計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Unit-2-Hardware課件

1、Unit Two HardwarePassage One A Brief Introduction to the ComputerTraining target: In this part, our target is to train your reading comprehension. We have made the flexible sentences strong black and marked the subject, predicate and have object of them. Try to grasp the main idea of these sentences

2、.主語、謂語、賓語Passage One A Brief Introduction to the ComputerA computer is just a machine, but a computer system consists of two main elements: the machine and programs. Like a person, a computer system is composed of two parts: the bonehardware and the soulsoftware. The central idea of a computing syst

3、em is that input is processed into output. Input is the data which is entered into the computer, and output is the result of processing done by the computer, usually printed out or displayed on the screen. Let us get closer to the computer from the basic components. When talking about computers, suc

4、h image as Pic 2.1 will appear in our mind: a display screen known as the basic output device, a keyboard usually together with a mouse as the basic input device, and a cabinet known as a machine gram n. 程序hardware n. 硬件software n. 軟件component n. 部件display screen 顯示器output device 輸出設(shè)備keyboard

5、 n. 鍵盤mouse n. 鼠標(biāo)input device 輸入設(shè)備cabinet n. 匣子,機(jī)殼Passage One A Brief Introduction to the ComputerPassage One A Brief Introduction to the ComputerWith the development of science and technology, the modern computer becomes more and more flexible, and the hardware family becomes stronger and stronger.

6、 A lot of new peripherals appear. These peripherals can be classified into two groupsinput devices and output devices. Input devices (Pic 2.2), as the name suggests, are any hardware components that allow you to put the data, programs and commands into the computer. One of the most important input d

7、evices is the keyboard. Users can type in text or enter keyboard commands using the keyboard. Another device which can be used to input data is a scanner. This electronic device is used to transfer an image such as text, or pictures into the computer. The most useful pointing device is a mouse, whic

8、h allows the user to point to elements on the screen. And there are some other input devices, such as microphone, PC camera, digital camera, joystick, graphics tablet and light pen. flexible adj. 靈活的peripheral n. 外圍設(shè)備scanner n. 掃描機(jī)pointing device 定點(diǎn)設(shè)備microphone n. 麥克風(fēng)PC camera 攝像頭digital camera 數(shù)碼相機(jī)

9、joystick n. 游戲桿graphics tablet 圖形寫字板light pen 光筆Passage One A Brief Introduction to the ComputerPassage One A Brief Introduction to the ComputerOutput devices (Pic 2.3)are devices that let you see what the computer has accomplished. Several devices are used to display the output from a computer. The

10、 favorite monitor is the LCD, which is slim and takes up little space, and displays text and images with greater clarity. Another important output device is the printer, which allows the user to copy the data in the computer into the paper. Speakers and headphones allow the listener to hear audio da

11、ta, such as speech or music through the computer. And there are some other output devices, such as projector and facsimile machine. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) abbr. 液晶顯示器 speaker n. 揚(yáng)聲器headphone n. 耳機(jī)audio n. 音頻projector n. 投影儀facsimile machine 傳真機(jī)Passage One A Brief Introduction to the ComputerPa

12、ssage One A Brief Introduction to the ComputerAll the components of a computer that we can see and feel are hardware. They work together to help us with our daily work. Then what is software? Software, also called a computer program, is a set of commands which the computer understands and follows, a

13、nd a set of instructions that tell the hardware of a computer what to do. These commands and instructions perform tasks which the user wants the computer to do.Do you know how a computer can manage so many devices? The real secret lies in the machine box. When we take the cover off a small computer

14、and look inside, the real computer appears in front of us,we will see a few circuit boards, some wires and some cables. In fact, the motherboard is the most important part in the machine box. Two main components on the motherboard are the CPU and memory. command n. 命令instruction n. 指令wire n. 導(dǎo)線cable

15、 n. 電纜線motherboard n. 母板，主板CPU (Central Processing Unit) abbr. 中央處理器memory n. 內(nèi)存Passage One A Brief Introduction to the ComputerThe CPU is sometimes referred to as the processor. It is the electronic device that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer.The CPU is t

16、he control and data processing center of the whole computer system. You can simply regard it as a skillful cook, the only difference is just that the cook processes meat and vegetable,and makes them become delicious dishes. Here meat and vegetables are the input for the cook, and some dishes certain

17、ly are the output from the cook. Now turn back to our CPU, it can process the digital data from an input device, and output them to an output devices.Just like the excellent cook we mentioned before, he must need a number of empty plates around him, which stored meats and vegetables processed by the

18、 cook, thats a great help for his cooking. And after dinner, the plates should be cleaned up. Memory stores information processed by the CPU. The data stream can flow from the CPU into memory or on the contrary. Memory consists of RAM and ROM. Any information in RAM will be lost when the computer is

19、 turned off, just like that the plates be cleaned by the cook. cook n. 廚師digital data 數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)data stream 數(shù)據(jù)流RAM (Random Access Memory)abbr. 隨機(jī)存取存儲(chǔ)器contrary n. 相反ROM (Read Only Memory) abbr. 只讀存儲(chǔ)器Passage One A Brief Introduction to the ComputerMost of the devices connected to the computer communicate wi

20、th CPU in order to carry out a task. The CPU controls the data flow on the inner Bus, there are three kinds of Buses used in our computer: AB, DB and CB. The most popular bus to be used on a motherboard is a PCI bus. That is peripheral components interface bus. The CPU uses storage to hold data, ins

21、tructions and information for future use. Storage also called secondary storage, auxiliary storage, Think of storage as a little cabinet used to hold file folders, and memory as the top of your desk. When you need a file, you can get it from the filing cabinet (storage) and place it on your desk (me

22、mory).When you finish a file, you return it to the filing cabinet (storage).The items in storage are retained even when power is removed from the computer.inner Bus 內(nèi)部總線AB (Address Bus) abbr. 地址總線DB (Data Bus) abbr. 數(shù)據(jù)總線CB (Control Bus) abbr. 控制總線PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect)abbr. 外設(shè)部件互連aux

23、iliary storage輔助存儲(chǔ)器file folder 文件夾filing cabinet 文件柜retain v. 保留Passage One A Brief Introduction to the Computerhardware n. 硬件 software n. 軟件keyboard n. 鍵盤 mouse n. 鼠標(biāo)printer n. 打印機(jī) scanner n. 掃描機(jī)speaker n. 音箱 projector n. 投影儀wire n. 導(dǎo)線 cable n. 電纜線motherboard n. 母板，主板 memory n. 內(nèi)存instruction n. 指令

24、headphone n. 耳機(jī)speaker n. 揚(yáng)聲器 audio n. 音頻scanner n. 掃描機(jī) joystick n. 游戲桿microphone n. 麥克風(fēng) peripheral n. 外圍設(shè)備output device 輸出設(shè)備 input device 輸入設(shè)備 Key WordsPassage One A Brief Introduction to the Computerdisplay screen 顯示器 light pen 光筆auxiliary storage 輔助存儲(chǔ)器 inner Bus 內(nèi)部總線file folder 文件夾 facsimile mach

25、ine 傳真機(jī)digital data 數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù) data stream 數(shù)據(jù)流pointing device 定點(diǎn)設(shè)備 PC camera 攝像頭 digital camera 數(shù)碼相機(jī) command n. 命令graphics tablet 圖形寫字板 CPU（Central Processing Unit） abbr. 中央處理器RAM（Random Access Memory） abbr. 隨機(jī)存取存儲(chǔ)器ROM（Read Only Memory） abbr. 只讀存儲(chǔ)器LCD（Liquid Crystal Display） abbr. 液晶顯示器 PCI（Peripheral Com

26、ponent Interconnect） abbr. 外設(shè)部件互連AB（Address Bus） abbr. 地址總線DB（Data Bus） abbr. 數(shù)據(jù)總線CB（Control） Bus abbr. 控制總線Key WordsPassage Two How Does a Computer Work?Training target: In this part our target is to train your reading speed. You should pay more attention to “keywords”. We have marked keywords in s

27、ome paragraphs. You can quickly grasp the main idea of the sentences and paragraphs by these keywords, the rest can be practiced by yourself. It will raise your reading speed. 關(guān)鍵詞Passage Two How Does a Computer Work?When we talk about the computer, we usually meet the topic: motherboard (Pic 2.4). T

28、he main circuit board in a computer is called the motherboard. It is a flat board that holds all of the key elements microprocessorn. 微處理器socket n. 插座plug in 插上that make up the “brain” of the system, including the microprocessor or CPU, RAM or primary memory, and expansion slots which are sockets wh

29、ere other circuit boards called expansion boards may be plugged in.Passage Two How Does a Computer Work?Let us use the system shown in Pic 2.5 to show you how a typical computer works. A computer is controlled by a stored program, so if we want to use a computer, the first step is copying the progra

30、m from diskette into memory. Now the processor can begin executing instructions; the data input from the keyboard are stored in memory. The processor processes the data and then stores the results back into memory. At last, we can get the cessor n. 處理器executev. 執(zhí)行Passage Two How Does a Com

31、puter Work?Now we can see that a computer system consists of four basic components. An input device provides data. The data are stored in memory, which also holds a program. Under the controls of the program, the computers processor processes the data. The results flow from the computer to an output

32、 device. Let us introduce the system components one by one, beginning with the processor. The processor, usually called the central processing unit (CPU) or main processor, is the heart of a computer. It is the CPU that in fact processes or manipulates data and controls all the rest parts of the com

33、puter. How can it manage its job? The secret is software. Without a program to provide control, a CPU can do nothing. How can a program guide the CPU through the processes? Let us consider from the basic element of a programinstruction. consists of 由組成manipulate v. 處理，操作element n. 元素Passage Two How

34、Does a Computer Work?An instruction is composed of two parts: an operation code and one or more operands (Pic 2.6). The operation codes tell the CPU what to do and the operands tell the CPU where to find the data to be manipulated. operand n. 操作數(shù)operation code 操作碼Passage Two How Does a Computer Work

35、?The processor contains four major components (Pic 2.7): a clock, an instruction control, an arithmetic and logic unit (usually shortened ALU) and several registers. The clock generates precisely timed pulses of current that synchronize the processors other components. Then the instruction control u

36、nit determines the location of the next instruction to be executed and fetches it from the main memory. The arithmetic and logic unit performs arithmetic operations (such as addition and subtraction) and logic operations (such as testing a value to see if it is true or false), while the registers ar

37、e temporary storage devices that hold control information, key data and some intermediate results. Since the registers are located in the CPU, the processing speed is faster than the main memory. Then which is the key component to a computers speed? It is the clock! In more detail, it is the clocks

38、frequency that decides a computers processing speed. When we buy a computer, we usually consider the main frequency first, and that means a clocks frequency.precisely adv. 精確地pulse n. 脈沖current n. 電流synchronize v. 同步register n. 寄存器temporary adj. 暫時(shí)的intermediate adj. 中間的frequency n. 頻率Passage Two How

39、 Does a Computer Work?Now we will talk more in detail about the Microprocessors and Central Processing Units (Pic 2.8). Microprocessors are central processing units etched on a tiny chip of silicon and, thus, are called microchips. Microprocessors contain many electronic switches, called transistors

40、, which determine whether electric current is allowed to pass through or now. Transistors are the basic switch n. 開關(guān)Passage Two How Does a Computer Work?building blocks of microprocessors. A single microchip may contain millions of transistors. When electric current is allowed to pass through, the s

41、witch is on. This represents a 1 bit. If the current does not pass through, the switch is off. This represents a 0 bit. Different combinations of transistors represent different combinations of bits, which are used to represent special characters, letters, and digits. represent v. 代表combination n. 組

42、合Passage Two How Does a Computer Work?microprocessor n. 微處理器processor n. 處理器operand n. 操作數(shù) register n. 寄存器frequency n. 頻率 switch n. 開關(guān)socket n. 插座 pulse n. 脈沖synchronize v. 同步 processor n. 處理器plug in 插上 operation code 操作碼Key WordsReading Storage DevicesTraining target: Read the following reading mat

43、erials and use the reading skills mentioned in the passage above. There may be some new words in the reading materials, just try to guess the meaning and put your dictionary aside.Reading Storage DevicesWe have known that the CPU controlled by program can process data. Then where are the data and th

44、e program from? The answer is storage devices. We usually divide the storage devices into two types: the main memory and the secondary storage. A CPU can only execute the instructions of a program which has already been in the main memory. The main memory of most computers is composed of RAM. A prog

45、rammer can read and write RAM. We can store data and programs into RAM. When we have finished using them, we can let new ones occupy the position of the main memory, destroying the old ones. In a word, the content of RAM is easy to change. Sometimes we dont want the content of memory to be changed,

46、for example, the automatic teller terminals used in many banks. They are controlled by a small computer, which is controlled by a program. If someone can the data to give free access to certain accounts, the bank would not Reading Storage Devicesallow such things to happen. In fact, these programs a

47、re stored in ROM, which we can only read but cannot modify. In a word, ROM is permanent memory that can be read, but not be written. How can a program or data enter the computer system? We often use diskette drive to copy them into the main memory. Then we come to the concept of secondary storage. H

48、ard Disk The hard drive is also called the hard disk, hard disk drive or fixed disk drive. The hard drive (Pic2.9) is the primary device that a computer uses to store data. Most computers have one hard drive located inside the computer case. If a computer has one hard drive, it is called “drive C ”.

49、 If a computer has additional hard drives, it is called “drive D, E, F ”, and so on. And the hard drive light is on when the computer is using the hard drive. Do not move the computer when this light is on. Reading Storage DevicesThe hard drive magnetically stores data on the stack of rotating disks

50、, called platters. And a hard drive has several read/write heads that read and record data on the disks. A hard drive can store your programs and data files.How shall we choose a hard drive? The first factor is the capacity. The amount of information a hard drive can store is measured in bytes. A ha

51、rd drive with a capacity of 2GB to 20GB will suit most home and business users. Purchase the largest hard drive you can afford. A hard drive will be quickly filled up with new programs and data. For example, Microsoft Word is a word processing program that requires about 16 MB of hard drive space. T

52、he second factor is average access time. The average access time is the speed at which a hard drive finds data. It is measured in milliseconds (ms). One millisecond equals 1/1000 of a second. Most hard drives have an average access time of 9 to 14 ms. The lower the average access time is, the faster the hard drive will be. Up to now, there are several connection types of the h