諾貝爾化學(xué)獎四

1、The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991“for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy”（高分辯核磁共振波譜，傅里葉變換核磁共振分光法和二維核磁共振技術(shù)）Switzerland Eidgenssiche Technische Hochschule (Federal Institute of Technology) Zurich, Switzerland 1933 -

2、Richard R. Ernst 1The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992“for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems”（化學(xué)系統(tǒng)中的電子轉(zhuǎn)移理論）Rudolph A. Marcus USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA 1923 - 2The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993“for contributions to the devel

3、opments of methods within DNA-based chemistry” （多聚酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)、寡聚核苷酸定點誘變技術(shù)）for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodfor his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleiotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studiesUSA Canada La Jolla, C

4、A, USA University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada 1944 - 1932 - 2000Kary B. MullisMichael Smith3The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994“for his contribution to carbocation chemistry”（碳正離子化學(xué)）George A. Olah USA University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA 1927 - 4The Nobel Prize in Chemistry

5、 1995“for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone”（大氣臭氧層的損耗機理）the Netherlands USA USA Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry Mainz, Germany Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA Department of Chemistry, University of

6、California Irvine, CA, USA 1933 - 1943 - 1927 - Paul J. CrutzenMario J. Molina F. Sherwood Rowland 5The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996“for their discovery of fullerenes”（富勒烯 C60等籠狀全碳分子）USA Great Britain USA Rice University Houston, USA University of Sussex Brighton, Great Britain Rice University Hous

7、ton, USA 1933 - 1939 - 1943 - Robert F. Curl Jr.Sir Harold W. Kroto Richard E. Smalley6The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997“for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)”（三磷酸腺苷酶催化合成機理）“for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+

8、, K+-ATPase”（離子輸送酶）Paul D. Boyer USA Great Britain Denmark University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, Great Britain Aarhus University Denmark 1918 - 1941 - 1918 - John E. Walker Jens C. Skou7The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998“for

9、 his development of the density-functional theory”（密度泛函理論）“for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry” （量子化學(xué)中的計算方法）USA Great Britain University of California Santa Barbara, CA, USA Northwestern University Evanston, IL, USA 1923 - 1925 - Walter KohnJohn A. Pople8The Nobel Prize

10、 in Chemistry 1999“for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy”（飛秒化學(xué)）Ahmed H. ZewailEgypt and USA California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA 1946 - 9The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000“for the discovery and development of conductive polymers”

11、（有機導(dǎo)電高分子）USA USA Japan University of California Santa Barbara, CA, USA University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA University of Tsukuba Japan 1936 - 1927 - 1936 - Alan J. HeegerAlan G. MacDiarmidHideki Shirakawa 10The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001“for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogena

12、tion reactions”（催化的不對稱有機反應(yīng)）for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactionsUSA Japan USA St. Louis, MO, USA Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA 1917 - 1938 - 1941 - William S. KnowlesRyoji Noyori K. Barry Sharpless11The Nobel Prize in Chemi

13、stry 20021/4 of the prize 1/4 of the prize 1/2 of the prize “for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules” （生物大分子的MS和NMR測定 ）for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecule

14、sfor his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solutionUSA Japan Switzerland Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA, USA Shimadzu Corp. Kyoto, Japan Eidgenesische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Fede

15、ral Institute of Technology) Zurich, Switzerland; The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA b. 1917b. 1959b. 1938Kurt WohrichKoichi TanakaJohn B. Fenn121/2 of the prize 1/2 of the prize for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes“（水、無機離子在細(xì)胞膜的選擇性通道機理）for the discovery of water channe

16、lsfor structural and mechanistic studies of ion channelsPeter Agre Roderick MacKinnon USA USA Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA b. 1949b. 1956The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003 13The Nobel Prize in

17、 Chemistry 2004for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation“（泛素調(diào)節(jié)的蛋白質(zhì)降解機理）Aaron Ciechanover Avram Hershko Irwin Rose 1/3 of the prize 1/3 of the prize 1/3 of the prize Israel Israel USA Technion Israel Institute of Technology Haifa, Israel Technion Israel Institute of Technology Haifa

18、, Israel University of California Irvine, CA, USA b. 1947b. 1937(in Karcag, Hungary)b. 192614The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005“for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis”（有機合成中的復(fù)分解反應(yīng)）15The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription“真核轉(zhuǎn)錄 16The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid17The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008for the discovery and development of the green fluore