2014級四級復(fù)習(xí)2英語翻譯訓(xùn)練

1、英語四級翻譯訓(xùn)練九寨溝風(fēng)景區(qū)(Jiuzhaigou Scenic Area)是世界上最佳的旅游景區(qū)之一。它位于省九寨溝縣內(nèi)，距離約 450 公里，因溝內(nèi)有 9 個村寨而得名。九寨溝里森林遍布，溝內(nèi)有 108 個色彩斑斕的湖泊。九寨溝海拔 (elevation)2000 多米，氣候宜人，夏季涼爽，冬無寒風(fēng)。九寨溝以其獨特的風(fēng)景每天吸引著數(shù)以萬計的海內(nèi) 游客。1992 年，九寨溝風(fēng)景區(qū)被列入世界自然遺產(chǎn)(World Natural Heritages)。The Jiuzhaigou Scenic Area is one of the best touristractions in the worl

2、d. Situated inJiuzhaigou County, Sichuan Province, the area is about 450 kilometers away from Chengdu City.It got the name because of the nine villages spreadinghe area. Forests are found everywhere inn elevation over 2,000 meters, enjoys athe area whins 108 colorful lakes. The area, wifavorable cli

3、mate which is cool in summer but free from cold wind in wer. With its uniquescenery, itracts tens of thousands of visitors from home and abroad every day. In 1992, theJiuzhaigou Scenic Area was listedo the World Natural Heritages.一個農(nóng)業(yè)大國，也是世界農(nóng)業(yè)地之一。水稻和小麥等農(nóng)作物都原產(chǎn)自中國。新中國成立后，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，不斷加大農(nóng)業(yè)投入，加速了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程。因此

4、，中國農(nóng)業(yè)取得了輝煌的成就。中國各種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量增長很快，谷物、棉花、花生(Peanut)的總產(chǎn)量均居世界首位。依靠占世界10%的耕地 (cultivatable land)，中國養(yǎng)活了世界1/5 以上的。China is a big agricultural country and also one of the worlds agricultural origins. Croprice and wheat wereproduced in China. After the founding of New China, thech asernmenthas been paying close

5、attention to agriculture and increasing investment to speed up the modernization of agricultural production. Therefore, China has made great achievements inagriculture. The outputs of various agricultural products grow at a fast rate and the total output ofgrains, cotton and peanuts tops the world.

6、With lessn ten percent of the worlds cultivatableland China manages to feed over one-fifth of the worlds population.房奴(home mortgage slave)是指那些因為需要支付大量抵押，而對自身的社會生活產(chǎn)生消極影響的人。房奴通過工作來支付抵押，這使他們成為了“”。因為大部分的可支配收人都被用來償還，房奴在消費和投資上的十分緊張。這就導(dǎo)致了他們社交生活的貧乏，生活水平大幅下降，阻礙了他們個人的全面發(fā)展。針對這一問題，了一些規(guī)定。其中部分規(guī)定旨在遏制房價。已經(jīng)出臺Home m

7、ortgage slave refers to those people who need to pay a huge amount of mortgage loans,which negatively affects their sol lives. Home mortgage slaves work to pay the mortgage loans,which enslaves them. Because most of the disablee is spent on the mortgage loan,mortgage slaves budget on the consumption

8、 and investment is extremely tight. This leads to theimpoverishment of their sol lives, drastically decreases their living standard and hinders theircomprehensiveal development. A number of regulations have been launched. Some of themare aimed at curbing the housing price.7 月底，中國環(huán)境保護(hù)部(Chinas Environ

9、ment Protection Ministry)發(fā)布了今年上半年空氣質(zhì)量狀況。稱，除了(Lhasa)、?？凇⒅凵胶突葜菟膫€城市，我國其他主要大城市的空氣質(zhì)量均未達(dá)標(biāo)。造成這一結(jié)果的原因有很多，其中包括不斷增長的機(jī)動車數(shù)量和工業(yè)品產(chǎn)量?？諝馕廴緺顩r的不斷嚴(yán)重公眾的健康。一位表示，一份旨在控制空氣污染的方案將在年內(nèi)。Atof July, Chinas Environment Protection Ministry released a report on air qualityhehalf of this year. According to the report, except four ci

10、ties, namely Lhasa, Haikou, Zhoushanand Huizhou, no other major cityhe country is up to the standard of air quality. Growing motor vehicles and industrial output are among a variety of factors contributing to this consequence.Worsening air pollution comes a serious threat to the health of the public

11、. An offil said ascheme to control air pollution would be published withhe year.(the ChiDream)的一個新名詞。人們已經(jīng)開始期待一個“夢想的國度”。因此，人民的意識國夢將會取代夢。期待“夢想國度”的現(xiàn)在要放眼全世界。開放使中國發(fā)展的夢想變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。進(jìn)入了一個新時代，在這個時代出生的每一個The Chi都應(yīng)該為他們的好運而感到髙興。Dream is a new term in China. People have begun to expect a“dream country”. InChiThe Chici

12、tizens consciousness, therefore, the ChiDream will supersede the American Dream.people, in expecions of a “dream country”，are now opening their eyes to theworld. Reform and opening-up has made the Chidevelopment a reality. China hashis time should feel happy about their goodentered an new era, and e

13、very Chifortune.born“中國式過馬路(Chistyle of crossing road)”指的是一大群人一起過馬路，不管交通燈是綠色還是紅色的現(xiàn)象?！爸袊竭^馬路”反映了行人和機(jī)動車在通行權(quán)(right-of-way)分配上的。因此，為了解決這個問題，應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)教育和指導(dǎo)，提高公民的素質(zhì)和遵守交通規(guī)則的意識，改善城市管理，鼓勵通信號燈，并采取必要的管理措施。學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)達(dá)國家的駕駛意識，以科學(xué)的方式安裝交“Chistyle of crossing road” refers to large crowds of people crossing roads together, noma

14、tter whether the traffic light is green or red. “Chistyle of crossing road” reflects the deepcontradiction betn pedestrians and motor vehicles on distribution of right-of-way. Therefore,in order to solve the problem, we should strengthen education and guidance to enhance citizens quality and awarene

15、ss of obeying traffic rules, improve urban management, encourage drivers tolearn the driving awareness in developed countries, install traffic lights in a scientific way and takenesary management measures.海龜(sea totle)，或海歸”(hai gui)，用于稱贊那些從國外把先進(jìn)技術(shù)帶回中國的留學(xué)生。歷史上共有五次海龜回國潮?，F(xiàn)在正經(jīng)歷第五次浪潮。在這第五次浪潮中，海龜們將中國經(jīng)濟(jì)與世界

16、相連。他們成立了諸如等科技公司，他們中的大多數(shù)成為了公司駐中國世界。的高級經(jīng)理。他們正在從商業(yè)、政治以及流行文化幾個方面幫助中國Sea turtle, or hai gui, is a term used to praise overseas students bringing back advancedtechnologies from abroad to China. There are five waves in which sea turtles have returned in history. Now, we are experiencing the fifth one. In t

17、his wave, sea turtles are linking Chinaseconomy to the world. They have founded technology firmch as Baidu. The majority of themhavehele senior managers in branch offiin China of multinational corporations. They areChina to go to the world in business, politics, and popular culture.中國正規(guī)教育體系的歷史可以追溯到商

18、朝(the Shang Dynasty)o 在古代，中國教育的唯一目的就是培養(yǎng)成立后，中國發(fā)展教育事業(yè)。國家制定了多種法律，從不同角度保障每個人都有接受同質(zhì)同級教育的權(quán)利。經(jīng)過幾十年的努力，中國教育取得了巨大的成就。從 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代初起，中國開始在國家教育制度中強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)技術(shù)。Chinas formal education system can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty. In ancient times, theonly pure of Chieducation was to produceernment offils. After th

19、e founding ofNew China, Chiernmentached great importance to the development of education. Avariety of laws have been developed to ensure everybody, from different angles, the right to receive the same quality and level of education. After a few decades of efforts, China sees great achievements in it

20、s education. From the early 1980s, China began to stress science and technologyhe countrys educational system.支付寶(Alipay)，由阿里巴巴(Alibaba Group)于 2004最大的第支付年創(chuàng)建。截至 2012 年底,支付寶擁有用戶超過 7 億。用戶可利用這一支付各種費用，諸如網(wǎng)購、費、學(xué)費等等。以網(wǎng)購為例，買家先將錢存到支付寶賬戶，收到商品后，再通過支付寶將錢轉(zhuǎn)給賣家。支付寶為其用戶提供了“簡單、安全、快速”的支付方式，保護(hù)了的利益。Founded by Alibaba G

21、roup in 2004, Alipay is Chinas largest third-party online payment platform.Alipay has over 700 million users byof 2012. Users can pay various bills via the platform,such as online shop,Buyers put the moneyephone bills, and tuition fees. Take online shopas an exle.o their Alipay account which will no

22、t release the money to the sellersuntil the buyers get their goods. Alipay provides its users with a simple, safe and fast onlinepayment method, protecting theerests of both buyers and sellers.每年，中國都有成千上萬的人參加各級別的(civil service exam), 希望成為公務(wù)員。其中，大學(xué)畢業(yè)生是一個不可忽視的快速增長的力量。成為的狂熱并不僅限于文科(liberal arts)生，野心和舒適。

23、作為一名也越來越受理工科學(xué)生的歡迎。歸根到底，這主要有兩個原因，通常意味著穩(wěn)定的收入、令人羨慕的醫(yī)保和退休金項目，還有舒適的生活。對很多人來說，這是一種非常吸引人的職業(yè)選擇。Every yeardreds of thousands of people in China take civil service exams conducted atvarious levelshe hope ofingernment employees. Among them，college graduatesare a fast-growing forcet cant be ignored. The craze f

24、or being a civil servant is not limited tostudents of liberal arts majors, as its also gaining popularity among students of science andengineering majors.he finalysis，this is mainly attributable to two factors - ambition andcomfort. Being a civil servant generally means a stablee, enviable healthcar

25、e and penprogrammes, as well as comfort of life. Its quite an appealing career option to many people.(microblog)就相當(dāng)于個通常稱為“織圍脖”。的()。在漢語里，的發(fā)音像是“圍脖”，寫一可以寫任何內(nèi)容，從性的評論到情緒和感受的表達(dá)均可。博主(microblogger)會有一群粉絲去瀏覽他們的網(wǎng)頁并給予相應(yīng)評論。許多博主認(rèn)為，這種新已經(jīng)在許多方面改變了他們的生活。用戶發(fā)現(xiàn)，和傳統(tǒng)相比，使獲取信息和交友更加容易。此外，只要愿意，人們可以隨時隨地自己的想法。The microblog is

26、an equivalent toin China. Weiounds like “scarf” in Chiand towrite a microblog is usually called “knitting a scarf”. The content can be anything varying fromcritical comments to the expresof moods and feelings. Microbloggers can have a group offans who visit their wges and give corresponding comments

27、. Many microbloggers bevethe new medium has changed their livesany ways. The users find microblogs make it easierto acs information and make friends compared to traditional media. In addition, people canrecord their thoughts whenever and wherever they like.如今大學(xué)的生活方式正在發(fā)生著變化。越來越多的學(xué)生課余時間足不出戶，變成了宅女（indo

28、ors man or indoors woman）。網(wǎng)絡(luò)為學(xué)生打發(fā)課余時間提供了許多選擇。各種校園快捷服務(wù)(On-cus service), 從送餐到洗衣服務(wù)，促進(jìn)了“宅文化”的發(fā)展。一些學(xué)生認(rèn)為戶外運動或是社交活動都不如宅在宿舍里玩電腦來得痛快：生活不規(guī)律、缺乏鍛煉已經(jīng)成為大學(xué)生的健康公敵。Now colleges and universities are seeing a changehe students lifestyle. More and more collegestudents prefer to stayhe dormitoryheir leisure time ande in

29、doors men or indoorswomen Theernet offers students many options to kill the spare time. Various on-cusservi, from food delivery to laundry servi, are fuelling the culture of staying in dormitories.Some students arguet outdoor sports or sol activities are no bettern staying in thedormitory and playin

30、g on a computer. Irregular life and lack of physical exercise havehealth enemy of college students.e the由于中國北方重度(heavy smog)持續(xù)不散，公眾越發(fā)關(guān)注空氣污染問題。一些網(wǎng)民(netizen)甚至對污染的程度表達(dá)了情緒。治理空氣污染迫在眉睫。中國多個城市實行汽車限購，希望此舉一方面能緩解交通擁堵，一方面能控制空氣污染。中國準(zhǔn)備推出一個長期計劃來控制導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重污染的行業(yè)?？諝赓|(zhì)量。也將額外支出 60 億元來改善北方地區(qū)的Since heavy smog stays continua

31、lly in northern China, the public is increasingly concerned aboutair pollution, Some netizens even express their anger over the pollution levels. Its extremelyurgent to control air pollution. Many Chicities have imed limits on car purchases, hoto cause less traffic jam, and meanwhile control air pol

32、lution. The Chiernment islaunching a long-term plan to control industries which cause heavy pollution. It is also spendingan additional five bilon the improvement of air qualityhe northern region.隨著中國中產(chǎn)的崛起，相對于他們的父母一代而言，中國的青少年有的錢可以花在服裝上。這就鼓勵了“快時尚(fast fashion)”市場的發(fā)展。在“快時尚”市場上，國際零售商們出售消費者負(fù)擔(dān)得起的、與流行大牌設(shè)計

33、師設(shè)計的服裝款式相仿的服飾。國際快時尚零售商，像 Zara 和 H&;M,都旨在將的時尚趨勢盡可能快地帶到大眾市場(themass market)中去?！翱鞎r尚”再加上可支配收入的增加，導(dǎo)致了青少年時尚達(dá)人(fashionistas)數(shù)量的上升。大量國際品牌的涌入給中國設(shè)計師帶來了激烈的競爭。With the rise of Chinas middle class, Chiadolescents have more money to spend on clothesn their parents, which has encouraged the development of a “fast

34、fashion” market in Chinawhereernational retailers sell affordable and similar clothes designed by popular andbrand-name designers.ernational fast fashion retailers like Zara and H&; M boim tobring the newest fashion trend to the mass market as quickly assible. Fast fashion, coupledwith the increase

35、of disfashionistas. The flood ofablee of ChiPeople, has led to a rising numbereenageernational brands has brought about a fierce competition to theChidesigners.與農(nóng)業(yè)相關(guān)的食品安全(food safety)問題越來越受關(guān)注。在過去幾十年里，中國的快速發(fā)展催生了大約 50 萬食品制造商。這些食品制造商遍布，因此很難監(jiān)督他們。中國正采取一系列措施來改善現(xiàn)狀。2003 年，中國設(shè)立了國家食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(SeFood and Drug Ad

36、ministration)來規(guī)范和全面監(jiān)督食品。2009 年，中國通過了食品安全法，中列出了上百個食品生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Food safety in China is a growing concern relating to agriculture. Chinas ragrowthhe pastfew decades has given rise to aboulf a million food producers. It is difficult to supervise thesefood producers, because they are spread throughout the cou

37、ntry. China is taking a series ofmeasures to improve the present situation. In 2003, Chiernment established the SeFood and Drug Administration to regulate and comprehensively supervise food products. In 2009,China adopted the Food Safety Law.law.dreds of standards of food production are listedhe中國著很

38、多環(huán)境問題。這些問題嚴(yán)重影響了中國的環(huán)境和人們的身體健康。日益增長的、快速的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和薄弱的環(huán)境監(jiān)督都造成了水需求量的增加和水污染。沙漠化(desertification)也是一個嚴(yán)重。越來越多的耕地正在失去生長植物的能力。采取增加壞境壞境改善。的方式來回應(yīng)這些問題。污染物處理設(shè)施已經(jīng)建成。這些都帶來了一定的China is confronted with many environmental ies which severely affect Chinas environment aswell as human health. An increasing population, raecon

39、omic grownd weak environmentalsupervihave increased water demand and pollution. Desertification is also a serious problem.More and more arable land ising desolated. China has responded to these ies withincreasing environmental regulations. Pollutant treatment infrastructure has been built. Thesemeas

40、ures have brought aboertain environmental improvements.化(population ageing)是一個國家或地區(qū)中值(median age)上升時出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象。其原因可能是(life expectancy)的延長和/或出生率的下降。在的將來，亞洲和歐洲兩個地區(qū)將有相當(dāng)?shù)膰业?。老年人比年輕人擁有此可能導(dǎo)致更低的利率?；瘑栴}?；瘜?jīng)濟(jì)造成的影響是相當(dāng)大的人均積蓄，但老年人在商品消費上花費較少?；騊opulation ageing is a phenomenont occurs when the median age rises in a co

41、untry or region.The reason of it may be rising life expectancy and/or declining birth rates. In Asia and Europe, asignificant number of countries will be confronted with population ageinghe near future. Thepopulation ageing has a considerable effect on the economy. Oldeople have more savingsnyounger

42、 people. However, older people spend less on goods. As a result, an ageing populationmay thus lead to lowererest rates.家庭(domestic)指的是在親密關(guān)系(imate relationship)中一方對另一方的。通常來說，受害者是兒童和婦女。古代，人們認(rèn)為利懲罰他的孩子和妻子。廣義上講，家庭不局限于明顯的身體，它也有許多其他的形式。關(guān)于家庭產(chǎn)生的原因，出現(xiàn)了許多不同的理論，比如者的性格和心理特征。外部也有影響，比如者所處的環(huán)境。然而，沒有一種理論能涵蓋所有情況。Domes

43、ticrefers to the abuse by one partner against another in animate relationship.Commonly the victims are children and women. In ancient China, peopthe right to punish his children and wife. In abroad sense, domesticevedt a man hadis not limited toobvious physical. There are many other forms of. Many d

44、ifferent theories arebrought up as to the causes of domestic, such as the petratorsality and mentalcharacteristics. External factors also play a part, such as the pno theory seems to cover all cases.etrators surroundings. However,當(dāng)前，城鎮(zhèn)化(urbanization)的全球趨勢以及世界對于發(fā)達(dá)國家來說，沒有跡象能表明城鎮(zhèn)化會導(dǎo)致穩(wěn)步增長的趨勢已經(jīng)持續(xù)了很長時間。增長

45、 (population growth)。但在發(fā)展有某種積極的影響。隨著越來越多的中國家，城鎮(zhèn)化和增長則緊密相關(guān)。城鎮(zhèn)化人集中在城市尋找工作或商業(yè)機(jī)會，工業(yè)也隨著大量勞動力而繁榮起來。Currently, a global trend of urbanization and the stable increasing trend of the worlds population have lasted for a long time. For developed countries there is no evidencet urbanization causespopulation grow

46、th. However, in develonations, the relationship betn urbanization andpopulation growth is close. Urbanization has had certainitive effects on China. As more peoplecongregate in urban areas to seek jobs or look for business opportunities, industry flourishes withthe huge supply of labor.三手煙是指在吸煙幾小時或幾

47、天之后仍然殘留在地毯、衣物以及其他物品中的煙污染。據(jù)研究，許多人，尤其是煙民，都不知道三手煙會危害人們的健康。在接受 的 1500 名煙民和非煙民中，絕大部分人都認(rèn)同二手煙的危害。但當(dāng)他們被問到是否知曉“吸入前一天有人吸煙的屋子里的空氣會危害你的健康”時,只有 65%的非煙民和 43%的煙民回答是肯定的。Third-hand smoke refers to the tobacco smoke contaminationt lingers on carpets, clothes andother materials hours or days after smoking. According t

48、o a study, a large number of people,particularly smokers, have no ideat the third-hand smoke is a health hazard for people. Of the1,500 smokers and nonsmokers surveyed, the vast majority agreet second-hand smoke isharmful. But when asked whether they agreed with the sement, “Breathing air in a room

49、where people smoked yesterday can harm your health,” only 65% of nonsmokers and 43% of smokersgave the affirmative answer.在這個信息的時代，大學(xué)生的閱讀變得碎片化、功利化。一項結(jié)果顯示，許多大學(xué)生閱讀1 小時，而上網(wǎng)時間卻超過了 4 小時?，F(xiàn)在年輕人喜歡看一些“更實用的”書籍，如指導(dǎo)及職業(yè)指南。，碎片化、功利化閱讀削弱了學(xué)生的思考以及分析能力。他們一再強(qiáng)調(diào)，學(xué)生應(yīng)多去閱讀人文作品以自身的審美品位(aesthetite)。In an era of information ex

50、plo, college students are now reading in a fragmented andutilitarian manner. According to a survey, many college students read for lessn an hour everyday, but spend moren four hours online daily. Young people nowadays like to read morepractical books, such as guidance for exams and occupations. Expe

51、rts poed outtfragmented and utilitarian reading undermine students ability to think andyze. They insistt students read more humanity works to develop aesthetite of their own.據(jù)，(Se Council)將采取新的措施來促進(jìn)我國健康服務(wù)業(yè)的發(fā)展。健康服務(wù)業(yè)涵蓋醫(yī)療服務(wù)、健康管理、健康保險以及其他相關(guān)服務(wù)。這些措施包括簡化程序，鼓勵保險公司健康保險產(chǎn)品多樣化， 鼓勵民間資本(private capital)進(jìn)入醫(yī)療服務(wù)部門等。

52、這對提高人民健康水平和擴(kuò)大就業(yè)具有重要意義。業(yè)內(nèi)(insider)認(rèn)為，作為健康服務(wù)業(yè)醫(yī)療服務(wù)將會加速發(fā)展。的It was reported t the Stale Council would employ new measures to boost the health service industry in our country. This industry covers medical service, health management, health insurance, and other related servi . The measures include simplify

53、ing approval procedures, and encouraging insurance companies to diversify health insurance products and private capital toenter the health service sectors. These measures have great significance in improving peopleshealnd providing more jobs. According to some insiders, as the core of health service

54、 industry,the medical service will accelerate its development.中國實行在公共場所吸煙的規(guī)定。此舉旨在遏制死于與吸煙有關(guān)的疾病(smoking-relateddiseases)的人數(shù)，并保護(hù)那些不抽煙民眾的健康。然而禁煙令的有效性卻遭到了質(zhì)疑，因為它沒有明確規(guī)定如何處罰那些規(guī)定的人。，大約有 3 億煙民。很多商家因為抽煙客人的抱怨并不歡迎禁煙令。禁煙令涉及的公共場所包括酒店、飯店、劇院和火車站候車室等。卻不包括辦公場所(workplace)。A ban on smoking in public plahas comeo force i

55、n China. The move is aimed at curbing thenumber of deaths from smoking-related diseases and protecting the health of other nonsmoking people. But the ban has been questioned on its effectiveness because it doesnt specify any penaltyfor those violating the rules. The number of smokers in China stands

56、 at around 300 million. Manybusinesses donte the ban because of the complas about such rules from their customerswho smoke. The ban prohibits smoking in public plasuch as hos, restaurants，theatres, andwaiting rooms at railway sions, but nothe workplace.“月光族(the moonlight clan)”總是每個月花光收入，也沒有存錢的計劃。社會中

57、有一小部分人是“月光族”。支持這種消費觀念的人，作為月光族可以讓他們擁有享受生活的機(jī)會，過高質(zhì)量的生活。這種消費在某種程度上也造成了奢侈浪費。月光族或許擁有奢華、高質(zhì)量的生活，但是他們也會感到缺乏安全感，尤其是當(dāng)手頭拮據(jù)的時候?！癟he moonlight clan” always runs out of theire eaonnd has no plan to save money.There is a small number of “the moonlight clan” in our society. Those who are in favor of thiskind of cons

58、umption attitude pooutt being the moonlight clan gives them more chantoenjoy the life and live a high-quality life. This kind of consumption habit, to some extent, lead towaste. The moonlight clan may have a luxurious and high-quality life but they may be lack of thesense of security, espellyheir ra

59、iny day.今天，隨著技術(shù)水平的提高，汽車已經(jīng)成為人們能夠負(fù)擔(dān)得起的商品。然而，汽車對道路和有限空間的壓力導(dǎo)致了交通擁堵(traffic jam)。交通擁堵路段有時甚至長達(dá) 250 公里。有多種方法可以創(chuàng)造的空間，以避免交通擁堵。目前用的一些方法包括使用天橋(flyover)、通道(undass)和單向指揮交通。Today, in China, with the development of technology, cars can be affordaby people. However,the prere on roads and limited space results in th

60、e traffic jams. These traffic jams cansometimes even go up to twodred and fifty kilometers. There are various methods to createmore space to avoid traffic jams. Some of the methods presently used by theernment are usingflyovers, undasses and directing the traffic in a single direction.，商對客(business-