定語從句 課件-高考英語語法點梳理專題13

1、13 定語從句 The attributive clause1. 定義在復(fù)合句中，用于修飾名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞包括關(guān)系代詞who（賓格whom，所有格whose），that，which和關(guān)系副詞where，when，why等。例句：This is the teacher who often tells jokes. 這就是那個常講笑話的老師。 2. 種類A. 限定性定語從句限定性定語從句又稱為限制性定語從句，它是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的部分，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意義。Do you know the

2、girl who just came in? 你認(rèn)識剛才進(jìn)來的那個女孩嗎？B. 非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句又稱為非限制性定語從句，它只是對先行詞作附加補充說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company. 那位老婦人一個人住，有一只貓作伴。兩者的區(qū)別限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切（刪掉后影響整個意思的表達(dá)）與先行詞關(guān)系不密切（是一種補充說明，刪掉后不影響整個意思的表達(dá)）不用逗號隔開一般使用逗號隔開可用關(guān)系代詞that不可用關(guān)系代詞that關(guān)系代詞可以省略（that

3、，who，which在從句中擔(dān)任賓語時可以省略）關(guān)系代詞不可以省略關(guān)系代詞可以替代（whom作賓語可用who或that替代）關(guān)系代詞不能替代讀時不停頓讀時停頓，用降調(diào)只可以修飾先行詞，不可以修飾主句或主句的一部分?？梢孕揎椫骶浠蛑骶涞囊徊糠郑藭r一定有逗號分開，只能由which或as引導(dǎo)。3. 關(guān)系代詞的用法在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞起著連接主句與從句、指代先行詞和在從句中作句子成分的三重作用。關(guān)系代詞的選用取決于主句中的先行詞以及關(guān)系代詞在從句中作何種成分。先行詞在從句中作主語在從句中作賓語在從句中作定語指代人who/thatwhom/who/thatwhose指代物which/thatwhic

4、h/thatwhose/of which（1）關(guān)系代詞who/whom/whose基本用法： who的先行詞必須是人，在從句中可以擔(dān)任主語，如：Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas. 約翰尼是一個經(jīng)常會有新奇想法的人。who在從句中也可以擔(dān)任賓語, 當(dāng)賓語時和whom互相替代。但who前面不能有介詞，如果帶介詞則必須用賓格whom，即“介詞+whom”。The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr.Deep.=The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Dee

5、p.剛剛和你談話的人是德普先生。b. 只用who而不用that的情況在定語從句中who和that指代人時可以通用，但在下列情況下只能用who，而不能用that。（1）先行詞是one，ones和anyone時，宜用who。Anyone who laughs last laughs best. 笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。（2）先行詞是those時，宜用who。No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake.對于那些在地震中

6、為營救生還者而辛苦工作的人，任何言語都無法表達(dá)我們的感激之情。（3）當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語時，宜用who。I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan province.昨天我在街上遇到一個在云南西部長大的女孩。（4）一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句時，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是that，另一個宜用who。The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.昨晚你遇見的那個男孩是個學(xué)習(xí)非常努力的組長。（5）在the

7、re be開頭的句子中，宜用who。There is a young man who wants to see your father. 有個年輕人想要見你父親。c. Whose的用法關(guān)系代詞whose是關(guān)系代詞who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? 你認(rèn)識彼得嗎？他的父親恰巧正在你們公司工作。當(dāng)whose指代物時，相當(dāng)于of which。The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces s

8、outh.=The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south.whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句既可以是限定性定語從句，也可以是非限定性定語從句。Xian, whose walls remain as good as before, is one of the few cities with city walls.西安是少數(shù)幾座有城墻的城市之一，它的城墻保持得和以前一樣好。（2）關(guān)系代詞that和which的用法兩者都可用于指代物，但使用場合存在差別。1. 在限定性定語從句中指代物時，which和that一般可以通用The

9、 new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away.2. 限定性定語從句中只用that而不用which的情況A. 主句已有疑問詞who或which時Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you?旅館前面的小汽車中哪輛屬于你？Who is the man that is sitting by the lake? 坐在湖邊的男人是誰？B. 先行詞既有人又有物時He talked about the schools and teachers

10、that he had visited. 他談到了他訪問過的學(xué)校和老師。C. 先行詞為all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代詞時Its easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails.做修理很容易。你所需要的全部東西是一把錘子和一些釘子。D. 先行詞有形容詞最高級修飾時This is the best way that has been used against pollution.這是用來防止污染的最好的辦法。E

11、. 先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時This is the third time that they have met.這是他們第三次見面。F. 先行詞有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等詞修飾時This is the very room that I slept in that evening.這正是我那天晚上睡過的房間。G. 有兩個定語從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which，另一個宜用thatEdison built up a factory which produced things that had never been

12、seen before.3.只用which而不用that的情況A. 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時只用which而不用thatThe fish, which I bought this morning, is very fresh.（which指代fish）Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.（which指代整個主句）The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, most of which are sold abroad.

13、 這家工廠每年生產(chǎn)50萬雙鞋，大都銷往國外。（which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等詞修飾。）B. 在限定性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時只用which而不用thatThis is the hotel in which you will stay.如果把介詞in后移，那么關(guān)系代詞既可以用which，也可以用that，還可以省略。This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in. 這就是你將要住的旅館。C. 有兩個定語從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個宜用whichLet me

14、 show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.讓我給你看看我從新開放的圖書館借來的小說?！究偨Y(jié)】which可用于非限定性定語從句中，代替物、整個句子或主句中的一部分, 也可用于介詞之后，構(gòu)成“介詞+which”, 而that 不能用于上述兩種情況。4. 關(guān)系副詞的用法關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞一樣，具有各種作用：在定語從句中代替先行詞、在從句中作狀語、把兩個句子連接成為一個帶有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句等。具體選用什么關(guān)系副詞，主要取決于關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當(dāng)什么類型的狀語。 先行詞關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞在從句中充

15、當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞种傅攸cwhere地點狀語指時間when時間狀語指原因why原因狀語（1）關(guān)系副詞where由where引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其先行詞主要是表示地點的名詞，如building，city，room等，where在從句中作地點狀語。The hotel where we stayed was very clean. 我們呆過的那家旅館很干凈。拆分：【W(wǎng)e stayed at the hotel.】 + 【The hotel was very clean.】Where指代了at the hotel, 作從句中的地點狀語。補充：可以用關(guān)系代詞來表述The hotel where we stayed

16、was very clean.=The hotel at which we stayed was very clean.=The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.（2）關(guān)系副詞when 由when引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其先行詞主要是表示時間的名詞，如time，day，date等，when在從句中作時間狀語。Ill never forget the time when we first met.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我們第一次相遇時的情景。拆分：【Ill never forget the time.】+【W(wǎng)e first met during th

17、e time.】（when在從句中代替during the time，作時間狀語）補充：可以用關(guān)系代詞表述Ill never forget the time when we first met. =Ill never forget the time during which we first met.小試牛刀：The date _ he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th.他加入南非國民議會青年同盟的日期是8月5日?！咀⒁狻繌恼Z法來講，這個句子中的定語從句只能用when引導(dǎo)，但在口語中，常用that代替when，也可以省略。（when/that

18、）（3）關(guān)系副詞why由why引導(dǎo)的定語從句，經(jīng)常會用在先行詞reason的后面，why在從句中作原因狀語。The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard. 我獲得一份工作的原因是我工作努力。補充：可以用關(guān)系代詞表述：The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.=The reason for which I got a job was that I worked hard.=The reason （that）I got a job was that I worked hard.注意：一般

19、來講，在定語從句中，只要先行詞是the reason，它的關(guān)系副詞就是why；和when一樣，在口語中，關(guān)系副詞why常被that代替，也可以省略。Quiz:1. 區(qū)分帶reason的定語從句與表語從句I know the reason why she studies so well. The reason is that he is always careless in his work. 2. 關(guān)系詞的選擇This is the college _ I visited. This is the college _ I studied three years ago.Ill never fo

20、rget the day _ we spent together.Ill never forget the day _ I got married.定語從句表語從句（that/which）where/at which/(that)(that/which)when/on which/(that)5. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的省略A. 在非限定性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞都不可以省略。B. 以下情況，關(guān)系詞可以省略：1. Sorry, I forget to bring the magazine (which/that) you want. (限從里，關(guān)系代詞作動詞賓語時可以省略)2. This

21、is the government building (which/that) my father works in.(限從里，關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語時可以省略)3. Theres nothing (that) I can do about it.(There be句型之后的定從，關(guān)系代詞作主語或賓語時都可省略)4. He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin.(限從中，若在口語和非正式語體中，某些表示地點、時間、原因的名詞后的關(guān)系副詞可以省略。例如，先行詞the time，every time，each time，the mom

22、ent等后面的關(guān)系副詞when可以省略；先行詞the reason后面的關(guān)系副詞why也可以省略。)6. as引導(dǎo)的定語從句 as引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句 a. such.as.和the same.as.的用法 such.as.意為“像一樣的，像之類”；the same.as.意為“和同樣的”。在這兩個句型中，as是關(guān)系代詞，such和same作定語，修飾主句里的某個名詞（或代詞），這個名詞（或代詞）是由as引導(dǎo)的定語從句的先行詞，as在從句中可擔(dān)任主語、賓語或表語。We have found such materials as are used in their factory.（as在從句中作

23、主語）我們找到了像他們廠里用的那種材料。We have found the same materials as are used in their factory.我們找到了和他們廠里用的那種材料一樣的材料（同種類材料）?！緟^(qū)分】We have found the same materials that are used in their factory.我們找到了他們廠里用的那種材料（同一批材料）。b. such as.的用法 such as.中的such為代詞，意思為“這樣的人或物”，as在從句中作賓語，修飾先行詞such。This book is not such (n. 這樣的書) a

24、s I expect.這不是一本我所盼望的書。補充：such as還可以表示“諸如，例如，像那樣的”的意思，此時其后跟名詞或名詞短語等，如：They bought a lot of fruit, such as apples, oranges, etc. as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句as可以像which一樣引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，用來代表整個句子的內(nèi)容，它的先行詞可以是名詞，也可以是不定式短語或整個句子。as在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。此外，有些as引導(dǎo)的定語從句已成為固定用法，如：例句：As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 正如我們所知，吸

25、煙有害健康。as we know 正如我們所知 as is well known 眾所周知 as is reported 正如報道的那樣as was expected 正如預(yù)料的那樣 as is often the case 像通常那樣 as has been said before 如上所述【比較】as和which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別as和which都可以代替整個句子，當(dāng)定語從句至于主句之后時，as和which可以互換使用。He didnt tell me any news, as/which upset me. 他沒有告訴我任何消息，這使我很不安。which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，代

26、表整個主句時不能放在主句之前。as引導(dǎo)的定語從句，代表整個主句時可放在主句之前或之后，有時也可放在主語與謂語之間。As is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.=Talks between the two countries, as is reported in the newspapers, are making progress.正如報道的那樣，這兩個國家之間的會談?wù)谶M(jìn)展中。6. 定語從句和同位語的區(qū)別 1.根據(jù)that在從句中是否作成分來判定that在定語從句中擔(dān)任句子成分，而在同位語從句中不作成分。The news (that) you told me last week is not true.你上周告訴我的消息不是真的。（that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，說明是哪一個news，that在從句中擔(dān)任told的賓語。）The news that the leader will come here is not true. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)將要來這兒的消息不是真的。（that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，說明news的具體內(nèi)容，that在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分。）2.根據(jù)意思來判斷在