科技英語寫作-Abstrac1t

1、Abstract in Scientific Writingby Zhang Chen and Li YapengHow to write CONTENTSWhat is the abstractWhy do we need to write a abstract How to write a good abstractProblems that may be encountered in writing an abstractWhat is the abstractDefinition of International Standardization Organization (ISO)21

2、4-76: an abbreviated, accurate representation of the contents of a document without added interpretation or criticism.Generally speaking:Abstract is a brief statement about the paper. It tells us the main idea of the whole paper.A good abstract should be complete,brief and easy to be understood.What

3、 is the abstractElements of structure in an abstractPurposeStatement(topic and background)Methodologyand DataResults and FindingsImplicationsandConclusionswhy do we need to write an abstractWe always read a paper in this order: A good abstract makes people understand the main idea of the paper. Of c

4、ourse, a nice abstract can raise peoples interests in reading the whole paper.Reading the titleReading the abstractReading the bodywhy do we need to write an abstractSome data libraries only provide the abstract of papers, so writing a brief and independent abstract is necessary. By reading your abs

5、tract, people can get your idea instantly. Abstract is written after you finish the whole research, to some degree, its a summary of your work.When you submit a paper, other parts in Chinese, however, English abstract is necessary.How to write a good abstractFrom the perspective of the contentFrom t

6、he perspective of the structureTitle:Development of the unpowered diving and floating prediction system for deep manned submersible JIAOLONG“Abstract:In this 5,000m depth class sea trials test of the JIAOLONG deep manned submer-sible,dive No.44 has realized the fully unpowered From the perspective o

7、f the contentdiving and floating condition and this set of test data provide a valuable source for model improve-ment.In this paper,this set of test data is analysed in detail and the previous analytical model is im-proved through the introduction of a variable vo-lume compressed rate for the deep m

8、anned sub-mersible during the whole process of diving and floating.A computer software is developed for the prediction of the unpowered diving and floating movement.This could lay a good foundation for the 7 000m sea trials planned in 2012 and for the future applications.The information in an Abstra

9、ct is condensed because of the summarizing nature. There is no spare information in an abstract.One or two sentences to introduce the topic and background of your research. Do a purpose statement (What you want to research or settle down. )The theoretical methods or important tools you used for the

10、research(analytical methods, software, Test methods)Introduce the results or findings in your research in brief words. What a new theory revealed in your paper.The conclusions and implications of your research paper.To write a good abstract ,we have to follow the conventions set by more experienced

11、people in the field .We can safely assume that if a research paper is accepted by an international journal, then its abstract can be emulated by people learning to write this kind of text. The two main features of an abstract are its discourse structure and the language used for condensing the infor

12、mation. We have seen that the abstract has a number of structural elements, also information is condensed in nominal groups with special types of verbs. The secret of a successful abstract is in giving the most important information in the least number of words in a coherent structure. This can be a

13、chieved by reading good abstracts and then emulating them when you need to write one.2 TypesInformative abstracts: In detail, experimentally, technically, more information, long.Indicative abstracts: Summarize, main idea, theoretically, short.3 TensesThe present tense: background /descriptionThe pas

14、t tense: process/resultThe present perfect tense: developing/effect3 CharacteristicsAccurate: express your idea correctlyBrief: 100200 wordsIndependent: of the bodyAn example about Brevity1965 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the winner R. B. Woodward write a 28paper. The abstract has five sentences, only

15、with 80 words, containing articles, prepositions and chemical names.“Lysergic acid, the basic fragment derived from the ergot alkaloid, has been synthesized in a fifteen-stage sequence with3-beta-carboxyethylindole. The starting material was converted to the intermediate 1-benzoy1-5-keto-1,2,2a-3,4,

16、5-hexahydrobenz-cd-indole(4), containing three of the four rings present in lysergic acid”1 Sentence PatternPassive sentence(Object/Brief/ Persuasive)1.We have found several approches to the problem of the interactivity. ：Several approaches to the problem of the interactivity have been found.2.There

17、fore we pressurize it to increase its density frequently. ：It is therefore frequently pressurized to increase its density.FormatTipsWrite your abstract after you have finished the body.Abbreviations and Acronyms: CADCFDNURBSEliminate or minimize background informationAvoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract Final Example Abstract: The wave patterns and wave pattern resistance（興波阻力）for trimarans（三體船）are calculated by adopting a generalized high-order panel method（廣義高階面元法）based on NURBS (non-uniform rational B- splines).Two different trimarans are cal