自考現(xiàn)代英語語法學(xué)習(xí)筆記第四章-名詞和名詞短語

1、名詞和名詞短語（2 ）限定詞和屬格4.1 限定詞 Determiner定義jj在名詞詞組中對名詞中心詞起特指，類指以及表示數(shù)量等限定的詞1即堇!_/Determiners refer to the words which are used in the pre-modification ora noun phrase which typically precede any adj. that pre-modify the head word.A nice man. (a: determine nice: adjective)限定詞和形容詞區(qū)別 Difference between Determ

2、inerand Adjective.前置限定 限定詞在形容詞前面.Determiner usually precede adj. in pre-modification.A nice man. (a: determiner, nice: adjective).限定詞的選擇受中心詞影響而形容詞不受。The choice of Determiner is determined by the head word but not that of adj.A good man. Not these good man. (should be these good men).形容詞表明中心詞的特征，而限定詞

3、限定中心詞的意義數(shù)量。Adj. describe the head word by showing its characteristic while determiner determine the head word by identifying or quantifying.ManyGood The useful f Books.MyoldJ.形容詞可位于中心詞后，而限定詞不可.Adj. can post-modify the head word but not Determiner.形容詞有比較級而限定詞沒有(除few, little, many much外)。Adj. has comp

4、arative form but not Determiner ( except few, little, many much ).4.1.2 Co-occurrence of Determiners_Determiner may co-occurrence in the pre-modification of a noun phrase: two or more determiner C 定義 J may modify one and the same head word. Each determiner takes a fixed position , we identify their

5、relative positions in the case of co-occurrence.前位限定 Pre-Determiner中位限定 Central Determiner后位限定 Post DeterminerAll, BothHalf, DoubleTwice, Three times.One-third, Two-thirds.WhatSuchmanyA, TheThis, That, These, ThoseMyf your, his.John s.(Genitive)Any, Some, NoEach, Every, Either, Neither, WhatWhich(ev

6、er), Whose(ever)One, Two, Three. First, Second, Third. Next, Last, Few, Many, Much Another, Other, SeveralSuchPre-determiners and Central Determiners are mutually exclusive, that is in one and the same Noun Phrase, there could be only one Pre-determiner and Central Determiner, however, Post-Determin

7、ers are not mutually exclusive.All the other students. (Pre + Central + Post)All the other three students. ( Pre + Central +Post + Post)4.L3 Usage of some DeterminersAll and Whole (difference)1. All強調(diào)個體中的每一個，某種程度上與every 相似。She would work 12 hours a day all the year long.1. Whole更注重于整體。Whole regiment

8、s surrendered to the enemy.2. All修飾一個表示地方的短語時,一般指“所有 住被B的人All the village was excited at the news.(=the whole village)2. Whole根據(jù)原文一般指指居民或者地方本身作 為一個整體存在。The whole village was flooded,3.修飾專有名詞時語法的區(qū)別。特別是地名。All Newcastle was excited at the news.3.修飾專有名詞時語法的區(qū)別.特別是地名.The whole of Newcastle was excited at

9、the news.All and BothAll修飾2部分以上組成的個體.Both修飾的個體由2部分組成All, Every, EachAll側(cè)重于整個groupEvery指Group中的個體Each則側(cè)重于單獨的個體。All the boys enjoyedEvery boy enjoyed himself atEach boy got one present atthemselves at the party.the party.the party.（全局）（全局中的個體）（個體）Both, Each, EitherBoth強調(diào)2個一起| Each, Either當表明2個中的每一個的時候

10、f both sidesThere are shops on Each side of the street.I Either sideAnyf Either; No (None), NeitherAny, No (None) refer to a group of more than 2.Either and Neither refer to a group of 2.4.L4 Article 冠詞As a determine it pre-modifies a head noun, in the English Language, there are two articles: Defin

11、ite article 定冠詞the and indefinite article 不定冠詞An. The Two terms indicate some of the semantic implication of the article usage.泛指和特指 Generic reference vs. Specific reference:Generic reference denotes class membership and it can also refer torealized by a singular countable noun that goes with an ind

12、efinite article a(n)for with definite article the or a plural countable noun goes without an article.e.g. The panda is a rare animal.Specific reference can be made either in a definite way or in an indefinite way, definite specific reference identifies the referent in question and is realized by a n

13、oun with a definite article the .Indefinite specific reference points to a particular; actual example of the class, realized by a singular countable noun with a.e.g. A dog charged me yesterday when I was on my way home.Definite article + Generic reference The panda is a rare animal.Indefinite Articl

14、e + Specific ReferenceA god charge me when I was on my way home last night.不定冠詞 A(n) Indefinite Article “A(n)”Main function: to indicate class membership. typically used with singular countable noun, refer to a class as a whole.當專有名詞或者不可數(shù)作為一種可數(shù)名詞的分來來講的話，前面可加AHe looks forward to owning a Benz.職業(yè)，工作為補

15、語的名詞需要不定冠詞修飾.John is a writer.僅可一個人擔(dān)任的職業(yè)名詞不需要不定冠詞的修飾。He was selected chairman of the committee.As president of the United State.*定冠詞 The Definite Article TheThe Definite Article The”不需要加定冠詞“The”的情況需要加定冠詞Th?！钡那闆r1.公共機構(gòu)在習(xí)慣性表達里不需要冠詞。They go to church every Sunday.1.指公共機構(gòu)本身的建筑時.用The (bed, class, table, t

16、own etc.用法相同)The church was pulled down for a new and bigger one.2 ,體育運動不需要加定冠詞Play basketball/ football/ tennis.2.指某人有能力彈奏某樂器時用the Play the Piano/ Guitar/ Cello/ Violin3. by后面接交通工具名詞時不加“the By taxi/ by bus/ by plan/ by train3.當一些指獨立事物或者人物的名詞表示某些“特 定的系統(tǒng)或服務(wù)的時候，要加 the” Ring for the taxi if it* s raini

17、ng.How long does it take on the bus?4.季節(jié)名詞前一股不加theWhy don t you go in summer?4.除了短旨的某一時間的某一季節(jié)， The summer of 1995.5.指某一a寸問點的時候不加 At dawn/ At sunrise/ At night5.指”臬一時間段”的時候可用定冠詞In the morning/ During the afternoon (for.)6.復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞泛指時，不加定冠詞.6 .特指時需要加定冠詞。不可數(shù)名詞用法相同。With the Pandas （聯(lián)）Pandas are rare anima

18、l.（:玨）The desk is made of the mahogany fromThe desk is made of mahogany.（泛與旨）Thailand4特指）*Proper noun專有名詞除了一下幾種情況，一般不加定冠詞.復(fù)數(shù)名字前加“the指“一家人”The Greens/ The Johns.海洋.河流，海峽,山脈等地理專有名詞前要加“the”The Mediterranean/ The Alps./ The pacific/ The Nile.普通名詞組成的組織名詞The United Kingdom/ The State Department.某些特定的酒店，餐廳

19、，劇院，電影院，博物館，畫廊要加“the”The Grand Station./ The British museum/The Gourmont.有限制性說明的專有名詞The 21st century China/ The London in Dickens novels.名牌，作品要加“the”Why don t you hang the Picasso on the wall?*Special Usage of theThe + Adj.表示一類人The Pool窮人The old老人The ugly丑陋的人.2 Genitives屬格/所有格考點4Comparison between G

20、enitivesand Of - phraseGenitivesOf phraseInterchangeable when:Geographical Proper noun, nouns referring to Place, Institutions.Collective nouns.Animate noun, especially People The boyr s advise/ Mary s dressCan be used with first name.Jake s carThe relationship of the 2 nouns are Definition； classif

21、ication.Men s clothes/ Teacher, s bookNouns denoting Time: three years timeIdiomatic combinations.A pound s worth/ A arm s length.Inanimate noun, lifeless object.The color of the car/ the arrival of the trainUsed with full names.The passport of John SmithPossession.Clothes of mineUsed with classifyi

22、ng adj. The welfare of the poor The experience of the old.422 Genitives vs. of - phrase42.5 Group Genitive 集體屬格The Group genitive is a term that refers to the genitive formed by adding s to the last element 考點5 of a post-modified or coordinated noun phrase.e.g. ： Someone else* s car An hour and a ha

23、lf* s testw但是當名詞短語包含L 無論是限定或者非限定的后置修飾定語”時，2.名詞前置修飾過長3.前置修 飾會引起歧義時不可以用隼體屬格。(這時可以用of Phrase )e.g. : The man I know* s car (Wrong !)The man with the dog s food (Wrong !)Local Genitive 地點屬格考點 6 4 The genitive is sometimes used alone without a following nounf Nouns used in local genitive are invariable nouns referring to persons and denoting residence, public buildings, place where business is c