飛機(jī)起落架設(shè)計(中英文對照)

1、Aircraft Landing Gear Layouts 飛機(jī)起落架設(shè)計中英文對照 圖發(fā)布人： HYPERLINK t _blank 圣才學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)發(fā)布日期：2021-06-25 14:36共 292人瀏覽 HYPERLINK javascript:setSize(1) 大 HYPERLINK javascript:setSize(2) 中 HYPERLINK javascript:setSize(3) 小Most aircraft today have three landing gear許多現(xiàn)代飛機(jī)使用三點(diǎn)式起落架。Two main landing gear struts located n

2、ear the middle of the aircraft usually support about 90% of the planes weight while a smaller nose strut supports the rest重心附近的兩個大的主輪，承當(dāng)約 90% 的重量，小輪子承當(dāng)余下局部。This layout is most often referred to as the tricycle landing gear arrangement However， there are numerous other designs that have also been use

3、d over the years， and each has its own advantages and disadvantages Lets take a closer look at the various undercarriage options available to engineers目前的飛機(jī)以前三點(diǎn)起落架為主，讓我們來回憶一下后三點(diǎn)起落架及其優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。意譯Tail wheel or Tail dragger Gear后三點(diǎn)尾輪式與后三點(diǎn)尾橇式起落架Though the tricycle arrangement may be most popular today， that w

4、as not always the case The tail wheel undercarriage dominated aircraft design for the first four decades of flight and is still widely used on many small pistonengine planes雖然前三點(diǎn)起落架比擬普遍，但是在幾十年前的飛機(jī)，及當(dāng)今的許多小型飛機(jī)是使用后三點(diǎn)起落架的。The taildragger arrangement consists of two main gear units located near the cente

5、r of gravity CG that support the majority of the planes weight后三點(diǎn)起落架，由兩個在重心靠前位置的主輪支持大局部的飛機(jī)重量。A much smaller support is also located at the rear of the fuselage such that the plane appears to drag its tail， hence the name一個非常小的尾輪裝置在機(jī)身，看上去這個小輪子是被拖著走，所以，英文 Taildragger 也因此而得名。This tail unit is usually a

6、 very small wheel but could even be a skid on a very simple design它即可以是一個小尾輪，也可以是一個尾橇。后三點(diǎn)起落架What makes this form of landing gear most attractive is its simplicity后三點(diǎn)起落架最吸引人的優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是“簡潔。The gear are usually relatively lightweight， and the two main gear can also be easily encased in streamlined fairings t

7、o produce low drag in flight后三點(diǎn)起落架通常重量都比擬輕。兩支主輪子可以配置整流置用來減小飛行中的阻力。Another potential advantage results from the fact that the plane is already tilted to a large angle of attack as it rolls down the runway另一個潛在的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，是飛機(jī)在跑道滑行時，機(jī)翼已經(jīng)有一個較大的迎角。This attitude helps to generate greater lift and reduce the dista

8、nce needed for takeoff or landing適宜的大迎角，有利于在較低的速度下產(chǎn)生足夠的升力，以便于減少起飛滑跑距離。This attitude is also an advantage on propellerdriven planes since it provides a large clearance between the propeller tips and the ground 對于牽引式螺旋槳飛機(jī)，機(jī)頭向上抬起，使螺旋槳不會接觸跑道。意譯Furthermore， taildragger planes are generally easier for gro

9、und personnel to maneuver around in confined spaces like a hangar同時，后三點(diǎn)起落架的飛機(jī)，更便于地勤人員把飛機(jī)拖到停機(jī)棚等窄小的空間里。However， the greatest liability of this landing gear layout is its handling characteristics另一方面，后三點(diǎn)起落架也有一個最大的 缺陷著陸時的操縱handling characteristicsThis design is inherently unstable because the planes cen

10、ter of gravity is located behind the two main gear造成此天生缺陷的原因，是因?yàn)閮芍恢鬏喸谥匦牡那懊?。If the plane is landing and one wheel touches down first， the plane has a tendency to veer off in the direction of that wheel如果著陸時起落架只有一只主輪前觸地，這時，飛機(jī)有向此輪子一邊轉(zhuǎn)彎傾向。This behavior can cause the aircraft to turn in an increasingly t

11、ighter ground loop that may eventually result in scraping a wingtip on the ground， collapsing the gear， or veering off the runway嚴(yán)重時，這種轉(zhuǎn)彎的傾向ground loop將可能使翼尖觸地、起落架受損、滑出跑道。Landing a taildragger can be difficult since the pilot must line up his approach very carefully while making constant rudder adju

12、stments to keep the plane on a straight path until it comes to a stop這就要求在飛機(jī)著陸觸地前，需要使用方向舵修正自己的航線，使它能夠筆直的滑翔直到平安觸地。Many taildragger designs alleviate these handling problems by fitting a tailwheel that can be locked instead of swiveling on a castor Locking the tailwheel helps keep the plane rolling in

13、 a straight line during landing使用尾橇，能減輕這種現(xiàn)象。意譯前三點(diǎn)起落架與后三點(diǎn)起落架的安定性比照Another disadvantage of the taildragger is poor pilot visibility during taxiing since he is forced to peer over a nose that is tilted upward at a steep angle后三點(diǎn)起落架的另一個缺點(diǎn)，許多飛機(jī)在地面滑跑， 機(jī)頭向上翹起時，會影響飛行員的視線。意譯It is also often difficult to load

14、 or unload heavy cargos because of the steep slope of the cabin floor對于貨機(jī)，飛機(jī)的迎角不利于貨物的裝卸。Similarly， pilots and passengers are forced to walk uphill during boarding and downhill after arrival此問題，對于乘客來說，也是一樣的道理。意譯Many aircraft also rely on gravity to bring fuel from tanks to the engine， and some planes

15、 have been known to have difficulty starting the engine because it is uphill from the fuel supply發(fā)動機(jī)抬起，有時也不利于供油，造成啟動困難。道格拉斯DC3的后三點(diǎn)起落架Good examples of taildragger aircraft include the Spitfire and DC3 of World War II后三點(diǎn)起落架的典型例子：噴火戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)、道格拉斯DC3。Tricycle or Nosewheel Gear前三點(diǎn)起落架Now the most popular landin

16、g gear arrangement， the tricycle undercarriage includes two main gear just aft of the center of gravity and a smaller auxiliary gear near the nose前三點(diǎn)起落架，由兩支在重心后的主輪，與一個在機(jī)頭的輔助前輪組成。意譯The main advantage of this layout is that it eliminates the ground loop problem of the taildragger前三點(diǎn)起落架最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是不會像后三點(diǎn)那樣，著

17、陸時容易打轉(zhuǎn)。This arrangement is instead a stable design because of the location of the main gear with respect to the center of gravity這得益于主輪子在重心后部的設(shè)計。As a result， a pilot has more latitude to land safely even when he is not aligned with the runway這樣，就算著陸時飛機(jī)沒有對準(zhǔn)跑道，飛行員還是有方法修正方向的。前三點(diǎn)起落架Furthermore， the tric

18、ycle arrangement is generally less demanding on the pilot and is easier to taxi and steer前三點(diǎn)起落架更容易操縱。意譯The tricycle gear also offers much better visibility over the nose as well as a level cabin floor to ease passenger traffic and cargo handling水平的機(jī)身，使視界比擬好，而且便于裝貨及乘客行走。A further plus is that the air

19、craft is at a small angle of attack so that the thrust of the engine is more parallel to the direction of travel， allowing faster acceleration during takeoff機(jī)翼的小迎角，螺旋槳在水平方向產(chǎn)生的力，有助于飛機(jī)更快獲得速度。意譯In addition， the nosewheel makes it impossible for the plane to tip over on its nose during landing， as can s

20、ometimes happen on taildraggers另外，由于前輪距重心較遠(yuǎn)，就不會出現(xiàn)后三點(diǎn)起落架容易發(fā)生的“拿大頂現(xiàn)象。意譯The greatest drawback to tricycle gear is the greater weight and drag incurred by adding the large nosewheel strut前三點(diǎn)起落架最大的缺點(diǎn)是，較重的重量及較大的阻力。意譯Whereas many taildraggers can afford to use nonretracting gear with minimal impact on perf

21、ormance， planes with nosewheels almost always require retraction mechanisms to reduce drag另一方面，固定式后三點(diǎn)起落架耐沖擊性能較強(qiáng)。而前三點(diǎn)起落架，需要收放式以減小飛行時的阻力。Some planes with tricycle gear also have difficulty rotating the nose up during takeoff because the main wheels are located so close to the elevator， and there may b

22、e insufficient control effectiveness Similarly， the closeness to the rudder reduces its effectiveness in counteracting crosswinds前三點(diǎn)起落架影響舵效。意譯Another critical factor when designing tricycle gear is to properly balance the load carried by the main gear versus the nosewheel Too little load on the main

23、 wheels reduces their braking effectiveness while too little on the nosewheel reduces its steering effectiveness Careful balancing of weight is also important to prevent the plane from tipping back on its tail while at rest on the ground前三點(diǎn)起落架對飛機(jī)重心的要求也比擬高。747 加油次序不當(dāng)，造成機(jī)尾觸地的危險。There are many examples

24、 of aircraft with tricycle landing gear， including the F16 and Cessna 172F16 與 Cessna 172 都是前三點(diǎn)起落架的經(jīng)典案例。Summary總結(jié)Landing gear serves three primary purposes起落架的三個主要任務(wù)：to provide a support for the plane when at rest on the ground，一、把飛機(jī)停放在地面。to provide a stable chassis for taxiing or rolling during tak

25、eoff and landing，二、起飛及著陸時提供穩(wěn)定的支持。and to provide a shock absorbing system during landing三、著陸時減震。Regardless， all of these tasks are secondary to the planes primary role as an efficient mode of travel through the air飛機(jī)的飛行性能還是很重要的。意譯To aircraft designers， landing gear are nothing more than a necessary e

26、vil since planes are designed primarily for their performance in flight rather than on the ground飛機(jī)的飛行性能比在地面的性能重要的多。意譯There have even been attempts over the years to eliminate landing gear entirely The most extreme case was a study done by the Royal Navy to see if a jet plane could make a belly landing on the deck of an aircraft carrier coated with a rubberized surface有人嘗試過不使用起落架，直接用機(jī)腹在航母甲板上著陸。意譯If successful， the method would eliminate the need for the very strong and heavy landing gear used on carrierbased aircraft Unfortunately， the method