考研英語一及答案復(fù)習(xí)整理

1、2022年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語真題Section I Listening Comprehension(略)Section U Use of EnglishDirections:Read the fallowing text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Tfeachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that

2、young adults experience.And they also need io give serious 21 to how they can bast _22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23 , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 24 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenage

3、rs are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 27 to plan activities in which there are more winners than lo

4、sers, 28, publishingnewsletters with many student-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 31 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenager

5、s, and many shy students need the 32 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 34 attention spans.A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long a

6、s they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37 .This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38 , they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 fbr roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and by

7、 having clearly stated rules. (294 words)21.AthoughtBideaCopinionDadvice22.AstrengthenBaccommodateCstimulateDenhance23.AcareBnutrilionCexerciseDleisure24.AlfBAlthoughCWhereasDBecause25.AassistanceBguidanceCconfidenceDtolerance26.AclaimedBadmiredCignoredsurpassed27.AimproperBriskyCfairDwise28.Ain eff

8、ectBas a resultCfor exampleDin a sense29.AdisplayingBdescribingCcreatingDexchanging30.AdurableBexcessiveCsurplusDmultiple31.AgroupBindividualCpersonnelcorporation32.AconsentB insuranceCadmissionDsecurily33.AparticularlyBbarelyCdefinitelyDrarely34.AsimilarBlongCdiflerentDshort35.Aif onlyBnow thatCso

9、thatDeven if36.AeverythingBanythingCnothingDsomething37.AoffBdownCoutDalone38.AOn the contraryBOn the averageCOn the wholeDOn the other hand39.AmakingBsiandingCplanningDiaking40.AcapabilitiesBresponsibilitiesCproficiencyDefficiencySectionlll Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following f

10、our texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A. B. C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET I. (40 points)Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet.The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA w

11、as fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game of espionagespying as a profession” . These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The last revolu

12、tion isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on fbr decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it open source intelligence* , and

13、as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among

14、 the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitfbrd, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International.Ma

15、ny of its predictions are available online at straitfbrdStraiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far comer

16、s of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.As soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine/* says Friedman, a former political science professor.“And well hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be dif

17、ficult to tell good information from bad. Thats where Straitfbrd cams its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have miliiary-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success.Straitfbrds briefs dont sound like the usua

18、l Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.The emergence of the Net has .Areceived support from fans like DonovanBremolded the intelligence servicesCrestored many commo

19、n pastimesDrevived spying as a professionDonovans story is mentioned in the text to .Aintroduce the topic of online spyingBshow how he fought fbr the USCgive an episode of the information warDhonor his unique services to the CIAThe phrase making the biggest splash ” (Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probab

20、ly means .Acausing the biggest troubleBexerting the greatest effortCachieving the greatest successDenjoying the widest popularityIt can be learned from paragraph 4 that .AStraitfbrds prediction about Ukraine has proved trueBStraitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationCStraitfbrds busine

21、ss is characterized by unpredictabilityDStraitfbrd is able to provide fairly reliable informationStraitford is most proud of its .Aofficial statusBnonconformist imageCefficient staffDmilitary backgroundText 2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, k*all that is needed fbr the triumph of a

22、 misguided cause is that good people do nothing/ One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby

23、 threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed

24、that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.(i)For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animalno meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she oppose

25、d immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do. she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers/ Such well-meaning people just dont

26、understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable wayin human terms, not in the language of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a father bypass operation, a babys vacci

27、nations, and even a pcts shots. lb those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel a( worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt middle school classes and present their ow

28、n research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stak

29、eholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. (6)If good people do nothing there is a re

30、al possibility that an uninformed citizenry w山 extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to .Acall on scientists to take some actionsBcriticize the misguided cause of animal rightsCwam of the doom of biomedical researchDshow the triumph

31、 of the animal rights movementMisled people tend to think that using an animal in research is .Acruel but naturalBinhuman and unacceptableCinevitable but viciousDpointless and wastefulThe example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the publics .Adiscontent with animal research Bignorance abou

32、t medical scienceCindifference to epidemicsDanxiety about animal rightsThe author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should .Acommunicate more with the publicBemploy hi-tech means in researchCfeel no shame for their causeDstrive to develop new curesFrom

33、the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is .Aa well-known humanistBa medical practitionerCan enthusiast in animal rightsDa supporter of animal researchText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recent

34、ly as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue

35、that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that fbr heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, tru

36、cking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such captive shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing

37、 fbr the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board fbr rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against capt

38、ive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost.If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keepi

39、ng up the line.Its theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. Do we really want railroads to be (he arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplacew asks Martin Bercovici

40、, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep u

41、p with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half

42、 of the carrying costs of the transaction. Whos going to pay fbr the rest of the bill Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because .Acost reduction is based on com

43、petitionBservices call for cross-trade coordinationCoutside compeXs will continue to existDshippers will have the railway by the throatWhat is many captive shippers, attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industryAlndifferent. BSupportive. CIndignant. DApprehensive.It can be inferred from Pa

44、ragraph 3 that .Ashippers will be charged less without a rival railroadBthere will soon be only one railroad company nationwideCovercharged shippers are unlikely to appeal fbr rate reliefDa government board ensures fair play in railway businessThe word “arbiters” (Line 7, Paragraph 4) most probably

45、refers to those .Awho work as coordinatorsBwho function as judgesCwho supervise transactionsDwho determine the priceAccording to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by .Athe continuing acquisitionBthe growing trafficCthe cheering Wall StreetDthc shrinking marketText 4It

46、 is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.Such advanc

47、es offer the aging population a quality of life :hat was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death一and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegr

48、ate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done fbr us, even if ifs useless. The most obvious

49、 example is late-stage cancer care. Physiciansfrustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patienttoo often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care.In 2022, the cost will be $1540 b

50、illion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying fbr medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age一say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has bee

51、n quoted as saying that the old and infinn “have a duty to die and get out of the way” , so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through (heir 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman S

52、umner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with

53、 age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far

54、less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be over-fundi ng the quest ibr unlikely cures while under-funding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives.What is implied in the first sentenceAAmericans are better prepared for death

55、 than other peopleBAmericans enjoy a higher life quality than ever beforeCAmericans are over-confident of their medical technologyDAmericans take a vain pride in their long life expectancyThe author uses the example of cancer patients to show that .Amedical resources are often wastedBdoctors are hel

56、pless against fatal diseasesCsome treatments are too aggressiveDmedical costs are becoming unaffordableThe authors attitude toward Richard Lamms remark is one of .Astrong disapprovalBreserved consentCslight contemptDenthusiastic supportIn contrast to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medica

57、l care .Amore flexiblyBmore extravagantlyCmore cautiouslyDmore reasonablyThe text intends to express the idea that .Amcdicinc will further prolong peoples livesBlife beyond a certain limit is not worth livingCdcath should be accepted as a fact of lifeexcessive demands increase the cost of health car

58、ePart BDirections:Reud the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Human beings in all limes and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful

59、and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. (61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other lifd forms toheir own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a cal

60、m and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.Anthropology derives from the Greek words anthropos human and logos the study of. By its very na