工程監(jiān)理中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

1、 中英文對照外文翻譯Engineering supervision system in Chinas Engineering constructionin the positionWith the dominance of Chinas socialist market economy, thedetermination of the project supervision system in Chinas highwayconstruction is gradually becoming more mature. Talking about the project inthe country

2、, people always focus on project quality side, it seems that thefocus of the task of supervision is to protect the quality of projects, in fact, itis very comprehensive, according to FIDIC provisions in the projectconstruction, project quality, of course, crucial, but only to protect the projectsupe

3、rvision of the three objectives (quality, duration, cost), one of these threegoals are interrelated and influence, from different angles to protect theowners of the project efficiency. Of which cost control is also very importantto the management aspect of this work, good or bad, is directly related

4、 towhether the quality of the project can achieve the desired goals, and whether1 the progress can be completed on time.First, the design phase of the design phase of SupervisionThe introduction of engineering supervision, determine a reasonabledesign, mature technology, reduce the construction phas

5、e of major designchanges and program changes to occur, the effective cost control will play acertain role. Experts say: If the project supervision involved in the designstage, then, and can be ruled out, to correct 80% of the errors, but to theconstruction stage to be involved in supervision of work

6、s, at best, can onlysave 20% of the investment. According to the information briefing, a Germanuniversity laboratory building, the original design is three and a basement, theproject management company to meet the commissions space requirementsand functional conditions, proposed to increase the laye

7、r to shorten thetwo-axis then the abolition of the basement. But also reduces the flow ofpeople to evacuate distance (to the required standards), so modified after thedesign is not only reduced costs, has also been improved functionality, accessto credit and praise of the municipal government. At pr

8、esent, China forengineering supervision at the design stage to introduce the practice is stillrare, we should learn from foreign countries mature and developed system,the development of relevant systems, and standardize the market. Advocatesstrengthening the design phase of the supervision, control

9、and managementfrom a cost sense, ex ante control, prevention, which is scientific and2 reasonable. Therefore, to enhance the design stage to control the cost ofsupervision is necessary.Second, the construction phase of the SupervisionAs we all know, domestic and international construction markets ar

10、e thedominant owners of a buyers market, the construction of competition amongenterprises is very cruel. In order to bid, bidders tend to almost zero profits oreven below cost bids, but the owners often use low-cost way of winning.While the bidders promised to abide by the provisions of contract doc

11、uments,but once the contract, they refused to the end there is no profit or losingmoney, so, often with inferior materials, do not follow standard construction,bribery, or layers of subcontracting means to profit. This time, the absence ofan effective supervision mechanism, the victims can only be t

12、he owners.From the process, process control the cost of supervision of supervisionengineer should not only be concerned with whether the works to meet therequired quality goals, he should be the focus all the objectives of the projectdesign, in the actual operation, the contractor engaged in constru

13、ction prior topermanent per days must be carried out by a variety of inspection, testing,content or face a new job, workload, construction methods, measures,materials testing and sub-contracting part of the work or works submitted tothe approval of supervisory engineer. The contractor can only work

14、within theapproved, without approval or beyond the approved engineers work can not3 be recognized. At the same time is also an engineer approved the contractor toobtain a basis for progress payments. Engineers, contractors, anynon-approved inputs (manpower, materials, equipment) will not receivecomp

15、ensation, meaning that there is no engineers approval, the contractorshall not proceed to the next one process or face, shall not be put intoconstruction materials, use, shall not subcontract part of the project or work.Supervision and Control of project cost from the cost of the engineeringsupervis

16、ion of the project cost management goal is to project to be completedwithin the contract price can not be there far exceed estimates. Supervision ofthe strict monitoring of the project, due to the contractor causes the possibilityof super-budget is almost zero. This is because: Engineering Super-bud

17、get, nomore than two kinds of reasons, the first rise in unit labor and materials, first,during the construction works increased volume, while the contractors bid isa commitment to its binding, and the contractor not entitled to their ownworks to increase the amount of the project, even if there are

18、 engineers,required the contractor to increase the input of resources to protect the projectdesign goals, the contractor has no right to be compensated, therefore,because in the tender document, the contractor can protect a large number offrequently cited the successful completion of the project per

19、sonnel andmechanical equipment. From equipment costs, materials costs and equipmentcosts control supervision, materials costs in the capital projects account for4 about 70% of the entire cost. It is the project a major component of directcosts. Materials, equipment, high and low prices will directly

20、 affect the size ofthe construction costs.Thus, in the supervision process, can not be ignored that part. Tointroduce competition, and create competitive conditions. Owners candelegate the direct supervision through public tender selecting the suppliers,so that contractors can avoid unauthorized low

21、er prices, delays in providerpayments and thus lead to shoddy supplier, delivery is not timely, therebyaffecting the progress of projects happening. The contractor in the preparationof tender prices, mainly the prices of materials and equipment owners andsuppliers signed price quotation, by the supp

22、liers of materials and equipmentwill be mainly transported to the scene by the supervising engineers andcontractors to co-sign, the by the owner will focus on the procurement ofmaterials and equipment shall be paid directly to suppliers.From the above procedures is easy to see the contractor in addi

23、tion tosupervising engineers no choice but to obey. This is because the supervisingengineer contractor performance has a strong economic constraints means,economic means of payment by the project system and the deposit system,composition, they are the heads of the two contractors, inhibition.The pro

24、ject payment system: in fact, the project payment system is toproject the economic risk of being transferred to the contractor. Contractor5 must obtain economic benefits (the bid price and the difference between theactual cost of the project) prior advance money or other resources, that is: Hehad to

25、 buy the materials, equipment, payment of wages and other expenses,under the supervision of the supervising engineer contract documents allrequests to create a project. Can only be the work of the contractor tocomplete the written approval of the supervisory engineer and the quality ofbond, after de

26、ducting there from the owner to obtain compensation (forprojects). If the contractors work should not be so satisfied with supervision,he not only no hope of profit, and even the cost of inputs can not berecovered.Project Margin System: As a rule, signed contract before the contractormust pay the co

27、ntract price equal to 10% of the performance bond or letter ofguarantee. The contractor prior to commencement of course, can be obtainedfrom the owners of 10% of the total contract price of the advance payment,but he must also be matched to the owners to submit a bond or letter ofguarantee. Even if

28、the contractor has received final acceptance certificatesfrom the project, he will be leaving 5% of total contract price of the retentionmoney. Here the performance bond and retention payments totaling 15% ofthe project contract price, far greater than the contractors profit margin. Thecontractors d

29、efault can cause bond be forfeited, and whether the breach ofcontract only to evaluate the supervisory engineer.6 Third, completion of the project closing of SupervisionThe first job done in several stages, based on the completion ofsettlement on a lot easier. Labor Exchange acceptance of the projec

30、t handledimmediately after completion of billing processing. Completion of thecontract price settlement value is value of claims already liquidated damages.According to FIDIC terms or model of Chinas construction contractterms and the actual text of the provisions of the terms of the contract issign

31、ed: involving construction claims and breach of contract issues,supervision engineers must clearly define the responsibilities to minimize theclaims, to reduce the claim should note the following: strengthening contractmanagement, improve the terms of the contract; before projects should befully pre

32、pared to work; enhance the design of the review, the timely detectionof problems in the design to avoid the construction.Engineering design changes due to claims arising; to strengthen qualitymanagement, and strengthen the quality of tracking, to avoid or reduce thecontract sample tests or works out

33、side the review of claims arising; toimprove the quality of supervision engineers found that claims in a timelymanner.In short, the supervision engineer in Cost Control of the importance ofthe role and status is beyond question, supervision is entrusted by the ownerson the implementation of the proj

34、ect to conduct supervision and management,7 reform and opening up of Chinas foreign towards WTO needs. ProjectManagement is a need for a variety of professional and technical, economic,legal and other integrated management of multi-disciplinary knowledge andskills in intellectual-intensive service w

35、ork, which requires supervisorscontrolling costs, management contracts and information, the ability tomediate economic disputes, continually improve their own quality, andenhance awareness of contract management, improve the legal system. To thisend, the state unit of the Ministry of Construction Su

36、pervision of socialhierarchy and the corresponding conditions and qualification standards,supervision of qualified engineers to make separate provision accordingly.Project Management in China has generally been carried out, as a matureproject management experience in the management of cost control w

37、illcertainly play a key role.8 工程監(jiān)理體系在中國工程建設(shè)中的地位在占支配地位的中國社會主義市場經(jīng)濟條件下，工程監(jiān)理制度在中國的工程建設(shè)中的貫徹正逐步走向成熟。在中國，當我們談?wù)撘粋€工程項目時，人們總是只關(guān)注工程項目的質(zhì)量方面，似乎工程監(jiān)理所肩負的職責就僅僅是保護工程項目的質(zhì)量，事實上，工程監(jiān)理對于工程的監(jiān)管是非常全面的，根據(jù) FIDIC 條款在工程建設(shè)中的規(guī)定，工程質(zhì)量作為工程品質(zhì)的保證，固然很重要，但在整個工程的運作中只有嚴格貫徹工程監(jiān)理三大目標(質(zhì)量、進度、成本)，使三者相互聯(lián)系、相互影響，形成一個有機的整體，從不同角度實施對項目的監(jiān)管，才能真正保證工程效益

38、。其中成本控制也很重要，成本管理工作的好壞，將直接關(guān)系到工程質(zhì)量是否達到了預(yù)期的目標，工程進展是否可以按時完成。第一，工程設(shè)計階段的工程監(jiān)理。在設(shè)計階段引入工程監(jiān)理，可以確定合理的工程設(shè)計，選擇成熟的技術(shù)方案，減少施工階段的主要設(shè)計程序的更改，有效的控制工程成本。專家說：對于工程監(jiān)理參與設(shè)計階段，如果被排除在外，在施工階段將需要對設(shè)計方案做 80%以上的更改，而工程監(jiān)理參與工程設(shè)計，將至少節(jié)省 20%的工程建設(shè)投資。有材料顯示，一個德國大學圖書館的建設(shè)，原本的設(shè)計有三個，包括地下室，項目管理公司在滿足歐盟委員會對于建設(shè)空間要求和功能要求的條件下，提出了增加樓層，縮短層高，從而9 廢除了原本的地

39、下室設(shè)計。與此同時也減少了人流疏散的距離(達到所要求的標準)，所以修改后的設(shè)計不僅降低了工程成本，也使整個設(shè)計得到了功能性的改善，從而得到了市政府的信貸并獲得了稱贊。目前，中國的工程監(jiān)理參與設(shè)計階段的實踐經(jīng)驗還非常欠缺，我們應(yīng)主動學習國外成熟的監(jiān)理制度，并完善自己監(jiān)理制度的發(fā)展,規(guī)范市場，主動加強設(shè)計階段的監(jiān)督、控制，重視前期的成本管理，科學、合理的進行事前控制。因此，加強設(shè)計階段的成本控制和監(jiān)管是至關(guān)重要的。第二，施工階段的工程監(jiān)理。正如我們所知，無論是國內(nèi)還是國際的建筑市場，工程建設(shè)的主動權(quán)掌握在業(yè)主手中，所以建設(shè)市場的主導(dǎo)是買方市場，施工企業(yè)之間的競爭是非常殘酷的。為了投標，承包方傾向于

40、幾乎零利潤或者低于成本的報價，但是業(yè)主往往使用低成本的方式贏得勝利。雖然施工方答應(yīng)遵守合同文件的規(guī)定，但一旦合同開始履行，他們最終還是會拒絕沒有利潤或?qū)е绿潛p的結(jié)果。所以，承包方在工程實施的過程中經(jīng)常使用劣質(zhì)的材料，不按規(guī)范要求施工，收受賄賂，并將工程進行非法轉(zhuǎn)包，以此從中獲取利益。此時，如果國家沒有形成一個有效的監(jiān)督機制，那么受害者只能是業(yè)主。在工程實施的過程中，監(jiān)理工程師不僅應(yīng)當關(guān)心工程的質(zhì)量是否符合要求，還應(yīng)當做好成本控制的管理，應(yīng)當將工作重心放在工程的整體控制和實際操作上，承包方在工程開工前，必須按照規(guī)定對施工人員進行培訓(xùn)，對施工場地進行嚴格檢查，對工程機械進行全面的測試，面對一個新工

41、程，施工方還應(yīng)將總體工作量、采用的施工方法、10 緊急情況應(yīng)急方案、材料的品種、工程轉(zhuǎn)包的細節(jié)等和工程相關(guān)的內(nèi)容報送監(jiān)理工程師，接受審批。承包商應(yīng)按照合同進行建設(shè)，未經(jīng)監(jiān)理工程師批準或者超出核定范圍的工作，可以不予認可。只有經(jīng)過監(jiān)理工程師的批準，承包商才能進行工程建設(shè)支出和確定進度計劃。在未經(jīng)監(jiān)理工程師允許的情況下造成的工程損失，無論是工程師、承包商、還是任何的工程輸入(人工、材料、設(shè)備)將不會得到補償，承包商未經(jīng)許可不得擅自進入下一個工程環(huán)節(jié)，不得將建筑材料投入使用，不得分包項目的部分工作。工程監(jiān)理項目成本管理的目標是監(jiān)督和控制工程造價成本，使工程的支出在工程合同價格內(nèi)完成，不能遠超過工程估價。嚴格的監(jiān)督監(jiān)理控制，將完全遏制承包商試圖提高工程成本的可能性。這是因為：工程成本的超額，不超過兩種原因，第一是單位勞動力和材料價格的上升, 首先，是承包商在施工過程中試圖增加施工量,從而提高報價，而承包商是無權(quán)自主增加工程的，即便是工程師要求承包商增加投入的資源來完成項目的設(shè)計目標,承包商也無權(quán)得到報酬，因此，根據(jù)合同中的規(guī)定，承包商有義務(wù)保證工程項目的施工人員和機械設(shè)備的工作質(zhì)量，將項目成功完成。工程監(jiān)理對設(shè)備成本，材料成本的控制監(jiān)督，在總成本控制中約占到 70%的比例，是項目直接成本的主要組成部分。材料和設(shè)備價格的高低，將直接影響到建設(shè)成本的大小。因此，在工