經(jīng)濟(jì)金融專業(yè)-德國APS審核資料

1、PAGE 西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)必修課3.0 Western EconomicsThis course we mainly learn macroeconomics and microeconomics.Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the entire economy. This includes a national, regional, or global economy.Measures of nati

2、onal income and output: to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), and net national income (NNI)The expenditure approach. It focuses on finding the total output of a nation by finding the total amount of money spe

3、nt. C = household consumption, I = gross private domestic investment, G = government consumption and gross investment, X = gross exports of goods and services, M = gross imports of goods and servicesThe income approach. It equates the total output of a nation to the total factor income received by p

4、eople of the nation.National income = Compensation of employees + Net interest + Rental & royalty income + Profit of firms + Income from self-employment + NFIA (net factor income from abroad).The IS/LM model (Investment Saving/Liquidity preference Money supply) is a macroeconomic tool that demonstra

5、tes the relationship between interest rates and real output in the goods and services market and the money market.Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of how the individual modern household and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources.Demand curve: In economics

6、, the demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity, and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at that given price.Supply curve: A graph showing the hypothetical HYPERLINK /4822/supply.htmlsupply of a HYPERLINK /3874/product.

7、htmlproduct or HYPERLINK /6664/service.htmlservice that would be HYPERLINK /8894/available.htmlavailable at different HYPERLINK /3807/price.htmlprice points.證券投資學(xué)限選課3.0 Securities and InvestmentSecurities investment is mainly about how to manage the investment, from both fundamental and technical an

8、alysis of stocks, the meaning of the fundamentals of analysis of the value of the company stock, financial position, profitability, growth ability, technical analysis refers to the analysis of the stock price from a technical point of view, the main application of the k-line theory. The trend line,

9、the form of law, and the golden section theory.Asset management Investment management is the professional management of various securities (shares, bonds etc.) and assets (e.g., real estate), to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of the investors. Investors may be institutions (insuranc

10、e companies, pension funds, corporations etc.) or private investors (both directly via investment contracts and more commonly via collective investment schemes e.g. mutual funds) .The securities market refers only to the capital securities will become the object of trading, the stock market is capit

11、alized securities issuance and circulation spaces. Usually refers to stock, debt, fund income certificate or other securities of a capital market transaction object, such as bill discounting such short-term securities market does not include within the scope of the securities markets or securities i

12、ndustry.證券投資學(xué)主要講的是如何來管理投資，從基本面和技術(shù)兩個(gè)方面來分析股票，基本面的含義是分析公司股票的價(jià)值，主要從財(cái)務(wù)狀況，盈利能力，增長能力等方面，技術(shù)分析指的是從技術(shù)角度來分析股票價(jià)格，主要應(yīng)用的是k線理論。包括趨勢線，形態(tài)法，以及黃金分割理論等?！百Y產(chǎn)管理”投資管理的專業(yè)管理各種證券（股票，債券等）和資產(chǎn)（如房地產(chǎn)），以滿足特定的投資目標(biāo)，投資者的利益。投資者可機(jī)構(gòu)（保險(xiǎn)公司，養(yǎng)老基金，企業(yè)等）或私人投資者（無論是直接通過投資合同，通常通過集體投資計(jì)劃例如共同基金。證券市場 Stock market 證券市場只是指資本化了的證券才會成為買賣的對象，證券市場就是進(jìn)行資本化有價(jià)證

13、券的發(fā)行和流通的場所。通常指股票、債權(quán)、基金收益憑證等有價(jià)證券為交易對象所形成的一種資本市場，而諸如票據(jù)貼現(xiàn)這樣的短期證券市場則并不包括在證券市場或證券業(yè)范圍內(nèi)。國際金融必修課3.0 國際金融主要講了外匯，外匯包括外國貨幣，外幣形式的有價(jià)證券，支付憑證和其他外匯資產(chǎn)。然后學(xué)習(xí)了匯率的兩種標(biāo)價(jià)法，直接標(biāo)價(jià)法和間接標(biāo)價(jià)法。一單位外幣=？本幣，是直接標(biāo)價(jià)法。 一單位本幣=？外幣，是間接標(biāo)價(jià)法。中國采用直接標(biāo)價(jià)法。We studied mainly foreign exchange and balance of payments. Foreign exchange consists of foreig

14、n currency, securities and payment instrument in the form of foreign currency and other foreign currency assets. Then we studied two quotations of exchange rate, direct quotation and indirect quotation. One unit foreign currency equals how much domestic currency, this is direct quotation.And one uni

15、t domestic currency equals how much foreign currency is indirect quotation. In China, we use direct quotation.還學(xué)習(xí)了國際收支。國際收支是指一個(gè)國家在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)發(fā)生的所有對外經(jīng)濟(jì)交易的總和。國際收支平衡表可以清晰的顯示出一個(gè)國家的國際收支狀況。國際收支平衡表有三個(gè)內(nèi)容，經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目，資本項(xiàng)目，平衡項(xiàng)目（錯(cuò)誤和遺漏賬戶）。國際收支平衡表上有貸方余額，則說明國際收支發(fā)生了順差，即這個(gè)國家在這段時(shí)期的對外經(jīng)濟(jì)往來收入大于支出。這會使得該國國際儲備和對外支付能力增強(qiáng)。但順差也有缺點(diǎn)。1.一國外匯市

16、場上的外匯供給大于外匯需求，外匯匯率下降，本幣匯率上升，不利于出口，加重國內(nèi)失業(yè)。2.順差使外匯儲備增加，外匯侵占本幣的市場，從而引發(fā)國內(nèi)通貨膨脹。3.如果是出口引起的順差，說明國內(nèi)資源大量外流，不利于本國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。And we also learned balance of payments.It means all international economic trade sum of one country during a period. The balance of payments statement can show the balance of payments situat

17、ion clearly. There are 3 contents in the statement. Current account, capital and financial account, and balance account.If there is a credit balance in the statement, it means there is surplus in balance of payments, namely the foreign income is more than expenditure for this country in this period,

18、 which will enhance the ability of international reserve and foreign payment.Surplus also has disadvantages.1.foreign exchange supply is greater than demand, the exchange rate of foreign currency will decrease and domestic currency rate will rise, the price of the goods will go up and its bad for ex

19、port and increases domestic unemployment.2.surplus will increase international reserve, but the foreign currency will occupy the market of domestic currency, which will cause inflation.3. If the surplus is caused by export, this means domestic resource flows out greatly, and its bad for domestic eco

20、nomy.International finance International finance is the branch of economics that studies the dynamics of exchange rates, international investment, global financial system, and how these affect international trade.Balance of paymentsBalance of payments (BOP) accounts are an accounting record of all m

21、onetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world. These transactions include payments for the countrys exports and imports of goods, services, financial capital, and financial transfers.The two principal parts of the BOP accounts are the current account and the capital account.The cu

22、rrent account shows the net amount a country is earning if it is in surplus, or spending if it is in deficit. It is the sum of the balance of trade (net earnings on exports minus payments for imports), factor income (earnings on foreign investments minus payments made to foreign investors) and cash

23、transfers.The capital account records the net change in ownership of foreign assets. It includes the reserve account (the foreign exchange market operations of a nations central bank), along with loans and investments between the country and the rest of world.By the principles of double entry accoun

24、ting, an entry in the current account gives rise to an entry in the capital account, and in aggregate the two accounts automatically balance.The Exchange Rate匯率We get foreign currency and foreigners get U.S. dollars in the foreign exchange marketthe market in which the currency of one country is exc

25、hanged for the currency of another.The price at which one currency exchanges for another is called a foreign exchange rate.Currency depreciation 貶值is the fall in the value of the currency in terms of another currency.Currency appreciation 升值is the rise in value of the currency in terms of another cu

26、rrency.Foreign exchange market The foreign exchange market is a global, worldwide decentralized financial market for trading currencies.Determinants of exchange rates:1. Economic factors: These include: (a) economic policy, disseminated by government agencies and central banks, (b) economic conditio

27、ns, generally revealed through economic reports, and other economic indicators.2. Political conditions: Internal, regional, and international political conditions and events can have a profound effect on currency markets.3. Market psychology: Flights to quality, etc.Changes in the Exchange RateChang

28、es in demand and supply in the foreign exchange market change the exchange rate Relative Purchasing Power Parity: A currency should buy the same amount of goods and services in every country.According to this theory, the change in the exchange rate is determined by price level changes in both countr

29、ies.國際投資學(xué)專業(yè)課3.0 International InvestmentInternational Investment is International investors will invest in countries where the rate of return on investment in higher. For example, if the investors lend out funds in these countries they will get higher interest payment. And if one countrys interest r

30、ate is high, more funds will flow into this country.International Investment, including international direct investment and indirect investment. International direct investment is go abroad to build or buy factories and set up branches or mergers and acquisitions. It can make decision in this compan

31、y and achieve income.International indirect investment is just to invest in securities of foreign companies, holding stocks in order to achieve income but not to make decision in this company. Monetary policyCentral banks chosen a countrys monetary policy and manages a states currency, money supply,

32、 and interest rates in order to reduce unemployment, make Price stability; Economic growth and Financial market stabilityInterest rate interventionsA central bank controls certain types of short-term interest rates. Lowering the interest is to encourage economic growth and is often used to alleviate

33、 times of low economic growth. On the other hand, raising the interest rate is often used in times of high economic growth as a contra-cyclical device to keep the economy from overheating and avoid market bubbles.double-entry bookkeeping system 復(fù)式記賬法A double-entry bookkeeping system is a set of rule

34、s for recording financial information in a financial accounting system in which every transaction or event changes at least two different nominal ledger accounts. each transaction was entered twice, with one side of the transaction being called a debit and the other a credit.一個(gè)復(fù)式簿記系統(tǒng)是一套規(guī)則，記錄財(cái)務(wù)信息的財(cái)務(wù)會

35、計(jì)制度中，每個(gè)交易或事件的變化至少有兩個(gè)不同的名義總帳科目。每筆交易被輸入兩次，用一側(cè)被稱為一個(gè)借方和其他信用交易。Accounting Equation 記賬的等式Assets = liabilities + equity 資產(chǎn)等于負(fù)債加上所有者權(quán)益Balance Sheet is like snapshot of a companys financial conditionA balance sheet is a summary of the financial balances of a company. Assets, liabilities and ownership equity

36、are listed as of a specific date, such as the end of its financial year. 資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表像是公司的財(cái)務(wù)狀況的快照資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表是公司的財(cái)務(wù)結(jié)余的總結(jié)。被列為特定日期的資產(chǎn)，負(fù)債和所有者權(quán)益，如在其財(cái)政年度結(jié)束。管理學(xué)專業(yè)課3.0 ManagementManagement is a course which we learn what is management and The function of management.Management is to assign and coordinate all resources th

37、at can be transferred, in order to realize the goal that cant be realized by single individual.The function of management including: planning, organizing, leading, controlling, inspiriting, making decision and innovation.The planning is to make the goal and make a plan to reach goal .The top manager

38、s have responsibility to make total goal and strategy. Middle managers and first-line managers make the plan to supporting the total strategy .The managers must make a plan to control and harmonize the resource which they responsible.The organizing is to make sure in the plan who finishes and how to

39、 manage and harmonize these tasks .The manager must organize the workgroups and members, in order to let the information, the resource and the task can change. The organizing art and the management of human Resources are very important for the function of organize.Organization: Two or more persons f

40、orm the unit in order to reach the same goal. The leading is the lead encourages and guide members in order to contribute for the goal. The manager needs the ability to lead members to achieve the goal.The controlling is according to the organizations plan, supervision and inspection activities and

41、their results, and according to the situation adjust the action or plan, make sure the plan and the actual match, achieve the goal.The Inspiriting is to create a variety of conditions, to meet the needs of employees, let them work effectively and actively, to achieve goals.Motive Theory,Hierarchy of

42、 Needs ：Physical Needs，Safety Needs, love and belonging Needs, Esteem Needs and Self Actualization needs.The making decision is to recognize and solve the problem. Decision is the essence of management. Other functions of management can not be doing without decision .For example in information achie

43、ve, what kind of information to achieve, by what kind of way, where and when to obtain and so on, needs the manager to make decision. The innovation is Change the current situation.一、管理：是一個(gè)分配和協(xié)調(diào)所有可被調(diào)動的資源以實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)體不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)的過程。管理的職能：計(jì)劃，組織，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，控制，激勵(lì)，協(xié)調(diào)。二、計(jì)劃：制定目標(biāo)，確立實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的行動。高層管理者負(fù)責(zé)制定總目標(biāo)和總戰(zhàn)略。中層和基層的管理者制定計(jì)劃，支持總戰(zhàn)略。

44、管理者必須制定計(jì)劃去控制和協(xié)調(diào)他們所負(fù)責(zé)的資源。三、組織：是明確任務(wù)由誰完成，如何處理和諧調(diào)這些任務(wù)的過程。管理者必須組織工作團(tuán)體和成員，使得在組織中信息、資源和任務(wù)能加以改變。組織的藝術(shù)和人力資源的管理對組織職能非常重要。組織：兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人組成的實(shí)現(xiàn)同一目標(biāo)的單元。四、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)Leadership 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)鼓勵(lì)并且引導(dǎo)員工為了為組織的目標(biāo)作貢獻(xiàn)。管理者需要具備領(lǐng)導(dǎo)成員實(shí)現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)能力。五、控制Controlling 控制是組織以經(jīng)營計(jì)劃的表現(xiàn)來監(jiān)督連續(xù)情況和戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃。六、激勵(lì)：創(chuàng)造各種條件，滿足員工需求，激發(fā)他們工作的動機(jī)，實(shí)現(xiàn)組織的宗旨。馬斯洛的需要層次論：生理需要，安全需要，社會需要，尊重

45、的需要，自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的需要。七、決策：識別，解決問題，改進(jìn)機(jī)會的過程。決定是管理的實(shí)質(zhì)。 管理的其他作用離不開決定。例如在信息獲取過程中，獲得的什么樣的信息，由什么樣的方式，何時(shí)何地獲得等等，需要管理者做出決策。八、創(chuàng)新：改變現(xiàn)在的處境。國際結(jié)算專業(yè)課3.0 International SettlementInternational settlement is also called financial payments, it is financial activities conducted among different countries in which either payments

46、are effected or funds are transferred form one county to another for the purpose of settling accounts, debits.bills of exchange is an unconditional order in writing. It is an Unconditional Order to Pay.出票人（drawer）付款人（payer）收款人（payee）promissory notes is an unconditional promise in writing.出票人（Maker /

47、Payer），收款人（Payee）checks A check is a bill of exchange drawn on a banker payable on demand.Collection documentary collection 跟單托收：Documents against Payment & Documents against Acceptance 付款交單&承兌交單Letter of Credit L/C或LOC信用證A letter of credit is a document issued by a financial institution, assuring p

48、ayment to a seller of goods and services. It used in trade finance, which usually provides an irrevocable payment undertaking International trade geography國際貿(mào)易地理是研究各國各地區(qū)不同市場的基本條件和特點(diǎn)，他們在國際貿(mào)易中所占的地位，以及各個(gè)市場上不同的商品結(jié)構(gòu)，供求，交換，運(yùn)銷狀況。講了世界主要運(yùn)河，世界主要海峽。比如，蘇伊士運(yùn)河北起地中海的port said，南接陶菲克 taufik，溝通了紅海和地中海。把大西洋和印度洋連接起來。這樣

49、，從東亞運(yùn)送的到歐洲的貨物，就不需要繞過非洲的好望角，繞很長的路程。過了印度，直接從蘇伊士運(yùn)河到達(dá)地中海，然后沿路北上就可。這樣不僅僅縮短了航程，節(jié)省了時(shí)間和運(yùn)費(fèi)，更可以減少油耗，進(jìn)行環(huán)保.International trade geography studies the basic trade conditions and characteristics of different countries and regions.It introduces main straits and main canals in the world.For example, the Suez Canal s

50、tarts from Port Said of Mediterranean in the North and ends at Taufik in the South, connecting Red Sea and Mediterranean, Linking the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Thus, the cargo from East Asia to Europe neednt detour the Cape of Good Hope of South Africa, which is a long distance. After arr

51、iving in India, the cargo reaches Mediterranean via Suez Canal directly, and then goes northward along the way. This not only shortens the sailing voyage, save time and cost, but also decreases the oil cost, protecting our environment. 國際貿(mào)易理論國際貿(mào)易理論的發(fā)展大致經(jīng)過了古典，新古典，新貿(mào)易理論以及新興古典貿(mào)易理論四大階段。The development o

52、f International trade theory went through four phases: classical trade theory, neoclassical trade theory, new trade theory and new developing trade theory.其中,起奠基作用的古典貿(mào)易理論是在批判重商主義的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來。主要包括亞當(dāng).斯密的絕對優(yōu)勢理論和 大衛(wèi)李嘉圖的比較優(yōu)勢理論。古典貿(mào)易理論從勞動生產(chǎn)率的角度說明了國際貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的原因，結(jié)構(gòu)和利益分配。The basic and most important oneclassical trad

53、e theory was developed on criticizing Mercantilism, which includes Adam Smiths absolute advantage theory and David Ricardos comparative advantage theory. Classical trade theory states the cause, structure and benefit distribution of international trade from the view of labor productivity.重商主義：重商主義認(rèn)為

54、，財(cái)富的唯一形式是金銀，金銀的多少是衡量一個(gè)國家富裕程度的唯一尺度，而獲得金銀的主要渠道就是國家貿(mào)易。通過獎出限入求得順差，使金銀流入，國家就會富裕。Mercantilism holds the view: the only form of wealth is gold and silver. The quantity of gold and silver is the only way to measure a countrys wealth. And the main way to get gold and silver is international trade.絕對優(yōu)勢理論：亞當(dāng)斯密

55、在生產(chǎn)分工理論的基礎(chǔ)上提出了國際貿(mào)易的絕對優(yōu)勢理論。在國富論中，斯密指出國際貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)，在于各國商品之間存在勞動生產(chǎn)率和生產(chǎn)成本的絕對差異，而這種差異來源于自然稟賦和后天的生產(chǎn)條件。亞當(dāng)斯密認(rèn)為在國際分工中，每個(gè)國家應(yīng)該專門生產(chǎn)自己具有絕對優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品，并用其中一部分交換其具有絕對劣勢的產(chǎn)品，這樣就會使各國的資源得到最有效率的利用，更好的促進(jìn)分工和交換，使每個(gè)國家都獲得最大利益。Absolute advantage theory: Adam Smith put forward the absolute advantage theory on the basis of division of la

56、bor theory. He thought the base of international trade is absolute difference of labor productivity and production cost for goods from various countries. Every country should produce the goods with absolute advantage and do business for exchange the goods with absolute disadvantage, which will make

57、full use of every countrys resources. This will promote division of labor and exchange better and each country can gain the greatest benefits.比較優(yōu)勢理論：鑒于絕對優(yōu)勢理論的局限性，大衛(wèi) HYPERLINK /view/149773.htm t _blank 李嘉圖(David Ricardo)認(rèn)為國際貿(mào)易分工的基礎(chǔ)不限于絕對成本差異，即使一國在所有產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)中勞動生產(chǎn)率都處于全面優(yōu)勢或全面劣勢的地位，只要有利或不利的程度有所不同，該國就可以通過生產(chǎn)勞動

58、生產(chǎn)率差異較小的產(chǎn)品參加國際貿(mào)易，從而獲得比較利益。比較優(yōu)勢理論遵循“兩優(yōu)取其重，兩劣取其輕”的原則，認(rèn)為國家間技術(shù)水平的相對差異產(chǎn)生了比較成本的差異，構(gòu)成國際貿(mào)易的原因，并決定著國際貿(mào)易的模式。Comparative advantage theory: Considering the limitation of absolute advantage theory, David Ricardo put forward this theory. He thought the trade division is not limited to absolute cost differences. Even if the labor productivity of the products in one country is in good or bad position, so long as the degree of advantages and disadvantages are different, this country should do international trade by producing the labor productiv