英國歷史美國歷史

1、英國歷史(按主題分)I.The Founding of the NationRoman Britain and the Anglo-SaxonsThe Celtic InvasionRoman Conquest: 43 AD 5th Century - by the Roman EmpireThe Anglo-Saxon Invasion: 5th 8th Century by the Anglo-SaxonsDanish Invasion: 8th Century 1066by the Vikings/DanesThe Norman Conquest 1066by the NormansFe

2、udal Soiety1215: King John-the Great Charter (Magna Carta)part of the British Constitution today1236: Birth of Parliament (derived from the Great Council)Decline of Feudalism:1 The Hundred Years Wa-1145372 The Black Death 1348-1349The Peasant Uprising (leader: Wat Tyler) 1381 /the Peasant s RevoltRe

3、ligious Reform (14th century- ): John Wycliff, John BallThe Wars of the Roses 1455-1485Lancaster, the House of the Red RoseYork, the House of theWhite RoseTransition to the Modern AgeThe Renaissance (15-16th century,)The Enclosure Movement (late 15th century 開始，16th century 高彳張)Religious Reformation

4、 (16th century)=Protestant Reformation:In essence, the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guise.leaders:Germany: Martin LutherFrance: John CalvinEngland: King Henry VIIIKing Henry VIII - established the Church of England1534 the Act of Supremacy: Henry VIII “ only supreme head 0the

5、Church of England ”Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)Consolidated the Church of EnglandDefended the fruit of the Reformation in essence1588 defeated the Spanish ArmadaGolden Age of English HistoryEngland advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature, and the arts.The age of exploration

6、 began: claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods.The American State, Virginia, is named after Queen Elizabeth I.The English Bourgeois Revolution (17 th century)The Civil War1642-1649: The Civil War broke out16491660: The CommonwealthOliver Cromwell, head of the Commonwe

7、althIn 1660, Parliament had Charles II as king of England. This put an end to the Commonwealth.The Restoration1661, Charles II: to restore the old social order1685, James II: to reestablish Catholicismthe Glorious Revolution1688: joint sovereign of William III and Mary II1689: Bill of Rights - estab

8、lished Constitutional MonarchyThe Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)A series of important inventions in the textile industry marked the beginning of Industrial Revolution:Spinning JennyWater frameSpinning mulePower loomSteam engineThe Rise and Fall of the British EmpireThe Formation of the British Em

9、pireFirst British Empire: 19th CenturyIt included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West IndiesSecond British Empire during the Victorian Age: Mid- and late-19th CenturyQueen Victoria s foreign policyJew ImperialismIt included the colonies in Australi

10、a, New Zealand and Canada dominions1876 Victoria “ Empress of India ”In Asia, occupied Burma and some other small states. Opium War against ChinaIn Africa, control Suez Canal and conquer EgyptUnion of South Africa the 4th dominionOn the Eve of World War I, Britain had the largest colonial empire the

11、 world had ever seen. a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers (1/4 of the world s total land).a population of 393.5 million (8 times as large as that in Britain) 3.2 Britain in the World WarsWorld War I (1914-1918)By the beginning of th e 20th century, Britain s dominance was challenged by oth

12、er European nations and the. USTwo camps in Europe:Triple Alliance-the UK, France, Russia 英，法，俄Triple Entente:德，奧(匈帝國)，意Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and BulgariaAllied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy and USThe immediate cause assassination in SarajevoThe cost of th

13、e war for Britain was great: drained of its manpower lost the sea supremacy a huge national debtThe League of Nations was founded after WWI.World War II(1939-1945)Germanyplan to conquer EuropeBritain appeasementdeclare war on Germany on September 3, 1939alliance with the Soviet Union and the United

14、StatesGermany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945great cost lose its naval supremacy and in debt to the United States.UKs role in World War II:Germany: Hitlerplan to conquer EuropeIBritain -appeasement(non-intervention) policy( Chamberlain administration 1937-1940 )1938 UK and France signed M

15、unich Agreement with Hitler2Winston Churchill : Prime Minister of the War Cabinet (1940-1945) The whole nation was mobilized1939.9.1 Germany s surprise attack of Polanddeclare war on Germany on September 3, 1939alliance with the Soviet Union and the United States: the Allies 同盟國May, 1940 Great Retre

16、at of Dunkirk (UK and France)敦刻爾克大撤退the Blitz: 閃電戰(zhàn) August-November, 1940 German bombing raids in Great Britain1944 Allied forces landed in Normandy, France : Allied Armie s Normandy Landing(s) 諾曼底登陸 Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945great cost lose its naval supremacy and in debt to

17、the United States.1945.10.24 The United Nations was founded3.3 The Fall of the EmpireIndependence movement India, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya and EgyptBritish Commonwealth of Nations: 1931(a loosely organized community of former British colonies) 4. Britain since World War II. Three Majestic Circles ”.

18、1One of the Big Three after WWII.2Foreign Policy: Three Majestic Circles less involvement in the Commonwealth circle close cooperation with the United States an isolationist policy towards Europe Special Relationship with the USMargaret Thatcher Reestablished “ special relationship with the United S

19、tates against European integrationTony Blairmore positive towards Europe (but refuse to join the Euro) further strengthened the close relationship with the United States英國歷史（按時間分）。百年戰(zhàn)爭The decline of feudalism: the Hundred Years War-(t4Uprfe蜘(1381)the Black Death (1348-1350)黑死病 Religious Reform(14 th

20、 Century-)宗教改革 Wat Tyler s Uprising =Revolt/ the Peasantsthe Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭Henry Tudor都鐸王朝the end of medieval England/feudalism16 th- the rise of capitalism:Enclosure 圈地運動(15th-)the Renaissance 文藝復(fù)興17th : the English Bourgeois Revolution =Puritan Revolution/ the English Civil WarT

21、he civil war broke out (1642 1649)Between the Royalists (the Cavalier 保王黨人)and Parliamentarians (Roundheads 圓顱黨人)Result: the monarchy was abolished in 1949England was declared a commonwealth, i.e. a republicIV . 18th:the Industrial Revolution (1750-1850/1840)1733 John Kay-flying shuttle1765 James Ha

22、rgreaves -spinning jenny 珍妮紡紗機1769 Richard Arkwright- water frame 水力紡紗機1769 James Watt -steam engin 改良蒸汽機results: the UK= workshop of the world; 世界工廠the birth of the proletariatChartist Movement (1836-1848) 憲章運動19th-:From free enterprise to imperialismthe UK= workshop of the worldearliest colonial p

23、owers:Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands(17 th ) imperialism:1588: defeated Spain- destroyed the Spanish Armada 無敵艦隊(Invincible Fleet): defeated the Netherlands: defeated France英法四次爭霸戰(zhàn)爭1688-1697-War of the League of Augsburg 奧格斯堡聯(lián)盟戰(zhàn)爭1701-1713 War of Spanish Succession 西班牙王位繼承戰(zhàn)爭1756-1763 the Seven Year

24、s; War 英法七年戰(zhàn)爭1803-1815 the Napoleonic War 拿破侖戰(zhàn)爭11805: The Battle of Trafalgar )(1815: the Battle of Waterloo )mid 19 th: fefeated Russia1854-1856 the Crimean War 克里米亞戰(zhàn)爭16th 19th:colonial expansion -India, China, America, Africa (Elizabeth I , Victoria)1583: New Foundland1607: Virginia1783: BahamaNew

25、 Zealand, China, India, Burma1914-1918: World War I一戰(zhàn)：英國霸權(quán)地位的削弱，喪失霸主地位Triple Alliance-the UK, France, Russia 英，法，俄Triple Entente:德，奧(匈帝國)，意1939.9.1-1945.8.8: World War II 二戰(zhàn)英帝國的急劇衰落英帝國的瓦解和英聯(lián)邦(the Commonwealth 1931)的出現(xiàn)Post WWII PeriodThe Cold War (1949-1989)50 Things You Need to Know About British Hi

26、storyIn date order :Stonehenge 2200 BCRoman Invasion and Civilisation 43 ADSt Augustine and Christianity 597King Alfred the Great and the Doom Book 871Battle of Hastings and Norman Conquest 1066Magna Carta and trial by jury 1215Declaration of Arbroath 1320Canterbury Tales 1370Peasants Revolt 1381The

27、 longbows at Agincourt 1415Sir Francis Drake and the defeat of the Spanish Amrada 1588Gunpowder Plot 1605Shakespeare 1610Plantation of Ulster 1611Execution of Charles I 1649Glorious Revolution (1688) and Bill of Rights (1689)Religious Settlement 1559The Bank of England 1694Act of Union 1707 ( with S

28、cotland)Britain s first Prime Minister Robert Walpole 1721Gin craze and British drink culture 1729The East India Company and the Battle of Plassey 1757Longitude 1759Watt s Steam Engine 1769Arkwright s Spinning Frame 1771Adam Smith s The Wealth of Nations 1776The Siege of Yorktown and the loss of Ame

29、rica 1781Nelson s death atnhde Battle of Trafalgar 1805William Wilberforce and the abolition of the slave trade 1807Battle of Waterloo and national identity 1815Sir Robert Peel and the British Bobby 1829Factory Acts and the British weekend 1850Dr Livingstone and Africa 1855Charles Darwin and evoluti

30、on 1859The Red House and my home is my castle 1859The laws of association football 1863Suffragettes 1913The Battle of the Somme 1916The BBC 1927Gandhi and Indian Independence 1931The Blitz 1940Frank Whittle and the jet engine 1941The NHS and Welfare State 1948SS Windrush and Multiculturalism 1948The

31、 Beatles 1964Monty Python and British humour 1971Britain joins European Union 1973Miners strike and Mrs Thatcher 1984The Channel Tunnel 1991The Good Friday Agreement 1998History of the US(美國歷史)America in the Colonial Era1.1 Plantation of 13 British colonies:1607 Virginia: by the London Company1620 P

32、uritan New England: the Pilgrim FathersCatholic Maryland: by Calvert, the 2 nd Lord Baltimore 1649Quaker Pensykania 1681: by William Penn1.2 1773 Boston Tea Party1.3 1774 The First Continental CongressThe War of Independence2.1 1775 The Gunshot of Lexington2.2 1775 The Second Continental Congress: A

33、ssume the functions of a national government2.3 July 4th, 1776: Declaration of IndependenceThe Establishment of the Constitution and federal government3.1 1787, the Constitution was drafted.1789, the Constitution came into effect in nine states.Federal government was founded, George Washington the 1

34、st American president (1789-1797)3.2 1791 Ten amendments The Bill of Rights were added to the Constitutionthe War of 1812 第二次美英戰(zhàn)爭US UK: the Second War of IndependenceWestward Expansion (1810s/1600s -1850s/1890s)Florida: 1853, from SpainThe Oregon territory: 1846, from BritainCalifornia: 1846, from M

35、exico (gold rush)Alaska: 1867, from RussiaHawaii: 1898, annexed Spanish-American War(1898)5.1 1823 the Monroe Doctrine:It later became a principle of US intervewntion whenever its national interesta were thereatened 5.2 1836-1848 The Mexican-American War1861-1865 The Civil War: Abraham Lincoln1863 t

36、he Gettsburg Address1863 The Emancipation Proclamation角星放宣言1865 the 13th amendment to the US Constitution, abolished slaveryThe Progressive Era (late 1800- early 1900送步時代A strong spirit of reform in the USIn response to problems raised by rapid industrialization and urbanization that followed the Ci

37、vil WarTo protect their historic tradition of democratic government and universal economic opportunity Major themesConcern for the underprivileged and downtroddenThe restoration of government to the rank and fileThe enlargement of government power in order to bring industry and finance under popular

38、 controlSupport from three Presidents after 1900President Theodore Roosevelt: establishment of the Bureau of Corporations (1903)President Taft: furthering the cause of reformPresident Wilson: flourishing of the reform movementThe US Becomes a World Power8.1 Imperial Foreign Policy: Isolationism Inte

39、rventionismBefore the 1890 s: Isolationism：主義During the 1890 s and 19l00terventionismBecoming a great power and an imperialistic countryA world power ready to assert its influence in international affairs8.2 1898: Spanish-American War8.3 1899 Open Door Policy : ChinaThe United States in the 20 th ce

40、ntury:Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) : Bfg Stick PolicyThe United States and World War I (1914-1918)?Allies Britain, France, and Russia?The Central Powers Germany, Austria-HungaryThe Treaty of Versailles (1919)President Wilson: Fourteen Points and the League of Nations(1920-1949)十四點計劃和國際聯(lián)盟The Post W

41、orld War I Period1Isolation : a new oneThe world s greatest manufacturing and exporting nation: Impossibility of total disengagement from world affairs 2immigrationThe end of free and open immigration in 1921A significant change in attitude and legislation about immigrationConsequence: lessening the

42、 competitive and mobile character of American life3The booming 1920s: The Booming Economy in 1920 s4Migration to the Cities: an urban nation5Women s Suffrage6 The Great Depression -1930s (1929-)Franklin Roosevelt - the “ New Deal ”The United States and World War II (1939-1945)1Isolation and Neutrali

43、ty: A sit-on-the-fence policy2America Enters the War (1941-1945)?December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor,Conference at Potsdam3End of WWII?The US airforce dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima On August 6 and on Nagasaki on August 8.?On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered.Results of World War IIEnhanced militar

44、y and economic power: the only nation that benefited from the warThe Baby Boom 1946-1964Establishment of the UN (1945.10.24)The Cold War (1945-1989)lUnited Nations in 1945 a new and better world would emerge from World War II.2The conflict between the two superpowers Russia and the US increased and

45、later led to the Cold War.3President Truman: 1947 the Containment PolicyGeorge Marshal: 1947 The Marshall Plan4the United States -1949 NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)1955, the Soviet Union - Warsaw Pact5the Korean War (1950-1953)6The Red Scare and McCarthyism赤色恐慌和麥卡錫主義A modern witch hunt for communists from 1951 to 1954政治迫害7