基本七-質(zhì)量工具英文

1、基本七-質(zhì)量工具英文What are the Basic Seven Tools of Quality?Fishbone DiagramsHistogramsPareto AnalysisFlowchartsScatter PlotsRun ChartsControl ChartsWhere did the Basic Seven come from?Kaoru IshikawaKnown for “Democratizing Statistics”The Basic Seven Tools made statistical analysis less complicated for the

2、average personGood Visual Aids make statistical and quality control more comprehendible.The Basic Seven (B7) Tools of QualityFishbone DiagramsNo statistics involvedMaps out a process/problemMakes improvement easierLooks like a “Fish Skeleton”Constructing a Fishbone DiagramStep 1 - Identify the Probl

3、emStep 2 - Draw “spine” and “bones”Example: High Inventory Shrinkage at local Drug StoreShrinkageConstructing a Fishbone DiagramStep 3 - Identify different areas where problems may arise fromEx. : High Inventory Shrinkage at local Drug StoreShrinkageemployeesshopliftersConstructing a Fishbone Diagra

4、mStep 4 - Identify what these specific causes could beEx. : High Inventory Shrinkage at local Drug StoreShrinkageshopliftersAnti-theft tags poorly designedExpensive merchandise out in the openNo security/ surveillanceConstructing a Fishbone DiagramEx. : High Inventory Shrinkage at local Drug StoreSh

5、rinkageshopliftersAnti-theft tags poorly designedExpensive merchandise out in the openNo security/ surveillanceemployeesattitudenew traineetrainingbenefitspracticesConstructing a Fishbone DiagramStep 5 Use the finished diagram to brainstorm solutions to the main problems.The Basic Seven (B7) Tools o

6、f QualityHistogramsBar chartUsed to graphically represent groups of dataConstructing a HistogramFrom a set of data computesummean (x)MaxMinRange (max-min)Constructing a HistogramUse range to estimate beginning and end Calculate the width of each column by dividing the range by the number of columnsR

7、ange# of Columns= WidthAcme Pizza ExampleLets say the owner wants a distribution of Acmes Thursday Night SalesData Set from last Thursday(slices) 0 2 1 2 2 4 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 4 3 4 1 4 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 4 2

8、2 4 4 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 1 2 4 2 1 7 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 4Acme Pizza ExampleMean = 2.032258 Max = 7 Min = 0 Range = 7 QuestionFor 7 columns what would the width be?Range/Columns=7/7=1 sliceAcme Pizza ExampleSlices of Pizza# times orderedHistogramConstructing a Hist

9、ogramHow is this helpful to Acme?2 slices of pizza most common order placedDistribution of sales useful for forecasting next Thursdays late night demandIf you were an Acme manager how could you apply this information?The Basic Seven (B7) Tools of QualityPareto AnalysisVery similar to HistogramsUse o

10、f the 80/20 ruleUse of percentages to show importanceAcme Pizza (part 2)SlicesFrequency% 01.31 33 13.092 65 25.7938 3.174 12 4.7650060071 .3Acme Pizza (part 2)The completed Pareto Analysis results in the following graph:Slices of Pizza# times ordered2143756Acme Pizza (part 2)Critical ThinkingHow doe

11、s the Pareto Analysis differ from the Histogram?How can this be a useful tool to the Acme boss?The Basic Seven (B7) Tools of QualityFlowchartsA graphical picture of a PROCESSProcessDecisionThe process flowFlowchartsDont Forget to:Define symbols before beginningStay consistentCheck that process is ac

12、curateAcme Pizza Example (Flowchart) WindowTake Customer Money? (start) OrderGet PizzaLockupPut More in Oven 2 Pies Available? Time to close? Take to CustomernoyesnoyesnoyesHow can we use the flowchart to analyze improvement ideas from the Histogram? WindowTake Customer Money? (start) OrderGet Pizza

13、LockupPut More in Oven 2 Pies Available? Time to close? Take to CustomernoyesnoyesnoyesWant some practice?Make a flowchart for:Taking a showerCooking dinnerDriving a carHaving a partyCreating a FlowchartAny other processes you can think of?The Basic Seven (B7) Tools of QualityScatter Plots2 Dimensio

14、nal X/Y plotsUsed to show relationship between independent(x) and dependent(y) variablesAcme Pizza (Scatter Diagram)Minutes Cooking Defective Pies10145830575 2060 14204256In this simple example, you can find the existing relationship without much difficulty butScatter DiagramsEasier to see direct re

15、lationshipTime Cooking (minutes)Defective PizzasScatter DiagramsAs a quality toolWhat does this tell Acme management about their processes?Improvements?Time Cooking (minutes)Defective PizzasThe Basic Seven (B7) Tools of QualityRun chartsTime-based (x-axis)CyclicalLook for patternsRun Charts8 9 10 11

16、 12 1 2 3 48 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 48 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4PM- AMPM- AMPM- AMThursdayWeek 1ThursdayWeek 2ThursdayWeek 35 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100Slices/hourTimeThe Basic Seven (B7) Tools of QualityControl ChartsDeviation from MeanUpper and Lower SpecsRangeControl ChartsUpper LimitLower LimitUnacceptable deviationXControl ChartsAcme Pizza Management wants to get in on the control chart actionAverage Diameter = 16 inchesUpper Limit = 17 inchesLower Limit = 15 inchesAcme example Control ChartsUpper Limit17 inchesLower Limit15