《語用學Pragmatics》課件 第二周

1、Pragmatics The second weekChapter 3 Reference and inferenceReferential and attributive usesNames and referentsAnaphoric referenceChapter 3 Reference and inferenceWords themselves dont refer to anything, people refer. Reference is thought as an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms

2、 to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something.Referring expressions (1) proper nouns(2) definite nouns(3) indefinite nouns(4) pronounsTriangular expressionsSpeakers- reference- intentionListeners- inference- interpretationSense-reference-referentWord-meaning-entitySpeakers- reference- inte

3、ntion speakers reference intentionListeners- inference- interpretation listeners inference interpretationSense-reference-referent sense reference referentWord-meaning-entity word meaning entitySome exceptions (1) 許多詞在世界上沒有所指對象，例“神，鬼，love, dragon”(2) 并非所有的詞語茍能用來指稱事物，例 “和，因為，所以“一個所指由兩個意義： The morning

4、star 啟明星 The evening star3.3 Names and referentsThe version of reference being presented here is one in which there is a basic “intention-to-identify” and a “recognition-of-intention” collaboration at work. It appears between language and culture. That is, there is a convention that certain referrin

5、g expressions wil be used to identify certain entities on a regular basis. This assumption may lead us to think that a name or proper noun like “Shakespeare” can only be used to identify one specific person, and an expression containing a common noun, such as “the cheese sandwich”, can only be used

6、to identify a specific thing, this belief is mistaken. For example:1. a. Can I borrow your Shakespeare? b. Yeah, its over there on the table.2. a. Wheres the cheese sandwich sitting? b. Hes over there by the window.3.4. Anaphoric referenceIn most of our talk and writing, we have to keep track of who

7、 or what we are talking about for more than one sentence at a time, we use anaphoric reference.In technical terms, the second or subsequent expression is the anaphor and the initial expression is the antecedent.Anaphoric referenceAnaphora: In the film, a man and a woman were trying to wash a cat. Th

8、e man was holding the cat while the woman poured water on it. He said something to her and they started laughing.Cataphora: I turned the corner and almost stepped on it. There was a large snake in the middle of the path.Zero anaphora, or ellipsis: Cook for three minutes.Chomskys typology of NPs Over

9、t EmptyA. +anaphor, -pronominal lexical anaphor NP-traceB. -anaphor,+pronominal pronoun proC. +anaphpr, +pronominal - PROD. -anaphor, -pronominal name wh-traceeg. 1. Susans brother was killed t in the tsunami. 2. Who do you love t? Overt NPs1. Lexical anaphorsThe composers admire themselves.2. PronounsHe is Italian enough to understand the culture, and yet foreign enough to see its peculiarities.3. NamesJonathan Swift wrote an eighteenth cetury satire called Gulli