大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

1、Lecture 2 Subjunctive mood WritingGrammar情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣連接詞的用法非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞倒裝和省略條件狀語(yǔ)從句: if, even if / though, as if / though賓語(yǔ)從句: would rather, wish, advise, suggest, order, etc.同位語(yǔ)從句: advice, suggestion, request, order, demand, etc.主語(yǔ)從句 (It isthat)定語(yǔ)從句 : It is (high) time)If only與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過去式，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用w

2、ould/should/could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形。與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用had +過去分詞，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用would/should/could/might + have +過去分詞。與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過去式，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用would/should/could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形，或者從句中用were to/should + 動(dòng)詞原形。If you should come tomorrow, we the meeting. A. would have B. would have had C. had D. will haveIf I

3、you, I would put off that party. A. am B. was C. were D. isThings might have been much worse if the mother on her right to keep the baby. A) has been insisting B) had insisted C) would insist D) insistedThe victim (本來(lái)會(huì)有機(jī)會(huì)活下來(lái)) if he had been taken to hospital in time.would have survived / could have

4、been alive at the price list, hed have known what would happen in the end.A. Had Mr. Robinson lookedB. For Mr. Robinson lookedC. Have Mr. Robinson lookedD. Before Mr. Robinson lookedShould you ask successful students around you, you would discover more tips.Advise, suggest, propose; advice, suggesti

5、on, proposalRequest, require, demand, order, command; request, requirement, demand, order, commandPersist, insist; persistence, insistenceIt is necessary / natural / strange / essential / surprising that we (should) do sth.If you know that danger is likely, I suggest that (你避開它除非你確信自己能夠?qū)Ω?.You (shou

6、ld) avoid it unless you know that you can handle it.The doctor ordered that she (呆在床上休息幾天).(should) stay in bed for a few days.Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee 1 to investigate the incident.A) were set up B) was set upC) be set up D) set upI would rather you to m

7、y party tomorrow. A. could come B. came D. will come C. come I would rather you with us now. A. stay B. could stay C. stayed D. will stayI would rather you there before. A. had not gone B. could go C. went D. should goHe talked about Florida as if he there before. A. have been B. was D. had been C.

8、wereIt feels as though it made of cotton. A. was B. is D. were C. be It is (high) time we left (should leave).If only I knew the answer!If only I hadnt lost it!If only the rain would/should/could stop!If only I were young again!Few things are impossible in themselves; and it is often for want of wil

9、l, rather than means, that man fail to succeed. 拉.羅什富科 Franois VI, duc de La Rochefoucauld（1613.9.151680.3.17）Composition(一)存在問題1.不會(huì)寫即不知如何下手，不知如何提筆進(jìn)行寫作。原因:一是考生的確無(wú)話可說；二是心里雖然有話，但是拿捏不準(zhǔn)該寫哪句為妙。于是思前想后、猶豫不決，始終不敢提筆進(jìn)行寫作。2.寫不好拿過作文題，沒有明確的寫作思路，不按套路出牌；簡(jiǎn)單漢語(yǔ)邏輯思維寫作，不符合英語(yǔ)寫作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，進(jìn)而沒有文采。原因：一、平時(shí)沒有養(yǎng)成良好的寫作習(xí)慣；二、對(duì)于英語(yǔ)寫作的句式特點(diǎn)以

10、及整體文章結(jié)構(gòu)框架不了解。寫作思路一、熟悉英語(yǔ)寫作的幾個(gè)重要概念。英語(yǔ)文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn):一般有三部分構(gòu)成:主題句+擴(kuò)展句+結(jié)尾句(1)主題句：主題句，就是英語(yǔ)文章段落的中心思想句。它是英語(yǔ)文章段落的靈魂，在英語(yǔ)文章段落中居于主導(dǎo)地位。我們都知道英語(yǔ)文章一般喜歡開門見山，所以主題句一般位于英語(yǔ)文章段落的句首。其他句子都要圍繞它而展開。(2)擴(kuò)展句：擴(kuò)展句就是為主題句起解釋說明或論證的句子。通常我們寫擴(kuò)展句所采用的方法是舉例子(for example, for instance, such as, a case in point is that-)、列數(shù)據(jù)(according to the rec

11、ent study/survey,-)等。(3)結(jié)尾句：結(jié)尾句就是總結(jié)句。英語(yǔ)寫作也類似于漢語(yǔ)寫作，最后再把自己本段落的寫作目的陳述一下。但是在英語(yǔ)寫作中結(jié)尾句畢竟還是少數(shù)。因此我們通?？吹接⒄Z(yǔ)的文章段落結(jié)構(gòu) 60%-70%都是由主題句+擴(kuò)展句構(gòu)成。Topic 1Directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic studying abroad. you should write at least 120 words following the outline giv

12、en below:1、目前很多中國(guó)學(xué)生出國(guó)留學(xué)，2、出國(guó)留學(xué)的好處，3、我的看法。Studying abroadNowadays, going abroad for studies is enjoying a striking popularity among adolescents. Importance should be attached to studying abroad.There are a great many advantages of studying overseas. First and foremost, living and studying abroad offe

13、rs students a different perspective of the world. On a university campus, international students are likely to encounter their counterparts from various countries and areas, and are exposed to diverse ideas and values. What is more, overseas experience is the best opportunity for the real-life use o

14、f foreign languages. There is no better opportunity to improve second-language skills than living in the country in which it is spoken.Generally speaking, it is my view that although going abroad is expensive and perhaps painful, the payoff is worthwhile. In the first place, in addition to knowledge

15、, overseas students can gain precious experiences that those who stay at home will never have. Furthermore, overseas experience, frustrating and painful as it may be, is conducive to the growth of adolescents. Topic 2Directions: for this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the

16、topic jobs for graduates. you should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:1、大學(xué)生難找工作，2、原因很多，3、解決的辦法。Jobs for graduatesJob hunting has always been a headache for college students. Though many graduates are employed right after graduation, some are not. Most serious o

17、f all, some still have no idea where to go working even a long time after graduation.The reasons for this phenomenon are various. On the one hand, a few years ago colleges and universities enrolled so many students in popular majors, such as economy, finance and so on that the number of graduates wa

18、s greater than the need in the market. On the other hand, most graduates would rather stay in large cities without suitable job to do than go to the country.I reckon this problem can be solved if both colleges and students take measures. First， they should research the market and develop special ski

19、lls to suit its need. Second， students attitude towards employment should be changed. They should go to small cities and country. There they can also give full play to their professional knowledge. In a word， if we pay much attention， the situation can be improved.進(jìn)一步的闡述、解釋In addition.此外，再者What is a

20、lso worth noticing is that.值得一提的是_。There is another factor that deserves some words here.還有另外一個(gè)很重要的原因。A more essential factor why. Is that_的更為重要的原因是_。A further reason why, is that. _的更深層次的原因是_。Moving on to wider themes,_展開來(lái)說，_。Finally, moreover, last but not least, furthermore. The second thing that

21、 must be taken into consideration is that.第二個(gè)原因也很重要(值得考慮)，亦即_。Likewise(同樣), common sense tells us that.同樣，_，這是眾所周知的。The third but very important reason is that.第三個(gè)(盡管不是很重要)原因是_。The third, not the last is that,第三個(gè)原因是_。The last factor to be taken seriously is.第三個(gè)重要原因是_。Topic 3Directions: For this part

22、, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic ofCredit Cards. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 越來(lái)越多的人使用信用卡， 信用卡有哪些好處2. 信用卡的弊端3. 你自己的觀點(diǎn)Credit CardsPersonal credit cards are becoming more common in China. Banks and other financial i

23、nstitutions are encouraging their customers to change the way they buy things. Credit cards, otherwise known as “plastic money”, are being offered on very good terms to encourage the change. Consumers will be able to “buy now, pay later”, and many see this as an advantage.But people need to be caref

24、ul. There are dangers associated with credit cards. Some people find it very easy to exceed their budget. They are tempted to purchase goods that they do not really need, and can become quickly overburdened by debt. The credit cards often charge a high rate of interest, which exacerbates the problem

25、s for these people.However, using credit cards wisely can improve the quality of peoples lives. They can give people access to money to meet sudden unplanned expenses. Properly handled, they can let people control their expenditure and the monthly statements provide a record of where their money has

26、 gone.點(diǎn)評(píng)：這是一篇議論文， 關(guān)于信用卡的利弊?？梢苑殖扇糠郑?第一部分，信用卡的好處，比如說應(yīng)急等；第二部分，信用卡的一些弊端，比如說鼓勵(lì)一些無(wú)用的消費(fèi);第三部分：你自己的觀點(diǎn)，理性使用。 圖表作文1Direction: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Cell Phones. You should write no less than 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:1. 描述上

27、圖所示的手機(jī)用戶數(shù)的變化情況2. 出現(xiàn)這種情況的原因3. 對(duì)此現(xiàn)象作出評(píng)價(jià)Cell PhonesAs is shown in the chart, cell phones are becoming increasingly popular within China. In 1999, the number of cell phones in use was only 2 million, but in 2002, the number reaches 5 million. And in the year 2005, the number has suddenly soared to 9 mil

28、lion.There are many factors contributing to this development. Firstly, a cell phone has no wires and can be carried everywhere easily. Secondly, a cell phone is something wonderful that we can have fun with news, games, music and chat through sending short messages. Thirdly, the drop in price and th

29、e simultaneous improvement in the functions have made it possible for an average person to make use of cell phone.Undoubtedly, the wide use of cell phones has make them more and more indispensable in peoples daily life. The many functions of the cell phone have made certain people reluctant to separ

30、ate themselves from their cell phone.點(diǎn)評(píng)：隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，人民的生活水平不斷改善，通訊業(yè)的日新月異的發(fā)展，使得手機(jī)使用普及化，成為人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹谋匦杵罚瑢?duì)此的利弊人們看法各異。本預(yù)測(cè)題為熱點(diǎn)話題，同樣是年輕人較熟悉和經(jīng)常討論的話題，值得關(guān)注。Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Blog. You should write at least 120 words based on the chart and outli

31、ne given below: BlogThis histogram shows the number of people using blog services from January to October in 2007. From it we can see that the number of users increased monthly from January to August, except February. After two peak months, July and August, the number dropped slightly in September,

32、while in October it picked up again.Possible reasons for these changes are as follows. First, in February Chinese people celebrated the most important festivalChinese New Year. This means more people spent more time with their families and friends, and therefore they didnt have as much time for surf

33、ing online. Secondly, college students are the main users of blog services. While in July and August，they had summer holidays, which enabled them to have more spare time reading and writing blogs.Thirdly, with improvements of blog services and the influence of some “star bloggers”, most of whom are

34、celebrities, blogs are becoming an important way for people to express themselves and communicate with others. So more and more people are starting to use these services, which help explain the overall increase shown here.點(diǎn)評(píng)：這是一篇圖表題。 可以看出，整體呈增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。但是，二月和九月有所下降。所以，分析的時(shí)候要照顧各個(gè)方面。Directions: Suppose you

35、were Li Ming. You want to apply for a job as a personal secretary to the General Manager of a trading company. Write a letter to the Human Resources Department of the company . You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.1. 簡(jiǎn)要介紹自己并說明應(yīng)征該職位2. 告知公司為什么對(duì)此感興趣3. 簡(jiǎn)述你為何是合適人選 An App

36、lication LetterDear Sir or Madam, I am Li Ming, a would-be graduate from Nanjing University. My major is English. Through the job advertisement, I have learned that you are hunting a qualified individual for a personal secretary to the General Manager of your esteemed company. I am fully convinced t

37、hat I am the right person for the job.I realize that my future boss is extremely busy. However, it is exactly the challenge of my prospective position that attracts me. I am sure that my honesty, carefulness, patience, expertise, commitment and extensive knowledge will produce an excellent job perfo

38、rmance.Next month, I am going to graduate from the English Department of Nanjing University, and I have over two years of secretarial experience. I have enclosed the details of my academic record, skills, and language abilities. Thank you for your time in considering my application.Yours Sincerely,L

39、i Ming點(diǎn)評(píng)：本文屬于書信體應(yīng)用文，要求寫一封求職信。找工作是四級(jí)命題作文關(guān)注的話題之一， 1995年6月和2001年1月都考查了求職面試的話題，本預(yù)測(cè)題要求寫一封求職信，既與求職話題相關(guān)，又是書信體作文，符合四級(jí)作文命題思路和考查重點(diǎn)。 展現(xiàn)問題篇question, problem, issue, phenomenon，后接介詞, on, over等 Recently, the issue of . has been brought into public focus.近來(lái)，_的問題引起了社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注。Now we are entering a brand new era full o

40、f opportunities and innovations, and great changes have taken place in peoples attitude towards some traditional practice.現(xiàn)在我們進(jìn)入了一個(gè)充滿機(jī)遇和創(chuàng)新的嶄新時(shí)代，很多人對(duì)某些傳統(tǒng)的看法也發(fā)生了很大改變。Recently the issue of whether or not . has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public.近來(lái)，是否_的問題已經(jīng)非常明確而且引起了社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注。

41、The issue whether it is good or not to . has aroused a heated discussion all over the country._的利與弊已在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)引起熱烈的討論。At present, some people think .while others claim .Both sides have their merits.目前，一些人認(rèn)為_而另一些人則認(rèn)為_。其實(shí)，兩種觀點(diǎn)都其可取之處。People rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue.對(duì)

42、于這種極具爭(zhēng)議的話題，我們很難作出絕對(duì)的回答。People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.不同行業(yè)的人對(duì)同一種問題的解釋不盡相同。The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.這中極具爭(zhēng)議性的話題往往很受社會(huì)的關(guān)注。不同的人對(duì)此問題的看法也不

43、盡相同。When asked ., some people think. while some prefer.說到_，有人認(rèn)為_，而另一些人則認(rèn)為_。Just as the saying goes: so many people, so many minds. It is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.俗話說，。不同的人對(duì)此有不同的看法是可以理解的。As the proverb goes: every coin has its two sides, .is no exceptio

44、n.俗語(yǔ)有云：萬(wàn)事萬(wàn)物都有兩面性。 _也不例外。Every thing has a good side and a bad side, and .is no exception.萬(wàn)事萬(wàn)物有其兩面性，而_也是如此。The discussion as to whether the . is a blessing or a curse arouses most peoples interests._是好壞利弊問題引起了很多人的興趣。plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the present world._尤為重要而引起當(dāng)今社會(huì)的關(guān)注。There comes a question: