國(guó)際貿(mào)易用語(yǔ)

1、Chapter 7International Trade Terms Learning Objectives1. To understand the role of trade terms;2. To understand the 6 commonly used trade terms;3. To learn the other 7 trade terms. 1. Trade Terms and International Rules and Practices Relating to Trade Terms Trade terms, also known as price terms or

2、delivery terms, are standardized terms used in sales contracts that describe the place and manner for the transfer of goods from the seller to the buyer. 貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)（trade terms）,又稱價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ), 交貨條件，是一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的英文縮寫，它們對(duì)買賣雙方在交易過(guò)程中有關(guān)手續(xù)、責(zé)任、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及費(fèi)用的劃分作出了明確的規(guī)定。 Definition of trade termsComponents of Trade TermsE.g. “US$100 p

3、er dozen FOB New York” US$ 100 per dozen FOB New York Currency price per unit measurement unit trade termsWhy are trade terms necessary? There are different trading practice in different countries;There are various risks and costs involved in an international trade;If the sellers and buyers in inter

4、national contracts want their deals to be successfully completed, they have to make clear to each other their respective obligations and find the full expression of those in the trade terms. In order to avoid, or at least reduce the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in differe

5、nt countries, common rules should be set up. International rules & practices on trade terms1. Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932 (W.O. Rules, 1932)- This rule was drafted by the Association of International Law in 1932. It contains 21 clauses, which only stipulate the nature of CIF contract, and the charges,

6、risks and obligations which should be borne by the seller or the buyer. 該規(guī)則是由國(guó)際法協(xié)會(huì)于1928年在波蘭的華沙開會(huì)制定的，1932年在英國(guó)的牛津作了修訂。它是專門為解釋CIF貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)而制訂的，對(duì)CIF買賣合同的性質(zhì)作了說(shuō)明，并具體規(guī)定了在CIF合同中買賣雙方所承擔(dān)的費(fèi)用、責(zé)任和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 2. Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 19411919年美國(guó)的九個(gè)商業(yè)團(tuán)體制訂了美國(guó)出口報(bào)價(jià)及其縮寫條例（The U.S. Export Quotations and Abbrevi

7、ations);1941年對(duì)它進(jìn)行了修訂，改稱為1941年美國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易定義修正本。該修正本在美國(guó)及美洲一些國(guó)家有較大的影響。 It contains 6 trade terms: (1) EX (point of origin) 產(chǎn)地交貨， such as EX Factory, EX Mill, EX Mine, etc. (2) FOB Free On Board 運(yùn)輸工具上交貨. It contains 6 terms. The fifth FOB is FOB vessel (named port of shipment). (3) FAS Free Along Side (named

8、 port of shipment)運(yùn)輸工具旁交貨;(4) C&F Cost and Freight (named point of destination);(5) CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight (named point of destination);(6) EX DOCK （named port of importation）目的港碼頭交貨. 2. Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 該修正本共對(duì)六種貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)作了解釋，其中FOB術(shù)語(yǔ)又分為六種情況。第一至第四種均屬于在內(nèi)陸某一指定地點(diǎn)交貨價(jià);第五

9、種為裝運(yùn)港船上交貨價(jià);第六種為在進(jìn)口國(guó)內(nèi)陸某一指定地點(diǎn)交貨價(jià)。 美國(guó)BOARD可指任意的板（卡車、火車、輪船等運(yùn)載工具的板）。2. Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 FOB3. The INCOTERMSIn order to avoid, or at least reduce to a considerable degree, the uncertainties of different interpretations of terms in different countries, the ICC first published

10、 a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. These rules were known as “Incoterms 1936”.Amendments and additions were later made in 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990 and presently 2000 in order to bring the rules in line with current interna

11、tional trade practices. LINKICCThe ICC (International Chamber of Commerce 國(guó)際商會(huì)) was founded in 1919 with an overriding aim that remains unchanged: to serve world business by promoting trade and investment, open markets for goods and services, and the free flow of capital.The organizations internatio

12、nal secretariat was established in Paris.China became member of ICC in 1994, and the affiliate of International Chamber of Commerce in China (國(guó)際商會(huì)中國(guó)國(guó)家委員會(huì)) was established in 1995. Organization of INCOTERMS(1) the “E” term: the only term where the exporter makes the goods available at his/her own pre

13、mises to the importer. (2) the “F” term: terms where the exporter is responsible to deliver the goods to a carrier named by the importer “shipment contract”(3) the “C” term: terms where the exporter is responsible for contracting and paying for carriage of the goods, but not responsible for addition

14、al costs or risk of loss or damages to the goods once they have been shipped. - “shipment contract”(4) the “D” term: terms where the exporter is responsible for all costs and risks associated with bringing the goods to the place of destination. “arrival contract”Note the use of IncotermsINCOTERMS ar

15、e not laws parties who adopt the INCOTERMS should make sure they express their desire clearly. E.g. a contract might refer to “FOB (INCOTERMS 2000)”. Parties should be wary about making additions or varying the meaning of any particular term, except to the extent that it is allowed by the rules they

16、 adopt or by judicial decision. Note the scope of IncotermsThe scope of Incoterms is limited to matters relating to the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract of sale with respect to the delivery of goods sold (in the sense of “tangible”, not including “intangibles” such as software).

17、 通則涵蓋的范圍僅限于銷售合同當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利義務(wù)中與已售貨物（特指“有形貨物”，不包括“無(wú)形貨物”如電腦軟件）交貨有關(guān)的事項(xiàng)。While in international trade, not only the contract of sale is required, but also contracts of carriage, insurance and financing, Incoterms related to only one of these contracts, namely the contract of sale. 2. FOBFREE ON BOARD (. named

18、port of shipment)Introduction “Free on Board means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goo

19、ds for export. This term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ships rail, then FCA term should be used. THE SELLERS & BUYERS OBLIGATIONS UNDER FOB goods and priceA1. The seller must provide the goods and the commercial in

20、voice, or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity which may be required by the contract.B1. The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale. A2. The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export lice

21、nse or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.B2. The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import license or other official authorization and carry out, all customs formalities for the import of the goods and, where neces

22、sary, for their transit through any country .THE SELLERS & BUYERS OBLIGATIONS UNDER FOB -Licenses, authorizations and formalities THE SELLERS & BUYERS OBLIGATIONS UNDER FOB - Contracts of carriage and insurance A3. The seller has no obligations for contract of carriage and insurance. B3. The buyer m

23、ust contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment.THE SELLERS & BUYERS OBLIGATIONS UNDER FOB delivery and taking deliveryA4. The seller must deliver the goods on the date or within the agreed period at the named port of shipment and in the manner customary

24、 at the port on board the vessel nominated by the buyer.B4. The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in accordance with A4.THE SELLERS & BUYERS OBLIGATIONS UNDER FOB - Transfer of risks A5. The seller must bear all risks or loss of or damage to the goods until such tim

25、e as they have passed the ships rail at the named port of shipment.B5. The buyer must bear all risks or loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have passed the ships rail at the named port of shipment.THE SELLERS & BUYERS OBLIGATIONS UNDER FOB - Division of costs A6. The seller must pay al

26、l costs relating to the goods until such time as they have passed the ships rail at the named port of shipment; and the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export.B6. The buyer must pay all costs relating to the goods from the

27、 time they have passed the ship s rail at the named port of shipment; and all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and for their transit through any country. THE SELLERS & BUYERS OBLIGATIONS UNDER FOB - noticeA7. Th

28、e seller must give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered.B7. The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and required delivery time.THE SELLERS & BUYERS OBLIGATIONS UNDER FOB - Proof of delivery, transport documentA8. The seller must pr

29、ovide the buyer at the sellers expense with the usual proof of delivery. Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document may be replaced by an equivalent EDI message. B8. The buyer must accept the proof of delivery in accordance with A8.THE SELLERS & BUYERS OBL

30、IGATIONS UNDER FOB Checking, packaging, marking and inspectionA9. The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations ( such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting). The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to ship the goods

31、 of the contract description unpacked) which is required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that the circumstances relating to the transport are made known to the seller before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately. B9. The buyer must pay the costs of

32、any pre - shipment inspection except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export. THE SELLERS & BUYERS OBLIGATIONS UNDER FOB -Other obligationsA10. The seller must render the buyer at the latters request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining any documents

33、or equivalent electronic messages which the buyer may require for the import of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through any country. The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for procuring insurance. B10. The buyer must pay all costs and charge

34、s incurred in obtaining the documents or equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.Notice for FOB1） Modes of transportation. 該術(shù)語(yǔ)僅適用于海運(yùn)或內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸?shù)人线\(yùn)輸方式。2）Division of risks, costs and liabilities. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分以“船舷

35、為界”。但“船舷為界”僅僅用來(lái)表明雙方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的劃分界限，而不涉及雙方的責(zé)任和費(fèi)用的劃分。一般而言，賣方要承擔(dān)裝船的主要費(fèi)用，但不包括理艙費(fèi)和平艙費(fèi)( FOB的變形問(wèn)題）。3）船貨銜接。按有關(guān)法律和相關(guān)慣例的規(guī)定，買方應(yīng)該及時(shí)給予賣方關(guān)于船名，裝船地點(diǎn)和要求交貨的時(shí)間的充分的通知。4） 美國(guó)對(duì)FOB術(shù)語(yǔ)的特殊解釋。FOB的變形- 明確裝船費(fèi)用由誰(shuí)承擔(dān)FOB Liner Terms（FOB班輪條件）：賣方不負(fù)擔(dān)裝船費(fèi)用；FOB Under Tackle（FOB吊鉤下交貨）：吊裝入艙及其他費(fèi)用由買方負(fù)責(zé)；FOB Stowed（FOB理艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)）：賣方負(fù)責(zé)裝船入艙并承擔(dān)包括理艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)的裝船費(fèi)用理艙費(fèi)指貨

36、物入艙后進(jìn)行的安置和整理的費(fèi)用；FOB Trimmed (FOB平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)) ：賣方負(fù)責(zé)裝船入艙并承擔(dān)包括平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)的裝船費(fèi)用平艙費(fèi)指對(duì)裝入船艙內(nèi)的散裝貨物平整所必需的費(fèi)用；FOBST（FOB 理艙費(fèi)、平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)）：賣方負(fù)責(zé)裝船入艙并承擔(dān)包括理艙費(fèi)和平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)的裝船費(fèi)用。CASE STUDY國(guó)內(nèi)某公司曾按每噸242美元FOB Vessel New York 條件與美商簽訂進(jìn)口200噸鋼材的合同.后我方公司如期開出金額為48400美元的信用證.但美商收到信用證后來(lái)函要求增加信用證金額至50000美元，不然有關(guān)出口捐稅及簽證費(fèi)用應(yīng)由我方另外電匯。問(wèn)：美商的要求是否合理？INCOTERMS2000與

37、美國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易定義修正本中FOB的區(qū)別 1. 運(yùn)輸方式不同。 2 .出口手續(xù)及費(fèi)用不同。 INCOTERMS2000賣方負(fù)責(zé)辦理出口清關(guān)手續(xù)； 美國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易定義修正本 賣方根據(jù)買方的請(qǐng)求，在買方負(fù)擔(dān)費(fèi)用的情況下，協(xié)助買方取得出口所需的證件，并由買方支付相關(guān)出口稅費(fèi)。3. 交貨地點(diǎn)不同。 美國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易定義修正本交通工具上交貨，僅第5種情況（FOB Vessel) 即船上交貨與INCOTERMS2000相同。4. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分界限不同。 INCOTERMS2000以船舷為界； 美國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易定義修正本以船上為界，賣方必須承擔(dān)在指定裝運(yùn)港將貨物交到買方指定的輪船上的全部費(fèi)用，并承擔(dān)貨物損壞或滅失的一切責(zé)任，

38、直至貨物已裝載于輪船上為止。CASE STUDY國(guó)內(nèi)某貿(mào)易公司以FOB條件進(jìn)口一批貨物。在目的港卸貨時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)有幾件貨物外包裝破裂，并且貨物有被水漬的痕跡。經(jīng)查證，貨物是在裝船時(shí)因吊鉤不牢掉在甲板上摔破的，因包裝破裂導(dǎo)致里面的貨物被水浸泡。該貿(mào)易公司能否以對(duì)方未完成交貨義務(wù)為由提出索賠？ CASE STUDY 買賣雙方簽訂FOB合同，賣方向買方出口一級(jí)大米300噸，裝船時(shí)貨物經(jīng)公證人檢驗(yàn)，符合合同規(guī)定的品質(zhì)條件。賣方于裝船后及時(shí)發(fā)出裝船通知。貨物運(yùn)輸中由于風(fēng)浪過(guò)大，大米被海水浸泡，品質(zhì)受到影響，當(dāng)貨物到達(dá)目的港后，只能按三級(jí)大米價(jià)格出售。買方要求賣方賠償差價(jià)損失。問(wèn)賣方是否應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)？為什么？CA

39、SE STUDY我國(guó)某公司曾以FOB條件出口日本一批荔枝。合同規(guī)定：“3月15至25日裝運(yùn)”。盡管我方多次催促，直至3月31日，仍未見船只蹤影。于是我方轉(zhuǎn)售他國(guó)，并立即向日方提出撤銷合同并要求損害賠償。問(wèn)我方的做法是否合理？為什么？CFRCOST AND FREIGHT( . named port of destination)Introduction“Cost and Freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship s rail in the port of shipment.The seller mus

40、t pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination BUT the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, were transferred from the seller to the buyer.The CFR term requires the seller

41、 to clear the goods for export.This term can he used only for sea and inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ships rail, the CPT term should be used.THE SELLERS & BUYERS OBLIGATIONS UNDER CFRDifferent with FOB, under the CFR term, the seller is respon

42、sible for making arrangement of the ship and must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. The seller：*提供貨物 *租船定艙*出口清關(guān) *風(fēng)險(xiǎn)*單據(jù) The buyer:*受領(lǐng)貨物*進(jìn)口清關(guān)*風(fēng)險(xiǎn) *單據(jù)Notice( 1 )該術(shù)語(yǔ)僅適用于海運(yùn)或內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸?shù)人线\(yùn)輸方式。（2）關(guān)于兩個(gè)分界點(diǎn)的問(wèn)題。按CFR成交，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分以裝運(yùn)港船舷為界;費(fèi)用劃分方面，賣方支付從裝運(yùn)港至目的港的正常運(yùn)費(fèi)，但途中發(fā)生意外

43、事故而產(chǎn)生的額外費(fèi)用應(yīng)由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。(4) 在實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)中，應(yīng)盡量避免使用CFR進(jìn)口。若須按CFR成交，應(yīng)慎重考慮對(duì)方資信，并對(duì)船舶提出適當(dāng)要求，以免外商與船方勾結(jié)，或出具假提單，或租用不適航船舶，或偽造質(zhì)檢證書與產(chǎn)地證明書使我方蒙受損失。 （3）按CFR成交，賣方應(yīng)該在裝船之后，及時(shí)向買方發(fā)出通知，以便買方辦理保險(xiǎn)。如果因賣方未能及時(shí)發(fā)出裝船通知，而使買方漏保，那么，賣方不能以風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在船舷轉(zhuǎn)移為由免除責(zé)任。Example of Shipping advice “S/CC215 L/C7643 4000DOZEN SHIRTS SHIPPED FENGCHING101 SAILING26”合同號(hào):

44、S/C (SALES CONFIRMATION) NO.C215;信用證號(hào): 7643, 船名: FENGCHING航次:101船期：26日開船CFR的變形明確卸貨費(fèi)用由誰(shuí)承擔(dān) CFR Liner Terms - CFR班輪條件：賣方負(fù)擔(dān)卸貨費(fèi)（照班輪做法）；CFR Landed - CFR卸到岸上 ：賣方承擔(dān)貨物卸到碼頭的各項(xiàng)費(fèi)用，包括駁船費(fèi)和碼頭捐稅；CFR Ex Tackle - CFR吊鉤下交貨：賣方負(fù)責(zé)將貨物從船艙卸到輪船吊鉤可及之處的費(fèi)用。在輪船不能靠岸的情況下，駁船費(fèi)及貨物從駁船卸到岸上的費(fèi)用，概由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。CFR Ex Ships Hold - CFR艙底交貨：貨物抵達(dá)目的港后

45、，自船艙底起一切卸貨費(fèi)用由買方承擔(dān)。CASE STUDY 我方按CFR價(jià)格條件與客戶簽約成交一批出口商品，合同規(guī)定保險(xiǎn)由買方自理。我方于10月1日凌晨2點(diǎn)裝船完畢，受載貨輪于當(dāng)日下午起航。因?yàn)?0月1日為我國(guó)法定國(guó)慶假日，2日又逢星期天，我方未能及時(shí)向買方發(fā)出裝船通知。3日上午收到買方急電稱：該輪船于2日下午4時(shí)遇難沉沒(méi)，貨物滅失。要求我方賠償全部損失。問(wèn)：我方是否應(yīng)該承擔(dān)責(zé)任？CASE STUDY某合同規(guī)定，A 按CFR 條件出售1000噸小麥給B。由于A是按散裝貨出售，A在裝運(yùn)的3000噸小麥中，有1000噸是屬于B的。待貨物運(yùn)到目的港后，再由船公司負(fù)責(zé)分發(fā)工作。該船在運(yùn)輸途中，由于海上風(fēng)

46、險(xiǎn)使貨物損失1200噸，其余1800噸則安全抵達(dá)目的港。但賣方A宣稱出售給B的1000噸已在運(yùn)輸途中損失，他認(rèn)為按照CFR合同的解釋，A 對(duì)此項(xiàng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不負(fù)責(zé)任。但B對(duì)上述解釋不同意，并堅(jiān)持要求A交貨。試問(wèn)在上述情況下，究竟誰(shuí)是誰(shuí)非？為什么？ANALYSIS按照CFR規(guī)定，如果貨物已經(jīng)按照合同規(guī)定裝船，在貨物越過(guò)船舷之后，貨物發(fā)生的一切損失和額外費(fèi)用應(yīng)由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。但I(xiàn)NCOTERMS2000同時(shí)規(guī)定：“以貨物已清楚地分開，或確定為供應(yīng)本合同之用者為限?！北景咐校珹賣給B的1000噸小麥與賣給別人的混在了一起，無(wú)法確定運(yùn)輸途中損失的小麥?zhǔn)欠駥儆贐。因此，賣方不能推卸責(zé)任。CIFCOST, INSU

47、RANCE AND FREIGHT(. named port of destination)Introduction“Cost, Insurance and Freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail in the port of shipment.The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination BUT the risk of los

48、s of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. However, in CIF the seller also has to procure marine insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage

49、. (to be continued)Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The buyer should note that under the CIF term the seller is required to obligation insurance only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have the protection of greater cover, he would either need

50、to agree as such expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements.The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.This term can be used only for sea and inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ships rail, the CIP

51、 term should be used.THE SELLERS & BUYERS OBLIGATIONS UNDER CIFThe seller：*提供貨物 *租船定艙*運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)*出口清關(guān) *風(fēng)險(xiǎn)*單據(jù) The buyer: * 受領(lǐng)貨物* 進(jìn)口清關(guān) *風(fēng)險(xiǎn) *單據(jù) CIF is the same as CFR except that the seller is responsible for effecting insurance, paying the premium. CIF is one of the most important and commonly used shipping

52、 term CIF is preferred by buyers because: (1) they have little to do with the goods until the goods arrive at a port of destination in their country; (2) they can compare the prices from suppliers around the world without having to take into consideration differing freight rates.CIF is preferred by

53、sellers because: (1) they may be under pressure from their governments to use domestic carriers and insurers. (2) the procedure of singing contracts of sales, shipment, and insurance are under their control.Notice about risks and insurance 在CIF條件下，賣方必須訂立保險(xiǎn)合同并支付保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。但賣方的投保具有代辦性質(zhì)，貨物在運(yùn)輸途中的滅失或損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。

54、如果發(fā)生意外，買方憑保單直接向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠，能否得到賠償賣方概不負(fù)責(zé)。CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)只要求賣方投保最低限度的保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別。按一般國(guó)際慣例，除非合同另有約定，賣方應(yīng)以CIF貨價(jià)加成10%，并以合同貨幣投保。如買方需要更高的保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別，則需要與賣方明確地達(dá)成協(xié)議，或者自行作出額外的保險(xiǎn)安排。Notice CIF 不是“到岸價(jià)”由于CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)后所注明的是目的港，在我國(guó)曾被譯為“到岸價(jià)”，CIF合同的法律性質(zhì)，常被誤解為“到貨合同”（arrival contract)。實(shí)際上，根據(jù)INCOTERMS 2000，CIF 的交貨點(diǎn)/風(fēng)險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)與FOB完全相同。在CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)下，當(dāng)貨物在裝運(yùn)港越過(guò)船舷時(shí)賣方即完成交貨。因此

55、，與FOB相同，采用CIF訂立的合同屬“裝運(yùn)合同”（shipment contract) ，此類合同的賣方在按合同規(guī)定在裝運(yùn)地將貨物交付裝運(yùn)后，對(duì)貨物可能發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不再承擔(dān)責(zé)任。Notice 單據(jù)買賣 （象征性交貨 Symbolic delivery）在CIF合同下，賣方提交單據(jù)，可推定為交付貨物，即所謂象征性交貨 （ Symbolic delivery）。買方憑符合合同規(guī)定的單據(jù)支付價(jià)款。即使在賣方提交單據(jù)時(shí)，貨物已經(jīng)滅失或損壞，買方仍必須憑單付款。但買方可憑提單向船方，或憑保險(xiǎn)單向保險(xiǎn)公司要求賠償。如果在采用CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)訂立合同時(shí)，賣方被要求保證貨物到達(dá)，或以何時(shí)到貨作為收取價(jià)款的條件，則該

56、合同將成為有名無(wú)實(shí)的CIF合同。CASE STUDY某出口公司按CIF倫敦向英商出售一批核桃仁，由于該商品季節(jié)性較強(qiáng)，雙方在合同中規(guī)定：買方須于9月底前將信用證開到，賣方保證運(yùn)貨輪船不遲于12月2日駛抵目的港。如貨輪遲于12月2日抵達(dá)目的港，買方有權(quán)取消合同，如貨款已收，賣方必須將貨款退還買方。問(wèn)：這一份合同是否合理？為什么？ANALYSIS這一合同的性質(zhì)不再屬于CIF合同。因?yàn)楹贤瑮l款內(nèi)容與CIF本身的解釋相抵觸。（1）合同在CIF條件下規(guī)定了“到貨日期”，這與CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)所賦予的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)界限劃分的本意相悖。按CIF，貨物越過(guò)船舷后的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均由買方負(fù)責(zé)。如果限定到貨日期，相當(dāng)于賣方承擔(dān)貨越船舷后

57、的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。（2）CIF是“象征性交貨”，只要賣方提供齊全、正確的貨運(yùn)單據(jù)，買方不能拒收單據(jù)，拒付貨款。而該合同規(guī)定：如貨運(yùn)船只不能如期到達(dá)，買方將收回貨款，實(shí)際上成了貨到付款。因此該合同名義上是按CIF成交，實(shí)質(zhì)上并不是CIF合同性質(zhì)。CASE STUDY有一份CIF合同，貨物完全按照合同規(guī)定時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)裝船，但受載船只離港四小時(shí)后即觸礁沉沒(méi)。第二天，當(dāng)賣方憑手中持有的提單、保單、發(fā)票等裝運(yùn)單據(jù)要求買方付款時(shí)，買方以貨物全部損失為由，拒絕付款贖單。試問(wèn)在上述情況下，賣方有無(wú)權(quán)力憑規(guī)定的單據(jù)要求買方付款？為什么？CASE STUDY2003年1月份我國(guó)某進(jìn)口商與東南亞某國(guó)以CIF條件簽訂合同進(jìn)口

58、香米.由于考慮到海上運(yùn)輸距離較近，且運(yùn)輸時(shí)間段海上一般風(fēng)平浪靜，于是賣方在沒(méi)有辦理海上貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)的情況下將貨物運(yùn)至我國(guó)某一目的港口.適逢國(guó)內(nèi)香米價(jià)格下跌，我國(guó)進(jìn)口商便以出口方?jīng)]有辦理貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)，賣方提交的單據(jù)不全為由，拒收貨物和拒付貨款。請(qǐng)問(wèn)我方的做法是否合理，此案應(yīng)如何處理？案例分析我方的要求是合理的。盡管我方的動(dòng)機(jī)是由于市場(chǎng)行情發(fā)生了對(duì)其不利的變化，但是由于是CIF貿(mào)易方式，要求賣方憑借合格完全的單證完成交貨義務(wù)。本案中賣方?jīng)]有辦理貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)，提交的單據(jù)少了保險(xiǎn)單，即使貨物安全到達(dá)目的港，也不能認(rèn)為其完成了交貨義務(wù)。CIF 的變形明確卸貨費(fèi)用由誰(shuí)承擔(dān)CIF Liner Terms（CIF班輪條件

59、）： 卸貨費(fèi)用由支付運(yùn)費(fèi)的一方（即賣方）負(fù)擔(dān)； CIF Ex Ships Hold (CIF艙底交貨) ： 買方負(fù)擔(dān)將貨物從艙底起吊卸到碼頭的費(fèi)用；CIF Ex Tackle (CIF吊鉤交貨）：賣方負(fù)責(zé)將貨物從船艙卸到輪船吊鉤可及之處的費(fèi)用。在輪船不能靠岸的情況下，駁船費(fèi)及貨物從駁船卸到岸上的費(fèi)用，概由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。CIF Landed（CIF卸到岸上）：賣方承擔(dān)貨物卸到碼頭的各項(xiàng)費(fèi)用，包括駁船費(fèi)和碼頭捐稅.FOB、CFR、CIF的比較1、Common points(1)都僅適用于海運(yùn)及內(nèi)河水運(yùn)；(2)交貨地點(diǎn)皆為裝運(yùn)港船上交貨；(3)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的劃分皆以裝運(yùn)港船舷為界； (4)都規(guī)定由賣方提供貨物及

60、商業(yè)發(fā)票；將貨物交至船上并及時(shí)通知買方；辦理出口手續(xù)；(5)都規(guī)定由買方接收貨物、支付貨款；辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)。FOB、CFR、CIF的比較2、Differences(1)辦理運(yùn)輸?shù)呢?zé)任的規(guī)定不同，CIF和CFR下由賣方辦理運(yùn)輸，F(xiàn)OB下由買方辦理；(2)辦理保險(xiǎn)的責(zé)任不同，CIF下由賣方辦理保險(xiǎn)，F(xiàn)OB 和CFR下由買方辦理保險(xiǎn)；(3)術(shù)語(yǔ)后的地點(diǎn)不同；(4)各術(shù)語(yǔ)的價(jià)格構(gòu)成不同，CFR價(jià)等于FOB價(jià)加上運(yùn)費(fèi)，CIF價(jià)等于CFR價(jià)加上保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。不同貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)下價(jià)格換算FOB總成本 （ 生產(chǎn)成本國(guó)內(nèi)費(fèi)用預(yù)期利潤(rùn)）CFRFOBFCIFFOBFIFOB價(jià)換算成其他價(jià)CFRFOBFCIF（FOBF）/（1保險(xiǎn)