社會研究方法第12講：定性研究的其他方法精課件

1、社會研究方法 第12講：定性研究的其他方法 Agenda案例研究實(shí)驗(yàn)法內(nèi)容分析法比較歷史分析法2 案例研究法3案例研究案例研究什么是案例研究？是指對案例的深入詳細(xì)的分析方法，“案例”可以指個(gè)人，組織, 社會行動等。案例研究法最適合于研究的問題類型是“ 怎么樣”和“ 為什么”, 研究對象是目前正在發(fā)生的事件, 研究者對于當(dāng)前正在發(fā)生的事件不能控制或極少能控制。案例研究作為一種研究思路, 包含了各種方法, 涵蓋了研究設(shè)計(jì)的邏輯、資料收集技術(shù), 以及具體的資料分析手段。就這一意義來說, 案例研究既不是資料收集技術(shù), 又不僅限于設(shè)計(jì)研究方案本身 , 而是一種全面的、綜合性的研究思路。4對案例研究的傳統(tǒng)

2、偏見1.對案例研究的最大質(zhì)疑是認(rèn)為案例研究法缺少嚴(yán)密性很少有方法論教材詳細(xì)教導(dǎo)研究者如何設(shè)計(jì)完善的案例研究方案。2對于案例研究的第二個(gè)疑慮是認(rèn)為其不能提供科學(xué)歸納的基礎(chǔ)。 案例研究法如同實(shí)驗(yàn)法一樣, 同樣可以通過歸納得出具有理論色彩的結(jié)論。從這個(gè)意義上說, 案例研究法如同實(shí)驗(yàn)法一樣,其研究主旨并不僅僅在于某一“ 樣本”。在進(jìn)行案例研究時(shí), 你的目的是歸納出理論( 分析歸納) , 而不是計(jì)算頻率( 統(tǒng)計(jì)歸納)。3.是案例研究需要投入太多時(shí)間之所以出現(xiàn)這種誤解, 可能是因?yàn)樗麄儼寻咐芯颗c其他某些特定的資料收集過程, 如人類學(xué)或參與性觀察搞混淆了。5俞志元 ，2012,集體性抗?fàn)幮袆咏Y(jié)果的影響因素

3、一項(xiàng)基于三個(gè)集體性抗?fàn)幮袆拥谋容^研究，社會學(xué)研究第3期。8案例選擇9俞志元，2012,集體性抗?fàn)幮袆咏Y(jié)果的影響因素一項(xiàng)基于三個(gè)集體性抗?fàn)幮袆拥谋容^研究，社會學(xué)研究第3期。10結(jié)論11結(jié)論12Rachel Schurman and William Munro. 2009. Targeting capital：A cultural economy approach to understanding the efficacy of two anti-genetic engineering movements. American Journal of Sociology Vol 115 No. 1 1

4、3Kitschelt, Herbert 1986,“Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 16.14Research questions: how do the characteristics of domestic political opportunity structures influence the mobilization strategies a

5、nd impacts of anti-nuclear movement in four countries ?POS set the range of likely protest activities. POS facilitate or impede movement impact (procedure, substantive and structral)Input：1）政黨的數(shù)量，2）立法機(jī)構(gòu)能獨(dú)立于行政機(jī)構(gòu)制定和控制政體的能力，3）利益集團(tuán)與行政部門的互動模式 4）利益集團(tuán)的意見能滲透到政策制定的過程中Output: 1）政府機(jī)構(gòu)的集中程度2）政府能控制市場的程度，3）司法機(jī)構(gòu)的獨(dú)立

6、性Kitschelt, Herbert 1986,“Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 16.15實(shí)驗(yàn)法16實(shí)驗(yàn)法的三個(gè)組成部分實(shí)驗(yàn)法是一種經(jīng)過精心設(shè)計(jì)的，并在高度控制的條件下，通過操縱某些因素，來研究變量之間的因果關(guān)系的方法。實(shí)驗(yàn)法的三個(gè)基本要素：自變量和因變量自變量：實(shí)驗(yàn)刺激因變量是結(jié)果變量實(shí)驗(yàn)者就是要比較出刺激和不出現(xiàn)刺激所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果的差異。前測和后測

7、在給予實(shí)驗(yàn)刺激之前，先對因變量進(jìn)行測量，即前側(cè)然后在接受實(shí)驗(yàn)刺激之后，再對因變量測量，即后測研究者通過比較前測和后測的結(jié)果，來衡量因變量在被給予實(shí)驗(yàn)刺激前后所發(fā)生的變化，反應(yīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)刺激（自變量）對因變量所產(chǎn)生的影響。實(shí)驗(yàn)組和控制組 17實(shí)驗(yàn)法的三個(gè)組成部分 實(shí)驗(yàn)法的三個(gè)基本要素：自變量和因變量前測和后測實(shí)驗(yàn)組和控制組 實(shí)驗(yàn)組是接受實(shí)驗(yàn)刺激的那一組對象；控制組是并不給予實(shí)驗(yàn)刺激的那一組對象。為什么要引入控制組？要證明兩個(gè)事物之間的因果關(guān)系，我們需要排除其他相關(guān)事物造成因變量變化的可能性。在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，最有可能的影響因素是前測的影響。為了排除這個(gè)因素，我們需要有一個(gè)控制組。18實(shí)驗(yàn)對象的挑選實(shí)驗(yàn)法中必須

8、有兩組各方面都一樣的對象，保證實(shí)驗(yàn)組和控制組的可比性。匹配法：根據(jù)各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或特征，找出兩個(gè)完全 或幾乎完全相同的實(shí)驗(yàn)對象進(jìn)行配對，并將其中一個(gè)對象分到實(shí)驗(yàn)組，另一個(gè)對象分到控制組。隨機(jī)指派： 在所有受試者中，按照隨機(jī)抽樣的原理來分配。隨機(jī)指派比匹配法更有優(yōu)勢。19實(shí)驗(yàn)法 20-研究對黑人的偏見。假設(shè)了解黑人對美國歷史的貢獻(xiàn)會減少對他們的偏見，我們就能通過實(shí)驗(yàn)來驗(yàn)證。首先，我們可以測出一組實(shí)驗(yàn)對象對黑人偏見的程度。然后放映一部描繪黑人對美國科學(xué)、文學(xué)、政治社會做出卓越貢獻(xiàn)的紀(jì)錄片。最后再重新測量他們的偏見水平，看看這部影片是否有效果。-通過控制組可以發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)本身的影響。如果后測顯示控制組的偏見承

9、兌降低水平和實(shí)驗(yàn)組一樣，那么偏見的減弱是由于實(shí)驗(yàn)本身或者其他外在因素的影響，而不是影片的作用。如果只有實(shí)驗(yàn)組的偏見減弱，或者實(shí)驗(yàn)組比控制組的偏見減弱得更明顯，那么是影片的作用。實(shí)地實(shí)驗(yàn)（field experiment)實(shí)地實(shí)驗(yàn)（field experiment) vs 實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)(laboratory experiment)實(shí)地實(shí)驗(yàn)是指在現(xiàn)實(shí)社會生活中進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)。好處：能在自然的狀態(tài)下觀察人們的行為，而不是封閉的實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境；有些研究內(nèi)容是無法在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中人工制造出來的（如voter turnout)。不足：容易受到外界條件的干擾，實(shí)驗(yàn)條件相對于實(shí)驗(yàn)室來說較難控制。應(yīng)用：Economists ha

10、ve used field experiments to analyze discrimination, healthcare programs, charitable fundraising, education, and microfinance programs.Development economists have used field experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of poverty and health programs in developing countries. The aim of field experiments

11、 used in development research is to find causal relationships between policy interventions and development outcomes.21Designed a field experiment to test theories of fund raisingEffect of seed moneyEffect of a refund policyExperimentally manipulated a solicitation of 3000 households for a university

12、 capital campaignSolicited contributions from 3000 central Florida residents, randomly assigned to 6 different groups of 500, with each group asked to fund a separate computer for use at the University of Central Floridas Center for Environmental Policy Analysis. Use 3 different levels of seed money

13、: 10%， 33%， 67%Also experiment with the use of a refund, which guarantees the money back if the group does not reach the goalSix experiment group: 10,10R，33,33R，67， 67R22Letter of solicitation23Results24Results Effects of seed moneyAs the seed money go from 10% to 67%, the number of received donatio

14、ns doubles, from 3.7% to 8.2 % of the solicited individual. The difference in participation rates are statistically significant. As the level of seed money increases, the sizes of the gifts become larger.Effects of refund policyThe refund treatment does not affect donors participation rate. But it d

15、oes have a positive, statistically significant effect on the mean gift size. 25ConclusionThe research confirm two theories We also present other empirical results that are at odds with theory, suggesting directions for enhancement of theoretical models in this literature.field experiments are a prom

16、ising methodology for other aspects of charitable giving, such as matching grant policies and rebate policies for excess contributions. Such experiments can provide valuable insights into the relevance of theoretical models to the actual field situations they purport to explain.26 內(nèi)容分析研究 27內(nèi)容分析法內(nèi)容分析

17、法是對被記載下來的傳播媒介的研究，包括書籍，雜志，網(wǎng)頁，報(bào)紙，信件等。Content analysis works best when the purpose is to gain insight into a precise and focused research problem or topic. It can help you to recognize patterns that you might miss using other methods.28內(nèi)容分析法Suggested uses of content analysisGaining insight into a preci

18、se and focused research problem or topicExamining trends, patterns, and consistency within educational contentUse for economic reasons such as to save time, effort, or moneyProviding a preliminary study for an interview, survey, or observation. Interview questions, survey questions, or an observatio

19、n checklist can be informed by content analysisUse for inaccessible subjects or when you want to avoid interactionCan permit longitudinal analysisIdentify the communication trends of target populationLimitations of content analysisContent may be incomplete or missingTranscription of oral communicati

20、on may be time consumingData is restricted to what already existsCannot determine causal effects.29Suicide terrorism is rising around the world, but the most common explanations do not help us understand why.This study shows that instead of religious fanaticism, suicide terrorism follows a strategic

21、 logic, one specifically designed to coerce m modern liberal democracies to make significant territorial concessions. Moreover, over the past two decades, suicide terrorism has been rising largely because terrorists have learned that it pays. This study identified every suicide terrorist attack from

22、 1980 to 2001 that could be found in Lexis Nexiss on-line database of world news media.(188 in all)TimingNationalist goalTarget selection30 31 32 歷史分析法3334Historical-Comparative (H-C) ResearchTo explain major societal processes (解釋主要的社會變遷過程)Founders of Sociology used H-C approach, including Durkheim

23、, Marx, Weber. Combines a sensitivity to specific historical or cultural contexts with theoretical generalization (結(jié)合理論概化與對特殊歷史與文化脈絡(luò)的敏感)May use quantitative data to supplement qualitative data and analysis35Research Questions Appropriate for H-C Research Powerful method in addressing big questions (

24、適合回答大問題)Examine the combinations of social factors producing a specific outcome (檢視一些社會因素如何造成特殊的結(jié)果)Compare social systems across societies(比較不同社會體系)Study long-tem societal changes (研究長期的社會變遷)Strengthen conceptualization and theory building (加強(qiáng)概念化及理論建構(gòu))36Steps in a H-C Research ProjectConceptualizing

25、 the object of inquirybecome familiar with the setting or eraLocating evidenceNeed extensive bibliographic workEvaluating quality of evidenceRelevance and accuracy & strength of the evidence (相關(guān)性及正確性)Organizing evidence (資料與理論的互動)Synthesizing (綜合證據(jù): 將特定證據(jù)與抽象的因果解釋結(jié)合)Refining concepts and moving towar

26、d a general explanatory model, organizing and giving new meaning to evidenceWriting a report (報(bào)告撰寫是重要關(guān)鍵)37Data and Evidence in Historical Context (歷史脈絡(luò)中的資料與證據(jù))Types of historical evidencePrimary sources (原始、初級資料): letters, diaries, newspapers, etc of those who lived in the pastSecondary sources (次級、二手資料): the writings of specialist historiansRunning records (持續(xù)進(jìn)行的記錄): files of existing statistical documents maintained by organizationsRecollections: statements or writings of individuals about their past lives or experiences based on me