詞:(1)try to do 盡力做;try doing 試著去做;(2)mean to do打算做;mean doing 意味著;(3)regret to do遺憾要去做;regret doing后悔做過(guò);(4)remember to do 記得去做;rem
36、ember doing記得做過(guò);(5)forget to do忘記去做;forget doing 忘記做了(陜西卷)I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.我仍記得別人帶我去過(guò)法門寺,還有我在那里所看到的一切。(安徽卷)I remembered to lock the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.我離開辦公室之前記得關(guān)門卻忘記關(guān)燈了.【名師點(diǎn)津】動(dòng)詞want, need, require作“需要
37、”講時(shí),其后要用v.ing形式的主動(dòng)形式或不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作賓語(yǔ).與此用法相同的動(dòng)詞還有deserve(值得)。The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned。(clean與the window之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)He needs to leave at once。(leave與he之間不存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)4動(dòng)詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要用動(dòng)名詞形式,不能用動(dòng)詞不定式。常見的含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ):be/get used to(習(xí)慣于), feel like(想要), insist on(堅(jiān)持), get down to(開始認(rèn)真做某事), devote。.to。(致力于), o
38、bject to(反對(duì)), stick to(堅(jiān)持), give up(放棄)等。此外,介詞后跟動(dòng)名詞的結(jié)構(gòu):have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth。;have fun (in) doing sth。(陜西卷)Its quite hot today.Do you feel like going for a swim? 今天很熱.你想去游泳嗎?(浙江卷)I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do working with students.我現(xiàn)在與學(xué)生們打交道和我過(guò)去航海一樣開心?!久麕燑c(diǎn)津】(1)當(dāng)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)
39、詞位于介詞but, except后時(shí),習(xí)慣上要用不定式。并且,當(dāng)其前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do及相關(guān)形式時(shí),則不定式要省略to;若其前沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞do,則不定式通常帶to.We had no choice but to wait.我們除了等待之外別無(wú)選擇。I could do nothing except agree. 我除了同意,什么都做不了.(2)but后總跟省略不定式符號(hào)to的短語(yǔ):do nothing but.。只能; cannot help but.。禁不?。籧annot but.。不得不;cannot choose but.只得考點(diǎn)五 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)(一)不定式作賓補(bǔ)不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)和不定式
40、之間在邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系。常用不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ)):advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。(山東卷)If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely
41、 on。如果我們期望人們放棄開車的習(xí)慣,我們必須給他們可以依賴的選擇。(江西卷)Having finished her project, she was invited by the school to speak to the new students.完成她的項(xiàng)目之后,她被學(xué)校邀請(qǐng)去給新生講話?!久麕燑c(diǎn)津】(1)有些動(dòng)詞,如think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, understand等后常用to be作賓補(bǔ)或主補(bǔ)。Chinese people are considered to be the most hard.working peop
42、le in the world.中國(guó)人被認(rèn)為是世界上最勤勞的人民。(2)在sb.be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thoughtto do/to have done結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).(江西卷)He is thought to have acted foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job。大家都認(rèn)為他表現(xiàn)得很愚蠢。現(xiàn)在要為他的失業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)的不是別人,而是他自己.(3)有些動(dòng)詞,如hope, welcome, agree, suggest, d
43、emand等后不能用不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ).(二)分詞作賓補(bǔ)1現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)之間存在主謂關(guān)系,且強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作??山蝇F(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)的常見動(dòng)詞:感官動(dòng)詞(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役動(dòng)詞(have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等.(湖南卷)Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?聽!你聽到有人正在呼喊救命嗎?【名師點(diǎn)津】catch sb. doing sth.意為“撞見某人正在做某事.2過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)之間存在動(dòng)賓
44、關(guān)系.可接過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的常見動(dòng)詞:感官動(dòng)詞(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役動(dòng)詞(have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。(2018天津卷)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken.我需要一個(gè)新護(hù)照,因此我得照張相片。【名師點(diǎn)津】(1)使役動(dòng)詞have, get后接非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的異同點(diǎn):have sth.doneget sth.done讓別人做某事;have sb./sth。doing
45、sth.讓一直做某事;get sb。/sth.doing 使開始做某事;have sb。do sth。get sb。to do sth。讓某人做某事.(四川卷)Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed。在開車進(jìn)城之前,你需要找人洗洗車.(2)have sb. doing sth.用于否定句中,常與cant, wont等連用,表示“不能容忍某人做某事。I cant have you getting away with telling lies.我不能容忍你因撒謊而不受懲罰。考點(diǎn)六 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)和
46、表語(yǔ)(一)不定式作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)1不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),一般表示具體某一次的動(dòng)作。若不定式太長(zhǎng),常用it作形式主語(yǔ)而將不定式后置。(浙江卷)No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better to remain silent。不論你多么能說(shuō)會(huì)道,有些時(shí)候保持沉默會(huì)更好.2不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí):表示預(yù)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是aim, purpose, idea, plan, wish, decision, choice等詞時(shí),常用不定式作表語(yǔ);主語(yǔ)為what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時(shí),多用不定式作表語(yǔ)。His wish is to
47、 be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是將來(lái)當(dāng)一名醫(yī)生。【名師點(diǎn)津】不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),如果前面有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的形式,作表語(yǔ)的不定式常省略to。What I want to do most in senior high is (to) improve my English。我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英語(yǔ)水平。(二)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)1動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)通常表示抽象的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。也可用it作形式主語(yǔ),動(dòng)名詞作真正的主語(yǔ)放在句末。動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于名詞,用于解釋主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容,表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)常常可以互換位置。(2018北京卷)Traveling along the old Silk
48、 Road is an interesting and rewarding experience。沿著絲綢之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的經(jīng)歷。2常用于動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的句型:Its a waste of time doing。.;Its no use/good doing。.;It is useless doing。./There is no use doing。.Its no use complaining without taking action.不采取行動(dòng)而只是抱怨是沒(méi)用的。【名師點(diǎn)津】不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都用單數(shù),這是短文改錯(cuò)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。跟蹤檢測(cè)遷移應(yīng)用練模擬,練規(guī)范,夯
49、基提能 I。高考真題診斷單句語(yǔ)法填空1.(2020全國(guó)I)All customers _(travel)on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding。2。(2020全國(guó)II)They make great gifts and you see them many times _(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune。3.(2020全國(guó)II)Bamboo plants are associated with he
50、alth, abundance and a happy home。 They are easy _(care) for and make great presents.4。(2020全國(guó) III)And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds _(surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.5。(2019全國(guó)III) On the last day of our weeklong stay,we were invited to attend a
51、private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, _ to musicians and meeting interesting locals.【答案詳解】1.答案:travelling 解析:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,travel 與主語(yǔ)為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,故用 travelling.2.答案:decorated 解析: 句中 them與decorate之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以用過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),故填 decorated。3。答案:to care 解析: 這里為固定句式“主語(yǔ)be+形容詞to do”.
52、4.答案:surrounding 解析: 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,the soft clouds 與動(dòng)詞surround為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,故填 surrounding.5。答案:listening 解析: 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,主語(yǔ)we與listen之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,故填 listening.II。精選典題非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞專題對(duì)點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練單句語(yǔ)法填空6。Nervously _(face) challenges.I know 1 will whisper to myself the two simple words “Be yourself”.7。Chinas image is improving stea
53、dily,with more countries _(recognize) its role in international affairs8.A city is the product of the human hand and mind, _(reflect) mans intelligence and creativity.9。I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph _(take)。10.I didnt mean _(eat) anything but the ice cream looked so good
54、 that I couldnt help _(try) it.11.I still remember_(visit) a friend whod lived here for five years.12.Ordinary soap, _(use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively。13.Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online _(save) their valuable time。14。Jim has retired,but he
55、still remembers the happy time _(spend) with his students。15。Earth Day, (mark)on 22 April,is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection。【答案詳解】6。答案:facing 解析:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,主語(yǔ)I與動(dòng)詞face之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,故填facing。7。答案:recognizing 解析:這里是with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu).more countries 和recognize之間是邏輯上的主
56、謂關(guān)系,故填 recognizing.8.答案:reflecting 解析:此處是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ) reflecting mans intelligence and creativity作伴隨狀語(yǔ).9.答案:taken 解析:have sth done 意思是“請(qǐng)人做某事;讓某事被做”.10。答案:to eat;trying 解析:mean to do sth“打算做某事;cant help doing sth“情不自禁做某事”。11.答案:visiting 解析:remember doing sth“記得做過(guò)某事”。12。答案:used 解析: 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,use與soap是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)
57、系,故要用過(guò)去分詞。13。答案:to save 解析: 此處用動(dòng)詞不定式表示目的。14.答案:spent 解析: 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,動(dòng)詞spend與主語(yǔ) time之間是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故用過(guò)去分詞。15.答案:marked 解析:本句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu),由連系動(dòng)詞is 可知,空處填非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。mark在這里是“慶祝,紀(jì)念(重要事件)”之意,是及物動(dòng)詞,Earth Day 與之是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,此處的字面意思是“地球日在4月22日被慶?!?,故用過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)。句意:地球日在4月22日舉行,是一項(xiàng)旨在提公眾環(huán)保意識(shí)的年度事件。III.精選典題非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞專題對(duì)點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練單句改錯(cuò)16。 Ordering o
58、ver a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now。17。I also noticed that they always seemed to dress well, and always had their hair and make。up do。 18.When we got a call said she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke.19.As we all know, we can meet with various challenges in our lif
59、e。 Facing with challenges, what should we do?20.I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train catch?!敬鸢冈斀狻?6.答案:Ordering Ordered 解析:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,動(dòng)詞order 與主語(yǔ) books之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故用過(guò)去分詞。17。答案:dodone解析:have sth。 done為固定結(jié)構(gòu),表示“讓某事被做”.該句中的their hair and makeup和動(dòng)詞do是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故用過(guò)去分詞形式。18。答案:said saying 解析:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,名詞 call與動(dòng)詞 say之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,故用 saying.1
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