高中英語語法總結(jié)名詞性從句

1、that 引導(dǎo)。若去掉則沒有了主語，而賓語從句的名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。根據(jù)從句在句子中的功能分根據(jù)從句的性質(zhì)分定語從句形容詞性從句主語從句賓語從句名詞性從句表語從句同位語從句狀語從句副詞性從句第一節(jié)知識點講解一【主語從句】顧名思義，主語從句在句子中作主語。有時本身出現(xiàn)在主語的位置上，也有時出于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的考慮退到句子的尾部，前面用形式主語it 代替。從句作主語時

2、，謂語動詞一般為單數(shù)形式。如:What I saw was beyond any verbal description.That his hair was turning grey worried him a bit.Why the company denied the contract is still unknown.When and where the government will build a city square is under discussion.It is pretty annoying that a small part of the machine is missi

3、ng.It remains to be seen whether the new novel will be well received.Tips: 主語從句的 that 絕對不能省去。因為句子是不能做主語的，故用that 可省。主語從句： That he is right is known to all of us.賓語從句： We all know (that) he is right.1.It 作形式主語和 it 引導(dǎo)強調(diào)句的比較為了防止句子頭重腳輕，通常把形式主語it放在主語位置，真正主語擱置于句末It作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)

4、的強調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進行強調(diào)，無論強調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調(diào)部分指人時也可用who/whom 。例如：a) It is a pity that you didn t go to see你不the去看film那.場電影真可惜。b)It doesn t interest me whetheryousucceed or not. 我對你成功與否不感興趣。c)It is in the morning that the murder took place. 謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強調(diào)句型）d)It is John that broke the window. 是 John 打碎

5、的窗戶。（強調(diào)句型）2.用 it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) It is名詞 從句It is a fact thatIt is common knowledge that事實是 非常榮幸 是常識(2)It is 形容詞 從句It is natural that很自然 It is strange that奇怪的是 (3)It is 不及物動詞 從句It seems that似乎 It happened that碰巧 It appears that似乎 (4)It 過去分詞 從句It is reported thatIt has been proved thatIt is said that據(jù)報道 已

6、證實 據(jù)說 3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：（1） if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。（2） It is said /reported 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達： It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.錯誤表達： That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（ 3） It happens/occurs構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：結(jié)正確表達： It occurred to him that he fai

7、led in the examination.錯誤表達： That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4） It doesn t matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達： It doesn t matter whether he is wrong or not.錯誤表達： Whether he is wrong or not doesn t matter.（ 5）含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達： Is it likely that it will rain in t

8、he evening?錯誤表達： Is that will rain in the evening likely?4.what 與 that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別what 引導(dǎo)主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語賓語表語，而that 則不然。例如：a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation二【賓語從句】賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞)或介詞之后。We assumed that there would be more than 100

9、 guests.He told the police in detail what he saw and heard.Nobody is sure what humans will look like in a million years.That will depend on whether they can get the chance.Whether I will have the time I am not sure at the moment.The conductor complained that we were not gifted in singing and that he

10、 would never come again.1.作動詞的賓語(1) 由 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 (that 通?？梢允÷?), 例如：I heard that be joined the army.我聽說他參軍了。(2)由 what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，例如：a)She did not know what had happened. 她不知道發(fā)生了什么。b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。(3)動詞間接賓語賓語從句。例如：She told me that she w

11、ould accept my invitation.她對我說她會接受我的邀請。2.作介詞的賓語，例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。3.作形容詞的賓語，例如：I am afraid (that) I ve made a mistake我恐.怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個錯誤。注意： that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud,su

12、rprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。4.it 可以作為形式賓語it 不僅可以作為形式主語 ，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。 例如：We heard it that she would get married next month.我聽說她下個朋就會結(jié)婚了。5.后邊不能直接跟 that 從句的動詞這類動詞有 allow, re

13、fuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如：正確表達： I admire their winning the match.錯誤表達： I admire that they won the match.6.不可用 that 從句作直接賓語的動詞有些動詞不可用于“動詞間接賓語that 從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見的有envy, order( 命令 ), accuse, refuse, im

14、press, forgive,blame, denounce（公開指責） , advise, congratulate 等。例如：正確表達： He impressed the manager as an honest man.錯誤表達： He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7. 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy （想象） , guess, imagine 等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例

15、如：I don t think sthidress fits you well.我認為這件衣服不適合你穿。三【表語從句】表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語連系動詞表語從句”。可以接表語從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain （留下、保持、依然） , seem 等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that 常可省略。另外，常用的還有the reason is that 和 It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)

16、This is why we can t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四【同位語從句】同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。1.同位語從句的功能同位語從句 對于名詞進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由 that 引導(dǎo)，例如：1)The king s decision that the prison

17、er would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位語在句子中的位置同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別（1）. 同位語從句和定語從句相似， 二者都有先行詞。同位語從句是對先行詞的進一步陳述，和先行詞是同等的關(guān)系

18、，含義相同。定語從句是對先行詞的修飾或限制。（ 2）.同位語從句表示先行詞的內(nèi)容是什么，進一步說明先行詞。定語從句與先行詞之間是所屬關(guān)系，表示“ 的 ”，起修飾作用。（3）.同位語從句的 “that不”能省略。定語從句的關(guān)系代詞“that在”從句中作賓語時可以省略。（4） 同位語從句的先行詞是一個含有概念的抽象名詞，從句對這一概念進行展開或說明。同位語從句和定語從句的異同與辨析。1.正確使用同位語從句的關(guān)連詞；2.正確運用同位語從句的先行詞；3.能正確認識并正確翻譯同位語從句。同位語從句和定語從句比較練習(xí)1.I heard about the news that he got a full m

19、ark in this examination. （同位語從句）2.This is good news that I heard from Mary. （定語從句）3.He can t answer the question how he got the money（同.位語從句）4.This is an easy question that he answered in class. （定語從句）五【連接代詞、連接副詞和連接詞】通過以上介紹，我們可以看出，四種名詞性從句都需要有一個連接性詞在從句的開頭。這個詞是什么性質(zhì)，要看它在從句中作作的成分， 如果作的是主語、賓語、表語的話，這個詞就是連

20、接代詞；如果作的是各種狀語，就叫連接副詞；如果不作任何成分，就叫連接詞。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞：連接詞 that, if, whether連接代詞：who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever 連接副詞 when, where, how, why第二節(jié)考點分類解析【考點一：語序問題】名詞性從句的語序：永遠陳述語氣。即名詞性從句中不會出現(xiàn)助動詞提前的現(xiàn)象。如：Who he is doesn t matter much.When and where we shall have the sports meet is a que

21、stion.I don t know what his name is.I don t know what is wrong with him. = I donYou can t imagine how excited I was at that time. t know what is the matter with him.Can you tell me what size shoes you wear?No one can be sure _ in a million years.（ MET1991 ）A. what will man look like C. man will look

22、 like whatB. what man will look likeD. what look will man like【考點二： that 和 what 的區(qū)別問題】能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever 八個。為何單獨講what 的用法呢？重要！在考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率高！在本書第一章定語從句中，我們提到過，what 是不能引導(dǎo)定語從句的。定語從句中如果缺少的成分是主語、賓語、表語，我們選擇的是關(guān)系代詞that 或其他。現(xiàn)在山頭換了，到了名詞性從句的知識范圍了。What 在名詞性從句中

23、就很有用武之地了。還是分析成分，what 在從句中作的主語、賓語、表語。而 that 只是一個“連接詞 ”，既不作什么成分，也沒有什么意義。如:What you did doesn t agree with what you promised.What he couldn t understand was why his teacher was never satisfied with him.The matter of salary is what I care most if I decide to change my profession.What we can t get always

24、emsse better than what we have already got.I think that your composition is no better than his.That you don t love her is not my business.What we have seen is different from _.A. we heardB. we have heardC. what we heardD. what we have heard答案： D 。我們應(yīng)該可以看出這是個賓語從句。從句中hear 是個及物動詞，缺少賓語。所以，應(yīng)該選有what 引導(dǎo)的從句

25、。而不能是that 或者省略了that 的情況。I couldn t agree with _ at the meeting.A. that you saidB. which you saidC. all what you saidD. what you said答案：。與上一題相同，這也是一個考查賓語從句的題目。從句中的say 是個及物動詞，缺少賓語。所以，應(yīng)該選擇 what 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。但是，這個題目最容易錯的選項是。因為有些同學(xué)會認為all 是先行詞，而后面時what引導(dǎo)的定語從句。但是，what 是不引導(dǎo)定語從句的。所以，根本就是不存在的?！究键c三： that 和 whether

26、的區(qū)別問題】有時候，它們兩個比較難以區(qū)別，因為，它們都是連接詞，都在從句中不作成分。但是，它們之間最大的區(qū)別在于“意義 ”。即 that 在從句中既不作成分，也沒有自己的意義；而whether 就不同了。它雖然不在從句中作什么成分，但是它又意義，即“是否 ”。這就能夠左右從句的意思，使從句所表達的意思變成一個還沒有確定的因素。如：I don t know whether he can join us or not.I m sure that he can join us.It is none of your business whether I love her.It is none of your business that I don t love her.綜上所述，區(qū)分 that 還是 whether，重要一點就是看主句需要從句表達一個什么意思，是確定的，還是不確定的；是事實還是疑問。前者選 that，后者選 whether 。如：I have no doubt _ Mr. Johnson will make it here on time.A. thatB. whetherC. whyD. whenNo one can be sure _ the board will accept our conditions.A. thatB.