英語語態(tài)變換法講解

1、 1.Definition 2. Features of English and Chinese Passives 3. Conversion bet. Actives and Passives in E-C and C-E Translation 英語語態(tài)變換法講解 1. Definition 1). Conversion (bet. Actives and Passives) the change from the active voice into the passive voice or vice versa in E-C and C-E translation so as to ma

2、ke the translated version conform with the idiomatic usage of the target language. 轉態(tài)譯法就是在翻譯過程中把原文的被動語態(tài)轉換成譯文中的主動語態(tài)，或是把原文中的主動語態(tài)轉換成譯文中的被動語態(tài)。英語語態(tài)變換法講解 2). 主動句適用于強調施動者，說明它的動作、行為所起的作用。 The Active Structurea structure having as the subject the person or thing doing the action. 3). 被動句是主動句中處于賓語的受事者被 提到主語位置

3、上，強調被動者（受事）的被動地位和被動狀態(tài)。句中有時帶有被動意義的標記，有時卻不帶這種標記。 The Passive Structurea structure expressing an action which is done to the subject of a sentence. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解2. Features of English and Chinese Passives1). Peculiarities of English Passives(1). The wide use of the passive In the vast majority of cases the

4、 choice of the passive in English is due to one of the following reasons: A. When the active subject is known and need not be mentioned (施事已知不必言明） a). Visitors are requested to wait a while. b). The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged. 兇手已于昨日被捕，據(jù)說他將會被絞死。英語語態(tài)變換法講解B. W

5、hen the active subject is unknown or cannot be readily stated. (施事未知或難以言明） a). New factories are being built all over the country. 全國到處在興建工場。 b). Another bridge will be built over the river next year.C. When the active subject is self-evident from the context (施事從上下文中可以不言自明） a). She told me that her

6、 master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress. 她告訴我，她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人沒有講明任何理由，對她的行為沒有任何異議，也不許她向女主人申訴。英語語態(tài)變換法講解 b). The toast was duly drunk. D. When the active subject is not mentioned for some special

7、 reasons (tact or delicacy of sentiment) (使敘述顯得圓通、得體，或為了表達某種微妙的情緒） a). Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken. 今晚有人在此講了些不該講的話。 E. When active subject is less important than the object: a). A child was run over by a motor car. 一個小孩被汽車軋了。F. When the active subject i

8、s avoided for stylistic devices (to avoid incoherence on account of shifting construction) (出于造句的需要或修辭的考慮） a). Black actually loved her and was loved in return. b). Language is shaped by, and shapes human thought. 人的思想形成了語言，而語言又影響了人的思想。英語語態(tài)變換法講解 c). The ceremony was abbreviated by rain. 因為下雨，儀式舉行得很簡

9、短。 (2). The Large Variety of Passive Patterns Passive forms of the finite verbs in 8 tenses commonly used; Passive forms of the non-finite verbs and their perfect tense; A. Passive forms of the infinitives I want the letter to be dispatched at once. B. Passive forms of the participles; Youll find th

10、e topic being discussed everywhere. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解 C. Passive forms of the gerunds I have the honor of being elected. D. Passive forms of the sentences led by preparatory “it”; It is considered a shame to cheat in exam. 考試作弊是可恥的。 E. Passive forms of the verbs with double objects; He was given a prize. F.

11、 Passive forms of the verbs with complex objects; They neednt be kept waiting. G. Double-passive forms; The date is expected to be announced soon. 估計日期不久就會宣布。英語語態(tài)變換法講解 The book is announced to be published. H. Passive sense in active form (pseudo-activity of the subject)（形式主動，意義被動） a). These new pro

12、ducts sell like hot cakes. 這些產(chǎn)品十分暢銷。 b). The room filled rapidly. 房間很快就擠滿了。 c). This kind of cloth washes very well. 這種布很經(jīng)洗。 d). The clock winds up at the back. 這個鐘在背面上發(fā)條。 e). The plan is working out. 這項計劃正在制定。英語語態(tài)變換法講解I. Passive sense conveyed in lexical items or word groups (詞匯手段表達被動意義）(1). Nouns

13、referee (=to whom a question is referred to) 受委托者 his astonishment (=he was astonished) 他感到驚訝 the mans trial (=the man was tried) 那個人受審問(2). Adjs. respectable eatable (3). Pre. Phrases in ones possession/ in the possession of someone under the influence (of alcohol) 酒醉英語語態(tài)變換法講解2). Peculiarities of C

14、hinese Passives (1). The rare use of the passive form Chinese passive forms are rarely used unless they express derogatory (or sometimes, commendatory) meaning. Following is a brief summary of those cases where the passive forms are used:A. Denote an action undesirable or unpleasant (不如意) 被： 被捕 be a

15、rrested， 被俘: be captured 讓： 讓人擺布 be ordered about 給： 給某人逼走 be driven away by someone 叫：叫人說的一文不值: be said to be not worth a farthing 英語語態(tài)變換法講解 挨：挨罵: get a scolding/a dressing down 受：受騙: be deceived, 受傷：be wounded 為 所， 被所， 讓給 她被花言巧語所陶醉。She is intoxicated with sweet wordsB. Denote an action desirable o

16、r pleasant (如意) 受： 受歡迎: be welcome, 受表揚: be praised 被：被評為先進工作者: be made an advanced workerC. Denote a neuter sense 由： 時間由他決定。 The time will be decided by him 這本書由三人合譯。 This book was jointly translated by three persons.英語語態(tài)變換法講解 為所：這已為該組織所接受。 This has been accepted by the Organization. (2). The wide

17、use of active forms to express the passive sense In Chinese almost no difference can be seen in form bet. the active and the passive, no inflexion of the verb, no transposition of the subject, even no passive label “被“ and the like before the verb. Many Chinese verbs are active in form but passive i

18、n sense, i.e. there is disagreement between the syntactic and notional active or passive. Here are some basic patterns in which active forms are used to show passive sense.英語語態(tài)變換法講解 Pattern 1: O+(被)+（S）+V 1)、問題解決了。 The problem has been solved. 2)、困難可以克服。Difficulties can be overcome. 3)、會議延期了。 The me

19、eting was postponed. 4)、工作完成了。 The work has been finished. Pattern 2: O+(被)+（S）+V+M 1)、地圖掛在墻上。 A map is hung on the wall. 2)、樹栽在街道兩旁。Trees are planted on both sides of the streets. 3)、沙發(fā)擺在客廳里。Sofas are placed in the sitting-room.英語語態(tài)變換法講解 4)、字寫在黑板上。Words are written on the blackboard. Pattern 3: M+V

20、+O 1)、客廳里擺著沙發(fā)。In the sitting-room are placed some sofas. 2)、窗戶上貼著紙蝴蝶。On the window-pane is pasted a paper butterfly. 3)、街道兩旁栽著樹。On both sides of the street are planted trees. Pattern 4: O+（是）+S+(M)+V+的 （判斷句） 1)、這些產(chǎn)品是我國生產(chǎn)的。These products are made in our country. 2)、 風速是用秒米表示的。The speed of wind is mea

21、sured in meters per second. 3)、萬物都是原子構成的。All things are made up of atoms. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解Pattern 5: O+ M+加以/予以 +V 1)、這個問題將在下一章加以討論。This question will be discussed in the next chapter. 2)、 這必須在適當?shù)臅r候予以處理。This must be dealt with at an/the opportune time/moment. 3)、這個詞必須予以特別注意。The word must be paid special at

22、tention to. Pattern 6: (M)使/把/將+ O+(M)+V+M （無主句） 1)、必須使溫度很快從室溫升至攝氏125度。Temperature should be changed from room temperature to 125 C. 2)、不要故意把這些問題混在一起。These questions should not be mixed up. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解3)、用這個方法把油與水分開。 Oil must be separated from water by this method. C. passives in the following situati

23、ons:1). When active subject is less important than the object (強調受事，突出被動狀態(tài)） a). “財神爺”這個詞，不是我的用語， 是農民的發(fā)明。(鄧小平文選第三卷） That term, the “God of Wealth”, was invented not by me but by the farmers.英語語態(tài)變換法講解b). 譬如罷，我們之中的一個青年，因為祖上的陰功（姑且我這么說罷），得了一所大宅子，且不問他是騙來的，搶來的，或合法繼承的，或是做了女婿換來的。（魯迅拿來主義） Suppose one of our p

24、oor youths, thanks to the virtue of some ancestor (if I may be permitted to suppose such a thing), comes into possession of a large housenever mind whether obtained by trickery, force, lawful inheritance or marriage into a wealthy family. c). 這是雖在北方的風雪的壓迫下卻保持倔強挺立的一種樹。(茅盾白楊禮贊) This tree remains stubb

25、ornly erect even when crushed by the wind and snow of the north. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解2) When the active subject is not mentioned for some reasons (tact or delicacy of sentiment) (因種種原因，不出現(xiàn)或無須說明施事者） a). 如果工程是在人們的眼皮子底下進行，今天加一尺，明天高五寸；人來人往，滿地亂磚泥水，最后工程結束時人們也會跟著舒口氣，覺得這亂糟糟的局面總算有了了結。(圍墻) If the construction had been c

26、arried out under ones very eyesadding a foot today and six inches tomorrow, with people coming and going and the ground littered with bricks and plaster, when it was finally finished everyone would have felt a great sense of relief that the chaos was over. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解b). 黑暗是一秒鐘一秒鐘地淡了,但是它還留下了一個網(wǎng)。山啦，樹啦，

27、河啦，田啦，房屋啦，都罩在它的網(wǎng)下面。（月夜） Second by second the darkness faded, but it still was a net that covered everything. The mountains, the trees, the river, the fields, the housesall were enmeshed in it. 3). When the passive voice is used for stylistic devices (to avoid incoherence on account of shifting const

28、ruction)（使句子結構勻稱，文氣連貫） a). 他在全盛時期極孚眾望，無論富人還是窮人都用同樣敬重他。 In his day, he enjoyed tremendous popularity and was adored by both the rich and the poor. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解 b). 英語語法課時，我們上冠詞的用法，然后做了一些練習。 In the hour of English grammar, we were taught the usage of the article and then did some exercises about them. c)

29、.她出現(xiàn)在臺上，觀眾報以熱烈的掌聲。 She appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 4). The passive voice is used in some Chinese idioms or active structures with generic persons (某些習慣用語或泛指人稱為 主語的主動句） a). 大家忽然聽到了防空警報，急忙尋找掩護。 The air raid sirens were suddenly heard to warn people to take shelter.

30、英語語態(tài)變換法講解 b).可以有把握地說，會議會如期召開的。 It may be safely said that the meeting will be held on schedule. 5). The passive voice is used for politeness （語氣委婉，措辭禮貌） a). 請您為大家表演個節(jié)目。 You are requested to give a performance. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解6). The passive voice is used for expressiveness and vividness (借助英語的一些固定搭配或詞組） a

31、). 有經(jīng)驗者不易上圈套。 An old bird is not to be caught with chaff. b). 他得意忘形。 He was lost in exhilaration. c).他天生適合做水手。 He is cut out for a sailor. 7). In some active structures with a passive sense (含有被動意義的主動句） a). 這個問題必須馬上解決，否則會貽誤工期。 This problem has to be solved immediately, or will delay the schedule. 英語

32、語態(tài)變換法講解3. Conversion bet. Actives and Passives in E-C Translation 1). E. Passives into C. Actives (英被動漢主動） A. Original subjects unchanged (原主語不變） a). Result slips for the putonghua proficiency test will be issued to the testers tomorrow. 普通話水平考試成績單將于明天發(fā)給考試者。 b). Such liquid fuel rockets as are now b

33、eing used for space research have to carry their own supply of oxygen. 像現(xiàn)在用于宇宙研究的這類液態(tài)燃料火箭，必須自己攜帶氧氣。英語語態(tài)變換法講解c). If oil is struck, a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the oil pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves. 如發(fā)現(xiàn)/鉆到石油，則在油管頂部緊固地加蓋，讓石油通過一系列閥門流出。 B. Original subjects in

34、to objects （主語賓語） a). By the end of the war 900 people had been saved by the organization, but at the cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives. 大戰(zhàn)結束時，這個組織救出了900人，但那900人是以200多比利時人和法國人的生命為代價的。英語語態(tài)變換法講解b). If bad weather is expected, the forecaster must be able to suggest another airport within the ra

35、nge of the aircraft where the weather will be suitable for landing. 如果預計天氣惡劣，天氣預報人員必須能夠在該飛機航程內提出另一個天氣適合著陸的機場。c). During the visit, extensive, earnest and frank discussions were held between the two leaders. 在訪問期間，雙方領導人進行了廣泛、真誠和坦率的交談。d). A national link-up of computers could mean that a large amount

36、of information will be supplied to anyone who uses the system. 把全國的電腦連接起來意味著可以向任何使用該系統(tǒng)的人提供大量信息。英語語態(tài)變換法講解e). Sluggishness in the economy cannot be explained by cyclical factors; we need structural changes. 周期性因素并不能解釋經(jīng)濟停滯不前的原因；我們需要進行經(jīng)濟結構改革。C. Passives into the predicative verb“是”（英被動漢判斷句） a). Science

37、is discovered by a process of inquiry, observation, and experiment. 科學的道理是通過詢問、觀察、實驗這樣一個過程發(fā)現(xiàn)的。 b). How can a series of motionless, or still, pictures be blended on a screen to produce motion pictures? 英語語態(tài)變換法講解 一組不動的即靜止的圖片是怎樣在銀幕上連到一起合成電影的呢？D. Adding an indefinite subject (添加適當?shù)闹髡Z，如“有人，人家，人們，大家，眾人，我們

38、，人，本文”等) a). To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again. 為了探測月球的表面，人們一次又一次地發(fā)射火箭。 b). Vitamin C is much more than just a tonic for resisting colds. It is known to play an important role in the prevention of cancer and the promotion of a healthy heart and vascular system. 維生素C

39、絕不僅僅是可以御寒的補藥。人們還知道，維生素C在防癌和促進心臟以及脈管系統(tǒng)的健康方面也起著重要作用。英語語態(tài)變換法講解E). E. passives into C. subjectless sentences (英被動句漢無主句) a). Therefore, effective measures should be taken to control the size of cities so that they can grow healthily and steadily. 因此，應采取有效措施控制城市規(guī)模，讓城市健康平穩(wěn)地發(fā)展。 b). The unpleasant noise must

40、 be immediately put to an end. 必須立即終止這種討厭的噪音。 c). Attention has been paid to effective measures to prevent corruption. 已經(jīng)注意到采取有效防腐措施。英語語態(tài)變換法講解 d). Priority should be given to improve the quality of the products. 應注重提高產(chǎn)品質量。 e). Efforts should be made to proceed from reality, to take measures suited t

41、o local conditions and to give guidance tailored to the situation and plan carefully. 要堅持從實際出發(fā)，因地制宜，分類指導，搞好規(guī)劃。 英語語態(tài)變換法講解F). E. Actives into C. Passives (英主動漢被動) a). The government has vowed to sweep all shoddy and fake goods off the shelves. In addition, stiff penalties loom for counterfeits. 政府發(fā)誓將假

42、冒偽劣商品徹底清除出貨架。此外，假冒偽劣商品生產(chǎn)廠家將受到嚴厲處罰。 b). Single-sex schools are losing out to co-educational institutions. 單一性別的學校越來越不受歡迎，正被男女混合的學校所取代。 c). The sale of assets by the railway company could well kill a proposed deal for joint operations with a road haulage firm. 這家鐵路公司出售資產(chǎn)，完全有可能使其與一家公路運輸公司擬議的聯(lián)合經(jīng)營協(xié)議被取消。英

43、語語態(tài)變換法講解2). Keeping the Passive Structure Unchanged（英被動漢被動） A. Rendering into Chinese by using“被” or “給” a). If the scheme is approved, work on the project will start immediately. 如果方案被批準，這項工程將立即動工。 b). Part of the light may be reflected, absorbed or transmitted by the thing or object that comes int

44、o its way. 一部分的光或全部的光可能被（給）擋住其去路的東西或物體所反射、吸收或透射。英語語態(tài)變換法講解B. Rendering into Chinese by using“遭” or “受” a). Every one was fed up with her gossip. 人人都受夠了她的流言蜚語。 b). He was set upon by two masked men. 他遭到了兩個蒙面男子的襲擊。 c). He was policed by the bosses cops. 他受到老板雇用的警察的監(jiān)督。英語語態(tài)變換法講解C. Rendering into Chinese

45、by using “為所” a). Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with a sense of decency. 這種行為將會為一切有良知的人所蔑視。 b). I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card. 我為這些話所深深感動，后來我把它們寫在圣誕賀卡上。 英語語態(tài)變換法講解D. Rendering into Chinese by using 把”or“使”or“由”(譯成“把”、“使”和“由”句)a). Goodyear

46、, an American, had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard, non-sticky, and yet elastic. 有一個叫古德伊爾的美國人一直在努力尋找一種方法把橡膠做得硬而不粘，但是卻有彈性。 b). The time will come when homes will be heated from a small reactor in the basement. 有朝一日家庭將由安裝在地下室的小反應堆供熱。 英語語態(tài)變換法講解F. The passive voice

47、 replaced by other structures （英被動漢主動） a). The village is populated by about 15,000 farmers. 這個子里住著大約15000農民。 b). The news was passed on by word of mouth. 眾口相傳，消息不脛而走。 c). His holiday afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country. 每逢假日的下午，他總要漫游周圍的鄉(xiāng)村。 d). Not only politeness but an at

48、titude of reverence is demanded in church. 在教堂里，人們不僅要有禮貌，而且應該有一種虔誠的態(tài)度。英語語態(tài)變換法講解e). She was delivered of a boy. 她生了一個男孩。f). He has been wedded to translation. 他已與翻譯結下了不解之緣。g). he factory is understaffed by skillful workers. 該工廠缺乏熟練工人。h). The Chinese Table Tennis Team also visited a Manhattan public s

49、chool, delighting the pupils and being delighted by them. (China U.S. Table Tennis”) 中國乒乓球隊還訪問了曼哈頓的一所公立學校。隊員們和學生們都為這次見面感到高興。英語語態(tài)變換法講解4. Conversion bet. Actives and Passives in C-E Translation 1). C. sentences with passive labels（有被動標記) “被”、“受”、“遭”、“給”、“讓”、“挨”、“叫”、“為所”、 “加以”、“予以” A. C. Passives into

50、E. Actives（漢被動英主動） a). 他被嚇得坐了起來。 He started to sit up. b). 天太冷，水管都給凍住了。 It was so cold that the pipe froze. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解c). 他們將沖決一切束縛他們的羅網(wǎng)，朝著解放的路上迅跑。一切帝國主義、軍閥、貪官污吏、土豪劣紳，都將被他們葬入墳墓。（毛澤東選集第一卷） They will smash all the trammels that bind them and rush forward along the road to liberation. They will sweep al

51、l the imperialists, warlords, corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry into their graves. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解B. C. Passives into E. Passives (漢被動英被動) a). 窗上的玻璃叫那個孩子打破了，他一定要挨罵的。 The windowpane was broken by the child; he will certainly be scolded. b). 社會主義思想體系已為全國人民所接受。 Socialist ideology has been acce

52、pted the people of the whole country. c). 整個地區(qū)為熱帶、亞熱帶森林所覆蓋，氣候獨特。 The whole area is covered by tropical as well as subtropical forest and has unique climate.英語語態(tài)變換法講解d). 社會上行行色色的人物，被區(qū)分得一清二楚。 People of all sorts in our society have been clearly revealed for what they are. e). 人生的道路雖然漫長，但緊要處常常只有幾步，特別是當

53、人年輕的時候。（柳青：創(chuàng)業(yè)史） Although the road of life is long, its most important sections are often covered in only a few steps, esp. when a person is young. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解C. Special Chinese Actives (特殊類型的主動句）（漢主動英主動：似是主動，但其謂語動詞多為不及物動詞和某些特殊用法的動詞） a). 這酒口感不錯，與價格相稱。 This wine drinks well for its price. b). 白臺布容易臟。 Th

54、e white table cloth stains easily. c). 這種食物不好消化。 The food wont digest well. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解2). C. sentences without passive labels (沒有被動標記) Such sentences appear active in structure, but actually passive in meaning, with their subjects being logical objects of the predicate verbs. A. C. Actives into E. Pa

55、ssives (漢主動句英被動句) A). Keeping the original subject （原主語不變） a). 知識分子的問題就是在這樣的基礎上提出來的。 On such a basis has the question of the intellectuals been raised. b). 大米產(chǎn)于南方。 Rice is chiefly grown in the South. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解 c). 來賓請出示入場券。 Visitors are required to show their tickets. d). 晚上九點以后，長途話費可以減少50%。 After 9

56、 p.m., the long-distance telephone rate can be cut by half. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解B). The object into the subject (原賓語主語） a). 一群人立刻把他圍住了，向他提出了一個又一個的問題。 Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with questions. b). 我國各族人民每年都要熱烈慶?！笆弧眹鴳c節(jié)。 National Day is enthusiastically celebrated on Oct. 1 by t

57、he Chinese people of all nationalities every year. c). 中美已經(jīng)建立了外交關系。 Diplomatic relations have been established between China and the United States. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解d). 政府授權工商部門嚴厲取締投機倒把活動。 Departments in charge of industry and commerce are authorized by the government to ban speculation and profiteering. C.

58、 Subjectless C. Structures into E. Passives (漢無主句英被動) a). 必須加快現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度建立，深化經(jīng)濟體制改革。 The establishment of a modern corporate system must be accelerated and economic restructuring deepened. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解b). 發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯誤，一定要糾正。 Wrongs must be corrected when they are discovered.c).清理并減少了行政審批事項 Administrative procedur

59、es for examination and approval were rectified and reduced. d). 加強了政府決策科學化、民主化工作，對涉及群眾利益的重大事項實行公示、聽證等制度。 Government decision making was made more scientific and democratic, and a system of public notices and public hearings on matters affecting the interests of the people was instituted. 英語語態(tài)變換法講解e)

60、. 繼續(xù)加強“三農”工作。28個?。▍^(qū)、市）全部免征了農業(yè)稅，全國取消了牧業(yè)稅。 Work related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers was further intensified. The agricultural tax was rescinded in 28 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, and the livestock tax was rescinded nationwide.f). 體