人教版必修四Unit4Astronomy

1、Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars 單元教學目標 技能目標Skill GoalsTalk about the science of the stars, the development of life and space travel and gravity.Practise giving instructions.Practise talking abut problems in study or life.Learn to use Noun Clauses as the subject.Learn to write an essay to

2、show your problems and the way to overcome them.II 目標語言功能句式Talk about the science of the stars, the development of life and space travel and gravityWhere do we come from?How did the universe begin?Why is the universe the way it was?How will it end?How much do you know about universe?Do you want to h

3、ave a space travel?Do you know something about gravity?Do you know something about black holes?Practise giving instructionsPlease look at/ listen to.Please check that.You need.Please pay attention to.Dont forget to.Youd better.Make sure you.Watch out for.You mustnt.Practice talking about problems in

4、 study or lifeMy problem is.The difficulty is.My trouble is.The question is.My advice is.What I think about it is.The fact is.My suggestion is.詞匯1 四會詞匯astronomy, system, religion theory atom billion globe violent carbon atmosphere unlike fundamental harmful acid chain multiply oxygen exist thus diox

5、ide puzzle biology biologist gravity satellite gentle physicist climate crash spaceship pull float mass2認讀詞匯astronomer, biochemistry, geophysics, solar, Big Bang, vapour, nitrogen, dissolve, amphibian, reptile, generally, mammal, global, comet, Issac Newton, Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking, lessen,

6、 weightlessly, cabin, exhaust, exclaim3 詞組solar system, in time, lay eggs, give birth to, in ones turn, carbon dioxide, preventfrom, block out, cheer up, now that, break out, watch out語法Noun Clauses as the subjectNoun Clauses as the subject is also called the Subject Clause. That means a Noun Clause

7、 serves as Subject in the sentence. The words which are used in this Noun Clause are: that, whether, who, what, which, when, where, how, why, etc.Example1. What it was to become was a mystery.2. It was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.III 教材分析與教材重組1. 教材分析本單元以astronomy: the scienc

8、e of the stars, the development of life, space travel and gravity為話題，通過本單元的幾篇閱讀材料使學生對以上問題有所了解，并通過文章中的一些探討性的問題，比如，The earth may become too hot for the lives on it. Then what will our future be? 使學生更好地了解我們的地球和我們的生活環(huán)境，并引發(fā)對“地球的將來如何”的熱烈討論，通過這些討論激發(fā)學生對天文學了解和探究的強烈興趣。通過討論登月球需要的物品和可能遇到的困難學會提出問題和解決問題的表達方法，并能就此

9、寫出一篇表達合理思路清晰的短文。1.1WARMING UP以討論的形式通過三組問題引導學生討論邊緣科學，討論科學的方法以及要成為真正的科學家所必須掌握的技能。1.2PRE-READING 主要讓學生弄清楚什么是科學思想，什么是宗教信仰或文化傳統(tǒng)。在探討生命起源的科學道理之前，讓學生以聽故事或講故事的方式，交流有關(guān)宇宙的起源的種種傳說，既有趣味性，又能調(diào)動學生的相關(guān)知識，激活學生的思維。1.3READING 講述了地球上生命的起源。水的形成使得地球有別于其他星球，它使得地球上生命的誕生成為可能?？茖W家認為，地球上的生命首先誕生于水中，上百萬年后，陸地上才長出綠色植物，隨后出現(xiàn)了陸棲動物和水陸兩棲

10、動物。最初的動物靠孵化繁衍后代，后來出現(xiàn)了哺乳動物，人類也隨之誕生了。文章最后講了令人深省的問題：The earth may become too hot for the lives on it.1.4COMPREHENDING通過四個選擇填空題檢測學生對本文核心問題的理解：地球上生命的起源和延續(xù)需要哪些條件？隨后通過排序的方式幫助學生弄清本文的行文線索，也就是地球上生命的起源和發(fā)展歷程。最后提出兩個問題，考查學生的深層理解和推斷能力。1.5LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE分詞匯和語法兩部分。其中，Discovering useful words and expressions通

11、過英文釋意，短文填空，詞語分類和單項選擇等練習讓學生在語境中掌握和運用詞匯。Grammar采用先發(fā)現(xiàn)后應用的學習方法。先通過到課文中找句子，讓學生認識主語從句，然后，設(shè)置一個用一手機發(fā)短信息的情景，讓學生進行簡單句與主語從句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換練習。最后設(shè)置情景來復習表語從句。1.6USING LANGUAGE由Listening、Reading和Speaking and Writing三部分交互組合而成。指導學生在聽和讀的輸入性學習之后，完成說和寫的輸出性應用練習。Listening的內(nèi)容介紹三位科學巨匠。不僅通過聽力填表的形式訓練學生捕捉細節(jié)的能力，還通過四選一的方式幫助學生找主題思想。在解釋對與錯

12、的過程中，教師可以適當?shù)慕榻B一下概括主題的方法。Reading是一個科幻小故事，通過作者和作者的朋友乘宇宙飛船登月球的經(jīng)歷，介紹了重量、失重和地球引力等科學道理。Speaking 以Visiting the moon為話題，要求學生討論登月球需要攜帶的物品和在月球上可能遇到的困難。Writing要求學生找出登月球可能遇到的三個困難并找出克服這些困難的方法。在聽說讀寫綜合提高的同時，培養(yǎng)了學生的創(chuàng)新意識和實踐能力。2. 教材重組2.1 將 Warming up、Pre-reading、Reading 和Comprehending四部分整合在一起上一節(jié)閱讀課。2.2 將Leaning about

13、language和 Workbook中的 Using Words and expressions以及 Using Structures整合在一起上一節(jié)語法課。2.3 聽力Using language中的 Listening與 Workbook中 Listening和Listening task三部分話題較為接近，其中Listening部分是介紹三位對地球引力的認識做出巨大貢獻的科學偉人。在提高聽力的同時，為下文的Reading部分作了鋪墊。Workbook中 Listening是關(guān)于轟動一時的航天英雄楊利偉的故事。通過聽力練習，讓學生了解作為宇航員所需要哪些素質(zhì)。而Listening task

14、中的聽力則是向?qū)W生展示space travel 的潛在價值。既然三部分都在談論與Astronomy有關(guān)的內(nèi)容，所以放在一起處理比較合適。2.4 把Using Language 中的Speaking 和 Workbook 中的 Talking 和 Speaking task放在一起整合成一節(jié)口語訓練課。這幾部分涉及到本單元的功能句，指導學生學會如何思考需要的東西，怎樣給別人以指示以及如何向別人問問題。2.5 泛讀 是把Using language中的Reading和Workbook中的Reading task 整合在一起。這兩部分利用science fiction story向讀者解釋gravi

15、ty和black hole.2.6 寫作練習是把Using language中的Writing 和Workbook中的Writing Task以及Project整合在一起上一堂寫作練習課。3. 課型設(shè)計與課時分配（經(jīng)教材分析，本單元可以用6課時教完）1st periodIntensive Reading 2nd periodLanguage study3rd periodListening4th periodExtensive Reading5th periodSpeaking6th periodWritingIV. 分課時教案The First Period Intensive Readin

16、gTeaching goals 教學目標1. Target language目標語言重點詞語：theory, atom, billion, globe, violent, carbon, atmosphere, fundamental, harmful, acid, multiply, oxygen, exist, prevent, dioxide2. Ability goals 能力目標a. Enable Ss to talk about the science of the stars, the development of life and space travel and gravit

17、y.Where do we come from?How did the universe begin?Why is the universe the way it was?How will it end?How much do you know about universe?Do you want to have a space travel?Do you know something about gravity?b. Understand the text and answer the following questions:What was there on the earth befor

18、e life could begin?Why do scientists think there has never been life on the moon?Why did animals first appear in the seas?Why did green plants help life to develop?Why were mammals different from other animals?c. Enable the Ss to understand the details about the passage, choosing the correct answer

19、according to the text and put the order of development of life into a time line and answer questions.d. Retell the passage using key sentences.3. Learning ability goals 學能目標Enable Ss to learn how to talk about the beginning of life on the earth.Teaching important points教學重點a. Talk about the beginnin

20、g of life on the earth.Why did animals first appear in the seas?Why did green plants help life to develop?b. Discuss the order of development of life.Teaching difficult points教學難點a. Understand the beginning of life on the earth.b. Discuss the questions:What will our future be if the earth may become

21、 too hot for the lives on it?Why are humans the cleverest animals on the earth? Teaching methods教學方法a. Skimming and scanning.b. Asking-and-answering activity to check the Ss understanding of the text.c. Individual, pair or group work to finish each task.d. Discussion.Teaching aids教具準備A recorder, a c

22、omputer and a projector.Teaching procedures & ways教學過程與方式Step I PresentationT: Hello, everyone! Today well come to Unit 4 Astronomy. Before that I have a question: Where do we come from? Or we can say: Who are our ancestors?S1: Monkeys!S2: Beijing Ren who lived many years ago.S3: Reptiles.S4: Mammal

23、s.S5: Amphibians.S6: Dinosaurs.T: Very good! Can you put them in right order?S7: Amphibians, Reptiles, Dinosaurs, Mammals, Beijing Ren.T: Do you know what it was like before life appeared on earth?S8: It was full of water, perhaps.T: Before that, what was it like?S9: Sorry, I dont know.T: Do you wan

24、t to get more information? Today well learn something about How Life Began on the Earth. Turn to Page 25. Lets come to Warming up first.Step II Warming up 1. Read the three questions, while the students listen and follow.2. Give the Ss several minutes to discuss the questions.3. Collect answers from

25、 the whole class.4. Check the answers while discussing.T: Ill read the three questions for you. You should listen to me carefully. (If students dont know how to discuss, show them an example.) For example, medicine. When someone gets serious illness, he will go to the hospital. The doctor will exami

26、ne him. He will take his temperature, measure his blood pressure and give him an X-ray, or a CT. For the whole process of the examination, what kind of science has been used?S1: Biology.S2: Chemistry.T: So we can say medicine combines biology and chemistry. What about biochemistry and geophysics?S3:

27、 I think biochemistry combines biology and chemistry.S4: Geophysics combines geology and physics.T: What about astronomy?S5: Physics.S6: Mathematics.T: Very good. We should know that astronomy is a multidisciplinary subject and if we want to do some research on it, we should know many science subjec

28、ts related to it. Now discuss the second question:What do we mean when we say we are studying a subject scientifically? Or whats the correct attitude towards science? S7: We should be objective, not superstitious.T: Whats the correct way to prove a scientific idea?S8: We should design experiments to

29、 test it for several times.S9: Then we can analyze the results and draw a conclusion at last.T: Lets sum up the answers. To study a subject scientifically, we must try to be objective. In order to test our idea, we should design experiments, then analyze the results and draw a conclusion. Now lets t

30、alk about the third question.What are the most important skills we need to be real scientists?S10: We should be very careful.S11: Be objective and logical.S12: We should be wise enough to design an experiment and write the reports clearly.S13: We should be able to draw conclusions from the experimen

31、ts and not impose conclusions on the data.T: I think you have done great work. From the discussion we know that its not easy to be a scientist. So you should work harder if you want to be a scientist.Step Pre-readingGet the Ss to discuss the questions on Page 25 with their partners. Then ask the Ss

32、to tell their stories. Encourage the Ss to tell different stories. If they dont know any, tell them some.T: Now please look at the slide show. And discuss these questions with your partners. Then Ill ask some students to tell us their stories. Are you clear?Ss: Yes, Sir/Madam.1. Do you know each rel

33、igion or culture has its own ideas about the beginning of the universe? Please give an example if you know.2. Do you know what a scientific idea is?After the Ss discussion, teacher says the following.T: Now whod like to tell us a story? Volunteer!S1: Let me try. In China, we all know that Pangu sepa

34、rates the sky from the earth.T: Can you describe the story in details?S1: Sorry, I cant remember clearly.T: Who can? Nobody? Now Ill tell you. Look at the screen.Pangu separates the sky from the earthThe sky and the earth were at first one blurred entitylike an egg. Pangu was born into it. The separ

35、ation of the sky and the earth took 18,000 years- the Yang which was light and pure rose to become the sky, and the Yin which was heavy and murky sank to form the earth. Between them was Pangu, who went through nine changes every day, his wisdom, greater than that of the sky and his ability greater

36、than that of the earth. Every day the sky rose ten feet higher, the earth became ten feet thicker, and Pangu grew ten feet taller. Another 18,000 years passed, and there was an extremely high sky, an extremely thick earth, and an extremely tall Pangu. Then came the Three Emperors (the Emperor of the

37、 Sky, the Emperor of the Earth, and the Emperor of the Men.)So these numbers came into existence and evolve like this. The number begins with one, becomes established at three, is completed at five, prospers at seven, and ends in nine. So the sky is ninety thousand li from the earth.Other legends ab

38、out the beginning of universeThe Biblical Account“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said”Day 1: God spoke and separated light from darkness c

39、reating Day and Night Day 2: God spoke and separated the water creating sky and ocean Day 3: God spoke and created dry land Day 4: God spoke and created the sun, moon and stars Day 5: God spoke and created living creatures in the air and sea Day 6: God spoke and created the land animals and man Day

40、7: God rested and blessed this day calling it Holy India Brahma has created the world many times. This creation is repeated every four ages or yugas. There are four yugas in one eon or kalpa. In the beginning of each kalpa the world is a watery chaos. As Brahma thought beings were created. The demon

41、s were created by a wind from his rectum. After creating the demons he discarded his body which became night. He assumed a new body and out of his mouth came the shining gods or devas. This body was also discarded and became day. With his next body he created ancestor spirits. With his fourth body B

42、rahma created human beings. This discarded body became the moon. With the fifth body Brahma had a strange thought and he created ogres, terrible creatures that wanted to devour the primordial sea of chaos. In shock at what he had done he then created ghouls. Finally he regained his senses and create

43、d birds, mammals, plants and all the other life that we see today. JapanIn the beginning the world was chaos until the heaven and earth separated. When this separation occurred the Three High Deities created two principles, the passive, Izanami or the Female, and the active, Izanagi or the Male. It

44、was these two people who are our ancestors.In the beginning the heaven and the earth were one. The In (Yin) and Yo (Yang) had not been separated. All that existed was chaos in the form of an egg. This egg contained the seeds of the creation. Heaven, being made of the purer portion of the substance r

45、ose and the earth being heavier did not. As the heaven rose， the islands began to be formed. Later a strange plant grew between heaven and earth which became a great male god. Two additional male gods followed. These three were formed by the will of heaven. Following this six deifies were formed and

46、 then Izanagi (the male ) and Izanami (the female ). Izanagi and Izanami were the first ancestors. They thrust down the jeweled spear of heaven into the sea. As they lifted the spear the liquid on the tip formed the islands of Japan. EuropeCelticThere were giants in the past. These giants were the g

47、ods. During the first winter a large giant was made from the hoarfrost. When this giant was exposed to fire he naturally melted. The body of this giant became the world. His hair became the forests. His skull became the sky. His blood produced the sea. His bones produced the mountains. In the middle

48、 of the earth on high mountains live the gods. South America IncaThe Incas worshiped a god named Pachacamac, also known as Viracocha. This god had originally risen from the water of Lake Titicaca and created the stars, planets and the moon. Pachacamac created everything, including people, out of cla

49、y. Because he felt sorry for humans, Pachacamac sent his daughter, the moon god, to teach humans how to build houses, grow crops and make clothes. The children of Pachacamac lived at lake Titicaca but could travel. When they traveled they were required to stick into the ground a golden rod they rece

50、ived from their father, Pachacamac. Each time this happened the humans would build a city.T: Are they interesting? Though they are interesting, they are only legends. We should believe a scientific idea. Whats a scientific idea?S2: It should be an idea coming from scientific theory.T: Quite right. N

51、ow well come to Reading. Thats a scientific idea.Step ReadingRead the passage carefully and analyse its structure. Write down the main idea for each paragraph.Para.1: A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universePara 2: The formation of the earthPara.3: The importance of water for lif

52、ePara.4: The development of plants and animals on the earthPara.5: The arrival of humans and their impact on the earthReading and answer the questions.1. Why was the earth different from other planets? The water remained.2. Why was life able to develop on the earth but not on other planets? The wate

53、r stayed on the earth but not on other planets. 3. Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals? Plants provided oxygen for animals to breathe.4. What problem is caused by human beings? They cause global warming. 5. Why is it wrong in films and stories to show dinosaurs and people together

54、? Because dinosaurs died out long before human beings developed on the earth.6. Why do you think that humans are the cleverest animals on the earth? They are the cleverest animals because they have larger brains than any other creature on the earth so far.7. Why is it wrong in films and stories to s

55、how dinosaurs and people together? Because dinosaurs died out long before human beings developed on the earth.8. There used to be nine planets in the solar system. Recently scientists have decided that one of them can no longer be considered a planet. Do you know the name of that planet? Do you know

56、 why they removed it? Pluto. Scientists now think it is too small to be called a planet. Analyze how life began on earth.ListeningListen to the tape for the students to follow and have further understanding of the passage.T: Read after the tape, then answer me some questions with your book closed.Pl

57、ay the tapeT: How did water come into being on the earth?If one student cant answer completely, ask two or three or more students.Ss: The explosion of the earth produced water vapor, which turned into water when the earth cooled down.T: Why is water important on the earth?Ss: Because water allowed t

58、he earth to dissolve harmful gases into the oceans and seas.T: No.3, finish the following form.21 small plants in water3 green plants on land4insects(on land)57 8 96 forestsKey to the exercise:2. shellfish and all sorts of fish 5.amphibian(on land and in water)7. reptiles (on land) 8.dinosaurs(on la

59、nd) 9.mammals(on land)T: Thats all for this passage. Now lets deal with some language points.Passage Analyzing Chart of the textHow life began on the earthwater1 small plants in water2 shellfish and all sorts of fish3 green plants on land6 forests4 insects(on land)5 amphibians(on land and in water)7

60、 reptiles (on land)8 dinosaurs (on land)9 mammals (on land)10. small clever animals with hands and feet11. humanText RetellingRetell the text using about 100 words.Notes: Use the two questions and the chart to retell the passage; the possible version below can be used as a material for both retellin