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1、CCIEerview目錄(2009 )Part Part Part Part Part Part Part Part Part PartPart1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.IPv4 and IPv62RIP and EIGRP5OSPF8BGP13Multicast Routing20QoS27Switching32Security41Other49考生回憶題目53網(wǎng)上搜集911Part1.IPv4 and IPv61 問DHCP 獲取地址的三個(gè)機(jī)制。?2 給了好幾個(gè)ip dhcp pool,里面的network內(nèi)容是一樣的。有的POOL里沒有DNS,有的POOL里沒有de
2、fault-gateway,問用戶為什么能得IP,但上不了網(wǎng),Answer: If the users ip address is got from pool x , they can not acsernet becauseof no dns ; If the users ip address is got from pool y or pool z ,they can not acernet because of no default-gateway.s3 在一個(gè)subnetting network中,cisco提供了一個(gè)feature可以讓每個(gè)subnet都能多一個(gè)可以使用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)Answ
3、er:Ip subnet-zero4 ARP和RARP的作用是什么考者答:ARP : get mac according to ip addressRARP : get ip address according to mac address .5 讓你分配一個(gè)掩碼,如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)里有no moren 50 hostAnswer :926 what is the pure the fragment offsethe pakcet header?考者答:reame fragment packetsNote:Fragment Offset is a 13-bit fieldt specifies the
4、offset, in units of eight octets, fromthe beginning of the header to the beginning of the fragment.6 Because fragments mightnot always arrive in sequence, the Fragment Offset field allows theto bereassembledhe correct order.7 ip包哪些字段定義一個(gè)flowAnswer: source ip, destination ip , Protocol ID,tos .8 IPV4
5、包.給的圖中有兩處是空白的,問你少了哪兩點(diǎn)?Answer: source ip and destination ip , tos ,total length29 What field in IP packet is prevented the packet from a router to router forever?Answer:TTL10解釋水平分割A(yù)nswer: split horizon is , when sending updates out a particularerface ,ot includenetworkst were learned from updates rec
6、eiveterface .split horizon prevents thesibility of routing loop. Split horizon is used by distance vector routing protocol in general.11as ?AS IS Autonomous systemAnswer: Eigrp 的 as,ProssBGP 的 as,These systems are routings,a set of routers running one or moreIGPs under a common administration.12arp和
7、rarp是單播,組播還是廣播包 ?Answer: broadcast is used by request, unicast is used by reply .13R3R4R3 配置:no ip classlessip route 能不能上ernet?Answer :NO,it cannt . If you want to ac ip classless .sernet , we must change no ip classless to14根據(jù)給定情景選擇一個(gè)acl,相當(dāng)于問 acs-list 1 permit yy.yy.0.0 553和 acs-list 100 permit yy.
8、yy.0.0 55 區(qū)別Answer : 根據(jù)具體情況,自己選一個(gè) acl。(講解一下 ACL 匹配路由的方法)15描述了4句話,問是什么:第一個(gè)是說對(duì)進(jìn)來的數(shù)據(jù)包有用第二個(gè)是和他匹配的數(shù)據(jù)包 FORWARD第三個(gè)是和他不匹配的數(shù)據(jù)包 drop第四個(gè)是可以和Answer: uRPF控制列表配合使用16在下列情況,ICMP發(fā)送那種類型的包Answer: 根據(jù)具體情況說明。分析如下:要么是 echo 和 echo reply1)echo 和 echo-replyecho 消息使用命令產(chǎn)生 icmp type:8,用來測試連通性。Echo-reply 用來回復(fù)echo 消息,ICMP type:0。
9、Router Advertisement和 Router SelectionIRDP協(xié)議(ICMP 路由器發(fā)現(xiàn)協(xié)議) 使用這兩種ICMP消息,Router Advertisement為type9, Router Selection為type10,IRDP使主機(jī)能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)本地網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的路由器,并使用路由器的ip地址作為網(wǎng)關(guān)地址。Redirect2)3)Redirect 消息使用 type5,作用為:通知多路網(wǎng)關(guān)更好的路由器作為下一跳。Network Unreachable網(wǎng)絡(luò)中主機(jī)去往目的地址比使用默認(rèn)4)Network Unreachable 類型為 type3,有幾種常見 code: 0:Net
10、work Unreachable 路由器路由表沒有去往目的地址的路由條目1:Host Unreachable 數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)發(fā)往最后一跳路由器,但 arp 查詢不到目的主及的 mac2:Protocoreachable 數(shù)據(jù)包到達(dá)目的主機(jī),但主機(jī)沒有運(yùn)行相應(yīng)的上層協(xié)議3:Port Unreachable 數(shù)據(jù)包到達(dá)目的主機(jī),但主機(jī)端口沒有被4:Fragmenion Needed andt Fragment Flag Set 數(shù)據(jù)包超過 mtu 值但設(shè)置了不能分片。Time Exceeded ICMP MessageTime Exceeded 使用 icmp type 11。作用是通知主機(jī)發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)包的
11、數(shù)據(jù)包由于超時(shí)(ttl=0)被丟棄。5)17根據(jù)3個(gè)說明說出這個(gè)是描述ipv6里面一個(gè)什么概念?Answer: IPV6 neighbor discovery protocol.注意 3 個(gè)描述,如果描述是:代替 arp,無狀態(tài)自動(dòng)配置,路由重定向,那描述的協(xié)議就是 IPv6 NDP418IPv6的solicited-node multicast address的作用是什么?Answer: 1,replacement of the arp protocol2,duplicate address detection19whats the role of link-address in Ipv6,
12、is it nesary, why?考者答:The unicast link-local address is scoped and is usely betn nodes connectethe same local link. The link-local address is used by several IPv6 mechanisms, such asNeighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP), RIPng.ospfv3 etc. Link-local addresses are only forlocal-link scope and must never
13、be routed betn subnets within a site. When an IPv6stack is enablea node, one link-local address is automatically assigned to eacherface of the node at boot time. link-local prefix FE80:/10 is used.20Which pros uses ICMP messages and solicited-node multicastaddresses to determine the link-layer addre
14、ss of a neighbor on the samenetwork (local link), verify the reachability of a neighbor, and track neighboring routers?考者答:The IPv6 neighbor discovery pros;Note:usingicmpv6135neighborsoliciion(NS)andicmpv6136neighboradvertisement(NA)21NTP怎么度量距離可靠源的距離?答:ntp uses the concept of a stratum to describe h
15、ow many NTP hops away a machine is from an authoriive time source.Part2.RIP and EIGRP1.跑 rip問 R1 到 R2 幾跳 ?5Answer: 1 hop (仔細(xì)審題,有可能是 2 hop)2.一個(gè)路由表,有 3 條,分別從 ri擇哪調(diào)走pf,eigrp 學(xué)過來的,到達(dá)相同目的,問路由選Answer: If eigrp isernal route, then select eigrp . If eigrp is external route ,then selectospf . it will select
16、the entry which is learned from the route protocol with the lowest AD .3.ripv2 使用什么決定路徑Answer:RIPV2 use the hop as its metric.when the route through a router it will ade4.Rip v1 不連續(xù)子網(wǎng),有圖,具體不清楚(但肯定是不連續(xù)子網(wǎng)),問解決方法Answer:1 add secondary address 2 change rip v1 to rip v23change classfull routing protocol
17、to classless routing protocol.5.EIGRP 非等價(jià)負(fù)載問題 ,如圖示:Question:if we set the variance 2,how will router A choose the path to 172 network?Answer: if the variance is 2, eigrp will choose B and C as its best path to get to 172,6.EIGRP 1-2 1 上 ip nei1 上看不到 22 上看到 1sho ip eigrpnei2 上地址 和第二地址 show ip ei沒鄰居能接
18、受 1 的2 有鄰居2 有第二地址1 沒有O 包但是 1 不能 ,可能問:為什么?Answer: R2 receives and accepts R1o packets,but R1 cant 。This happens becauseEIGRP updates always use the primary IP address of the outgoingerface as the sourceaddress. Change the prithis problem.ddress on R1 to match the R2 primary subnet to resolve7.第三題,eig
19、rp 的,算 fd,rd,fsser 的那個(gè)6差不多就是這樣的,里面都是空的,要求全部寫上好像還多問了,fs 和sucor8.r1 和 r2 之間是一個(gè) sw,sw 運(yùn)行了 STP 協(xié)議,r1 和 r2 運(yùn)行 eigrp,當(dāng) r1 和 sw 之間的鏈路 down 掉,r2 怎么獲知 r1 的鄰居 down 掉 ?r1r2There is a SW betnr1 and r2,SW is running STP protocol,R1 and R2 runn r1 and SW is down, how does R2 know r1s neighborEIGRP,when the link b
20、et is down?答:when eigrps holdtimeexpires ,R2 knows neighdown9.是 eigrp for frame,hub 是多點(diǎn),spoke 是點(diǎn)到點(diǎn),鄰居建不起來,為什么Answer:because broadcast keyword doesnotbeconfigured,wecsouseneighbor to resolve the problem .10. EIGRP 的四種 METRIC 類型Answer:Bandwidth,Delay,Reliability,Load11. traffic-share balanced 命令是什么意思?
21、Answer: when configuring eigrp Unequal-Cost Load Balancing and traffic-share balanced ,the router is performing unequal-cost, packet load balancing. This corresponds to the7approximay variance of the metrics of these two paths balancedShare inverselyproportional to metricminAll traffic shared among
22、metric paths12. 是 eigrp for frame,hub 是多點(diǎn),spoke 是點(diǎn)到點(diǎn),not work,為什么 就 R1 R2 ?應(yīng)該是問為什么 R2,R3 為什么看不到互相的路由 topology“R2R1R3”Answer: because split horizon is default enableframe-relay multipoerface.13. 還有在配 EIGRP 的時(shí)候(frame-relay 的 NBMA)命令router(config-router)#neighbor 29 是什么意思呢?Answer: eigrp sendo packet to
23、 nei 29 with unicast and without multicast.because broadcast is not enabletheerface or passived .14. ip bandwidth-percent eigrp 200 20 是什么意思?Answer: in as 200 , eigrp routing protocol can use 20% of configured bandwidth of the erface at most.Answer1 : 200 is parameter of eigrp as number , 20 is the
24、percentage of the configuredbandwidtht eigrp can use , by default , eigrp may use up to 50 percent of thebandwidth of anerface or suberface .15. 問了 ospf 和 eigrp 的 ADAnswer:Ospf 110Eigrp 5summary route ,90ernal route,170 external route16. SIA可能是問的處在 SIA 狀態(tài)時(shí),路由器的反應(yīng)和處理過程Answer: The router has to get al
25、l the reps from the neighbors win outstanding querybefore the router calculates the sucsor information. If any neighbor fails to reply to thequery within 3 minutes by default, the route is SIA, and the router resets the neighborrelationship with the neighbort fails to reply.Part3.OSPF1.問在下圖中,area 0
26、和 area1 (NSSA)和 area 2 中類型的 LSA 和路由?Answer:Area 0: LSA1235Area 1(if NSSA ) : LSA 1237Area 1(if totally NSSA) :LSA 123(default only)78Area 2 : LSA 1 2 3 4 52.描述 stub 區(qū)域能出現(xiàn)什么 lsa,注意,要回答 nssa 和 totle stub,最好說明為什么Answer:IfStubIfTotally stub NssaTotally nssalsa 1,2,lsa3(default addition) lsa 1,2, lsa3(de
27、fault only)lsa 1,2,3,7lsa1,2,7,lsa3(default only)3.問在哪臺(tái)設(shè)備上可以看到下面的顯示的:用這個(gè)命令:show ipf neighbor給了幾個(gè) Neighbor 列表Answer: the fourth router ( from left to right )4.在OSPF 網(wǎng)絡(luò)中建立 nssa 區(qū)域的 area 1 nssa default-information-originate 中參數(shù)default-information-originate 是什么意思呢?Note:Thisd is usean OSPF ABR or an OSPF
28、 ASBR to generate an OSPF NSSAexternal type 2 default routeo an NSSA. A default route does not need to be defined whenusing thisneeds to be configured.an ABR. If thisd is configurean ASBR, then a default route5.給了 ospf 的 3 個(gè)區(qū)域 area 0 1 2 問在那個(gè)類型的路由器上匯總最好上圖:area0 、1、2,問對(duì) area1 中的路由作匯那里作好?如 R2 和 R5 間建有
29、 virtual-link,匯總作在 R2 和 R5 上;如無 virtual-link,則在 R2 上作;Answer: R2 is the best .6.如圖:R1 上有個(gè) 6 接口,做了 redistribute connect 動(dòng)作R3 上作了 RIP redistribute要求。Describe the routes/LSAo OSPF 的動(dòng)作。he area 0 and area 19Answer: Area 0Area 11,2,3,51,2,3,77.OSPF show ipf nei 輸出的對(duì)不(考生回答說:是對(duì)的問 WHY 了)Answer: it is correct
30、. Because full is betDRother and DRother.n DR/BDR and DRother,2way is betn8.R1-R2-R3,都在一個(gè) OSPF 區(qū)域中,R1R3 之間虛鏈路,問:虛鏈o 包.是否交換Answer:os are exchanged when neighbore adjacence . while the virtual link is up, noos are exchanged。9.Answer: virtual-link need to be configured in router r2 , Because the ospf r
31、equire areasdirectly connet to the backbone area 0 .10. ospf 的默認(rèn)路由 metric 如何計(jì)算Answer:108/bandwidth of theerface(kbit)11. 在 abr ,什么樣的 lsa 會(huì)被 blocked ,不進(jìn)入到 stub areaAnswer:LSA4 and LSA512. 給你一個(gè)圖10運(yùn)行 ospf,都在區(qū)域 0 里,問 A 到 E 怎么走 ?Answer: 應(yīng)是考域內(nèi)優(yōu)于域間,域間優(yōu)于域外。13. On the po-to-poserial, how the OSPF select DR?A
32、nswer: If ospf network type is po-to-poor po-to-multipo,dr is not need .If ospf network type is broadcast or nbma , dr is need . Dr is the router with the biggestpriority. In a tie, the biggest router_id is the tie-breaker.14. ospfV2 和 ospfv3 能否在同一接口同時(shí)啟用Answer: Yes.15. 問:按照以上的配置,R1和R2的鄰居關(guān)系能不能full,R1
33、和R3的鄰居關(guān)系能不能full,并解釋你的。R1和R2間能full;R1和R3間不能full;ospf配,鄰居建立不起來。erface不在同一個(gè)網(wǎng)段上且地址duplicate導(dǎo)致o的參數(shù)不匹Answer : R1 and R2 can enter full se . but R1 and R3 can not enter full se becausethe netmask is not the same .16. Does filtering an inbound OSPF prefix widistribution list removet prefixfrom the routing t
34、able of neighboring OSPF routers?Why or why not?11answer: No. While the route is not installedand is flooded to OSPF neighbors.he local routing table, the LSA is not filtered17. Each router have partial map of network, its belong a family of IP routingprotocols, whats the route protocol from this de
35、scribe?考者答:link-se protocol for exle ospf18. name 4 ospf area type答:看題目問的是什么,如果從上面看,應(yīng)該答:stub、NSSA、backbone,standard area/There are several OSPF area types: standard, backbone, stub, totally stubby, and NSSA.19. What type of router for eigrp neighbor ?R2#show ip eigrp nei detailIP-EIGRP neighbors for
36、 pros 10Hold Uptime (sec)12 00:01:07HAddresserfaceSRTT(ms) 24RTOQCnt 0SeqNum 70Se2/2200Ver12.4/1.2, Retrans: 1, Retries: 0Stub Peer Advertising ( CONNECTED SUMMARY ) RoutesIP-EIGRP neighbors for pros 100Hold Uptime(sec) 11 00:01:30HAddresserfaceSRTT(ms) 43RTOQCnt 0SeqNum 30Se2/3258Ver12.4/1.2, Retra
37、ns: 0, Retries: 0考者答:eigrp stub router.12Part4.BGP1.how bgp synchronization affected the route to /24.(上圖)Answer: 根據(jù)下面的 BGP 同步的概念,修改某些單詞。2.what is the BGP synchronization ?Answer: Before a rouearned from an IBGP neighinstalledo the IP routing tableor is advertised to a BGP peer, the route mustbe kno
38、wn via IGP.3.Q:問描述的是什么這個(gè)協(xié)議用的 TCP 179 端口有 peer-group,有 keepalive,有 established,Answer : It describes the pros how to establish bgp neighbor.4.兩個(gè)路由器,直連,建立 EBGP,使用了一條 nei 命令,問你為啥不通Answer:Ifneighconfiguredwithloack,youmustaddtwod(update-source and ebgp-multihop)5.Answer: R1 will select R4 to , because t
39、he med received from R4 is the smallern from R2.136.bgp 放環(huán)技術(shù)有哪幾種?AS 間,as-path (as-sequence/as-set)AS 內(nèi),split-horizion,AS 內(nèi),RouteReflector (originator-id and cluster-list-id) AS 內(nèi),confederation(as-confed-set/as-confed-sequence)仔細(xì)審題,看它問的是什么?如何防環(huán)還是防環(huán)技術(shù)有哪些?Answer: In a as , bgp use ibgp forward rule to
40、protect loop. Ibgp forward rule ist a routereceived from an ibgp neighbor will not advertise to another ibgp neighbor .Betn as ,bgp use as-path to protect loop . A router discards the route received when his own asnumber is found in as-path .7.which BGP attribute will influence inbound flow?Answer:A
41、S_PATHandMulti_Exit_Disc(MED)and origin8.Local_Pref is influence inbound routing and outbound flow ?Answer: Influence outbound flow9.what about the BGP AdministrationDistance ?Answer:ernal BGP is 200 ,External BGP is 20,Local BGP is 20010. BGP neighbors building proAnswer:s?Idle Se/Connect Se/Active
42、 Se/ OpenSent Se/ OpenConfirm Se Established SeNote:BGP always beginshe Idle se , initializes a TCP connection to the neighbor, andchanges its se to Connect.If the TCP connection icsful, the BGP prossends an Open message to the neighbor, and transitions to the OpenSent se.Whenanother Open message is
43、 received, no error exists . the se is changed to openconfirmWheneepalive message is received, the se is changed to Established.his se,the BGP peer connection is fully established and the peers can exchange Update.11. 1 臺(tái) BGP 路由器和 4 個(gè) IBGP 需要的多少條 neighborAnswer:d?If full mesh ,it is 8(4*neighbor rem
44、ote-as + 4*neighbor update-source ).If route reflector, reflcetor is 12(4*neighbor remote-as + 4*neighbor update-source + 4*neighbor route-reflector-cnt) or 11(4*neighbor remote-as + 4*neighbor update-source+ 3*neighbor route-reflector-cnt)12. what is automic_aggregate?Answer: ATOMIC_AGGREGATE is a
45、well-known discretionary attributet is used toalert downstream routerst a loss of path information has occurred1413. 路由器選哪條路Answer: 應(yīng)寫左面的,根據(jù)圖來實(shí)際回答。14. AS 5 的 full as-path 是什么?Answer: 3 115. R1(AS1)-R2(AS2)-R3(AS2)R4(AS2),R1 在 AS1,R2,R3,R4 在 AS2,R1 和R2 建 EBGP,R2 和 R3 IBGP,R3 和 R4 IBGP,有一條路有從 R1 傳給 R2
46、,問這條路有會(huì)不會(huì)在 R4 上出現(xiàn),如果不會(huì),怎么解決.Answer:The route wont advertise to R4 . We can use ibgp full mesh peering, orroute-reflector, or confederation to resolve .16. AS2 的路有器把路由發(fā)給 AS1 左邊來的 WEIGHT 61 并且 LP150,右邊 WEIGHT62,問 AS1 選哪條路去 AS2Answer: the left router will select left side to as2 because bigger weight,
47、the right router will select right side to as 2 because of bigger local prefence.17. 選路,問到走哪條,自己選,我選的是515Answer: R1-R3-R518. 好像是問的 BGP 的團(tuán)體屬性會(huì)不會(huì)影響最佳路徑的選擇Answer: YES if you use bgp cost community , but this st bgp bestpath costcommunity ignore .s skipn you can use19. sh ip route bgp描述一下看到的路由r1#sh ip r
48、oute bgp/24 ibnetted, 1 subnetsB 20/0 via , 00:00:15Answer: 是以前說的。20. Multi-exit discriminator、AS-Path、Weight、Local_preference,問你 followingsequence(就是排下序)Answer:Weight-Local_pref-as-path-med21. Local_preference 的作用范圍(題目意思大概是這樣的)Answer: Local_preference is a well-known discretionary attribute inside
49、a AS; it is not passed to outside of a ASt is usely22. Weight 的作用范圍Answer: weight is a Cisco-specific BGP attributet apps only to a single Routerand not advertise to any otheer23. No advertise the routed but router C can received it, how resolve it ?/ 題意可能是說 A 通告一條帶有 no-advertise community 的路由給 B ,問
50、 C 能否收到 ?如何解決 ?Answer: Not advertise to any BGP peers, you can set the no-export or local-as to solve ithis case.24. 題:router bgp 500016neighbor remote-as 5000neighbor activateneighbor route-map AAA out這里還有一句 neighbor 命令不記得了 route-map AAAmatch ip add 1setmunity 1 100問:Why cant the router send the co
51、mmunity to other routers ?答: the neighbor.xmunity is not ied.Note:有說 acs-list 1 沒有定義導(dǎo)致無法通告,實(shí)際如果 acs-list 1 未定義,相當(dāng)于acs-list 1 permit any,所以不是 acl 未定義的原因25. bgp community no-advertise還是no-export不記得了。問這個(gè)屬性Answer :no-advertise : Routes received carrying this value cannot be advertised at all, to either
52、EBGP or IBGP peers.No-export : Routes received carrying this value cannot be advertised to EBGP peers or, ifa confederation is configured, the routes can be advertised outside of the confederation. Local_as 自己組織一下。作用26. 具體忘了怎么描述的,問S 路有條目前的S什么意思?答:the router ippressed because of aggregate , is not ad
53、vertised to any nei .這條路由被聚合路由抑制掉了;不會(huì)被通告出去27. router bgp 19Neig um-prefix 1000這句命令作用?答:Thisd allows you to configure aum number of prefixest a BGProuter is allowed to receive fromer. It adds another mechanism (in addition todistribuists, filter lists, and route maps) to control prefixes received fro
54、mer.28. 問你 bgp suppress 什么意思?答:suppress some more-specific routes of the aggregate not to be advertised out29. whats the role of community attributehe bgp route?考者答:1 , Community attribute is a parameter set of bgp routes,it can be looked as tag2, /再提一句, cost community 能用來選路。t describea common chara
55、cter of a30. BGPconfig was given with route-map and what will happen to route Router bgp 1yy17No auto No synNei remote 111Nei updaNei o0munityNei route-map A outRoute-mapr 10Match ip add acl 12Set community no-advertiseAcs-list 12 per 答:the route can be received by bgp nei , but nei wouldadvertise t
56、he route to any bgp neighbor because of communit no-advertise .not31. 一個(gè)bgp show runRouter bgp net nei remot 111 nei up l0nei route-map LOCAL-AS outnei munityroute-map LOCAL-AS per 10 match ip add 10set community local-as route-map LOCAL-AS per 20 ace 10 per 問網(wǎng)段 會(huì)發(fā)生什么答:the route can be advertised to
57、 nei , but nei advertise the route to its ebgp neighbor or confederation ebgp neighbor;cannot32. 問一個(gè)怎么樣的屬性,能讓路有不通告給任何的peer?答:community :no-advertise33.Router bgpNet Nei Nei NeiNei54 remote 20 up lo 0 munity route-map con out18Route-map con per 10 Match ip add 10Set community no-advertiseAcs 10 per 5
58、4問:按照以上的配置,54 這條路由會(huì)怎么樣?答:the route 54 will be advertised to bgp nei , but nei will notadvertise the route to any bgp neighbor because of community no-advertise .34. Whats pure of CIDR?考者答:CIDR moves way from the traditional IP classes (Class A, Class B, Class C, and so on). In CIDR , an IP network i
59、s represented by a prefix, which is an IP address and some indication of the length of the mask.CIDR allows routers to minimize thety of routing information to improve bothaddress space utilization整理者答:CIDR washeernet.roduced to improve boddress space utilization and routingscalabilityheernet. It wa
60、s needed because of the ragrowth of theernet andgrowth of the ip routing tables heldheernet routers.Classlesserrouting35. 什么情況會(huì)使 BGP 停止在 IDLE 狀態(tài)Answer : “BGP always beginshe Idle se, in which it refuses allingconnections.The BGP pros initializes all BGP resour, starts the ConnectRetrytimer, initiali
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